REFLECTION Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation of sight of view.
LUMINIOUS & NON LUMINIOUS
Properties of Light
→ Electromagnetic wave, so does not require any medium to travel.
→ Light tends to travel in straight line. → Light has dual nature i.e. wave as well as particle. Light is made up of elementary particles called photons. Photons are tiny energy packets. When a material's atoms get heated or excited, photons are generated from the intense motion of atoms.
“photoelectric effect” The emission of free electrons from a metal surface when light is incident on it, is called the photoelectric effect. shows particle nature of light.
Wave nature shows
DIFFRACTION (bending of light around the corners of tiny objects), INTERFERENCE(When two light waves from different coherent sources meet together, then the distribution of energy due to one wave is disturbed by the other. This modification in the distribution of light energy due to super- position of two light waves is called "Interference of light".) and POLARIZATION
Particle nature shows
REFLECTION REFRACTION OF LIGHT CASTING OF SHADOWS OF OBJECTS
→ Light casts shadow.
→ Speed of light is maximum in vaccum. Its value is 3 × 108 ms-1. → When light falls on a surface, following may happen: (i) Reflection (ii) Refraction (iii) Absorption- photosynthesis LAWS OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT
i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (i=r)
ii) The incident ray , the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the reflected ray , all lie in the same plane . Virtual and Real image Image is a point where atleast two light rays actually meet or appear to meet.
Real Image Virtual Image
Formed when light rays actually meet. Formed when light rays appear to meet. Can be obtained on screen. Can’t be obtained on screen. Inverted Erect Example: image formed on cinema Example: image formed by plane screen and formed by concave mirror. mirror or convex mirror.
PROPERTIES OF IMAGE IN A PLANE MIRROR
1) Image size = object size
2) Image distance = object distance
3) Image is always laterally invented
4) Image is always laterally invented - Lateral Inversion: The right side of the object appears left side of the image and vice-versa. APPLICATION- AMBULANCE
5) Image is always virtual
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be curved inwards or outwards.
A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of the sphere, is called a concave mirror.
A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, is called a convex mirror.
• The Center of Curvature: The centre of the hollow glass sphere of which the mirror was a part. It is denoted by the letter 'c'
• Radius of Curvature (r): It's the linear distance between Pole and the Center of curvature. • Pole (P): It's the midpoint of the spherical mirror .
• Focus: It's any given point, where light rays parallel to the principal axis, will converge after getting reflected from the mirror.
• Principal Axis: A straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror.
• Focal Length: The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a spherical mirror is called the focal length and is represented as 'f'.
Relation between R and Focal length F
R = 2F
Representation of Images Formed by spherical Mirrors Using Ray Diagrams
1. A ray parallel to the principal axis
2. Ray passing through the principal focus
3. Ray passing through the centre of curvature
4. A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards a point P (pole of
the mirror) Ray diagrams for images formed by concave mirror
Us USES OF CONCAVE MIRROR
(i) Used in torches, search lights and vehicles headlights to get powerful parallel beam of light.
(ii) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see large image of teeth of patients. (Teeth have to be placed between pole and focus).
(iii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror to see a larger image of the face.
(iv) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnace.
Ray diagrams of images formed by convex mirror
Uses of Convex Mirror
(i) Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles because → they always give an erect though diminished image. → they have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards.
(ii) Used in shops as security mirror.
SIGN CONVENTION FOR REFLECTION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
1) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror.
2) All distances measured in the direction of incident ray (along + X-axis) are taken as positive and those measured against the direction of incident ray (along – X-axis) are taken as negative. 3) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror . 4) if Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y- axis) are taken as positive . 5) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis ( along - y- axis) are taken as negative .
• Object distance = ‘u’ is always negative.
• Focal length of concave mirror = Negative
• Focal length of convex mirror = Positive
Mirror Formula
Magnification of Spherical Mirrors
It is the ratio of the height of image to the height of object.
m = Height of image/Height of object
⇒ m = hi/ho
Also, m = -v/u REFRACTION Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in the path of light in going from one medium to another obliquely.
Cause of refraction: Change in speed of light.
Laws of Refraction Incident ray , normal and the refracted ray lie in the same plane .
SNELL’S LAW: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant for given pair of media.
This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first.
Refractive Index It is the ability of a material to bend the light
RI ∝ bending RI ∝ optical density RI ∝ speed of light Optical density is measured by RI Density ↑ = speed of light ↓ RI tells that one medium is how much denser than second medium or how speed of light changes in that medium as compared to another medium. V air = 3x108 V glass = 2x108 m/s
nga = RI of glass wrt air = = = = 1.5
speed of light in glass is 1.5 times lesser than that of in air or glass is 1.5 times denser than air.
RI= 1.33 RI= 1.5 RI= 2.4
The ratio of speed of light in a given pair of media
→ Let v1 be the speed of light in medium 1 and v2 be the speed of light in medium 2.
→The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 is given by the ratio of the speed of light in medium 1 and the speed of light in medium 2.
• This is usually represented by the symbol n21
• This can be expressed in an equation form as
If medium 1 is vacuum or air, then the refractive index of medium 2 is considered with respect to vacuum or air.
→ This is called the absolute refractive index of the medium.
Refractive index of one medium is reciprocal of other’s refractive index in a given pair. n12 = 1/n21 Refractive index of diamond is the highest till date. It is 2.42. It means speed of light is 1/2.42 times less in diamond than in vaccum. Optically denser medium: Out of two given media, the medium with higher value of refractive index. Optically rarer medium: Out of two given media, the medium with lower value to refractive index. When light enters obliquely from a rarer to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal. When light enters obliquely from denser to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal. Refractive index of a medium does not depend on physical density.
REFRECTION THROUGH A GLASS SLAB
Factors affecting lateral displacement I ∝ LD n(RI) ∝ LD thickness of glass slab ∝ LD wavelength ∝ ; violet has max. LD
Optical Density The ability of a medium to refract light is also expressed in terms of its optical density.
- Optical density has a definite connotation .
- It is not the same as mass density
REFRACTION BY SPHERICAL LENSES
• A transparent material bound by two surfaces are spherical, forms a lens.
1) Convex or converging lens :
- It is thicker at the centre than at the edges.
- It converges a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. - It has real focus .
2) Concave or diverging lens :
- It is thinner at the centre than at the edges.
- It diverges a beam of light on refraction through it. - It has a virtual focus. The centres of these spheres are called centres of curvature of the lens. - The centre of curvature of a lens is usually represented as C . - Since there are two centres of curvature , we may represent them as C1 and C2. - An imaginary straight line passing through the two centres of curvature of a lens is called its principal axis. - The central point of a lens as its optical centre . IMAGE FORMATION BY LENSES 1) A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from a convex lens , passes through the principal focus on the other side of the lens.
-In case of a concave lens, the ray appears to diverge from the principal focus located on the same side of the lens
2) A ray of light passing through a principal focus, after refraction from a convex lens , will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
3) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without any deviation . IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENS RAY DIAGRAMS OF IMAGES FORMED BY A CONCAVE LENS
(i) When object is placed at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F1’
Nature of image – Virtual, erect Size – Point sized or highly diminished
• Sign conventions are similar to the one used for spherical mirrors, except that measurements are taken from optical center of the lens.
• Focal length of convex lens = Positive
• Focal length of concave lens = Negative
Lens Formula And Magnification
Power of a lens It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length in meter.
Power ∝
SI unit of Power = dioptre = D
1 dioptre is the power of lens whose focal length is one meter.
1 D = 1 m-1 Power of convex lens = Positive (because focal length of convex lens is positive ) Power of concave lens = Negative (because focal length of convex lens is positive )
Power of a lens combination (P) = P1 + P2 + P3 .........
