READY RECKONER

OF FUNCTIONS
Some Basic Functions
2

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1) print() print(<object to be To print or display print(“Hello Hello World!

printed>…) output, python provides World!”)
print() function
2) input() variable_to_hold_the_ To get the input from x=input(“Enter Enter the string :
value_=input(<prompt the user, python the string :”)
to be displayed) provides the input()
function
3) len() len(<length of object To find the length of the len(“Hello 11
to be determined>) object, python provides World”)
the len() function
4) index() variable[<position of Index is the numbered X=“Hello World” o
element to be found>] position of an object in X[4]
a string, list, tuple,
dictionary, etc.
Some Mathematical Functions in math module 3

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(GENERAL FORM)
1) ceil math.ceil(num) Returns the smallest integer not math.ceil(1.03)
less than the num >>> 2.0
2) sqrt math.sqrt(num) Returns the square root of the math.sqrt(81.0)
num. If num< 0,error occurs >>> 9.0
3) exp math.exp(arg) Returns the natural logarithm e math.exp(2.0)
raised to the arg power >>> e²
4) fabs math.fabs(num) Returns the absolute value of math.fabs(1.0)
num >>> 1.0
5) floor math.floor(num) Returns the largest integer not math.floor(1.03)
greater than the num >>> 1.0
6) log math.log(num,[base]) Returns the natural logarithm math.log(1024,2)
for num >>> log of 1024 base 2
7) log10 math.log10(num) Returns the base 10 logarithm math.log10(1.0)
for num >>> 1.0
8) pow math.pow(base, exp) Returns base raised to exp math.pow(4.0,2.0)
power i.e., base exp >>> 4²
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(GENERAL FORM)
9) sin math.sin(arg) Returns the sine value of arg. math.sin(0.5236)
arg must be in radians >>> 0.5
10) Cos math.cos(arg) Returns the cosine value of math.cos(1.0472)
arg. arg must be in radians >>> 0.5
11) tan math.tan(arg) Returns the tangent value of math.tan(0.7853)
arg. arg must be in radians >>> 1
12) degrees math.degrees(x) Converts angle x from math.degrees(0.5236)
radians to degrees >>> 30
13) Radians math.radians(x) Converts angle x from math.radians(30)
degrees to radians >>> 0.5236

Random Modules :
▪ random() → Returns a random number in the range 0 to 1 (0 inclusive,1 exclusive)
▪ randint(a,b) → Returns an integer as output in the given range
▪ randrange(<start>,<stop>,<step>) → Returns random numbers in the given range
String Manipulation Functions and Methods 5

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1) len len(<string>) Returns the length of the len(“Hello”)
string >>> 6
2) capitalize <string>.capitalize() Returns a copy of the string “true”.capitalize()
with first character capitalized >>> True
3) count <string>.count(sub[, start[, Returns number of substrings “abcba”.count(“ab”)
end]]) in original string >>> 1
4) find <string>.find(sub[, start[, Returns lowest index of first string,sub=“ring ring”, “ring”
end]]) occurrence of the substring. If string.find(sub)
not found -1 is the output >>> 0
5) index <string>.index(sub[, start[, Returns lowest index of first “abcba”.index(“ab”)
end]]) occurrence of the substring. >>> 0
6) isalnum <string>.isalnum() Returns True if all characters string=“abc123”
are alphanumeric. Else, False string.isalnum()
>>> True
7) isalpha <string>.isalpha() Returns True if all characters string.isalpha()
are alphabets. Else, False >>> False
8) isdigit <string>.isdigit() Returns True if all characters string.isdigit()
are digits. Else, False >>> False
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9) islower <string>.islower() Returns True if all characters string.islower()
in string are lowercase. >>> False
Else, False
10) isspace <string>.isspace() Returns True if all characters string.isspace()
in string are whitespaces. >>> False
Else, False
11) isupper <string>.isupper() Returns True if all characters string.isupper()
in string are uppercase. >>> False
Else, False
12) lower <string>.lower() Returns a copy of the string str=“HELLO”
converted to lowercase str.lower()
>>> hello
13) upper <string>.upper() Returns a copy of the string str=“hello”
converted to uppercase str.upper()
>>> HELLO
14) lstrip <string>.lstrip() Leading Whitespaces removed str=“ Hello ”
rstrip <string>.rstrip() Trailing Whitespaces removed str.lstrip() >>> “Hello ”
strip <string>.strip() All Whitespaces removed str.rstrip() >>> “ Hello”
str.strip() >>> “Hello”
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15) startswith <string>.startswith() Returns True if string starts with “abcd”.startswith(“ab”)
endswith the substring. Else, False >>> True
<string>.endswith() Returns True if string ends with
the substring. Else, False
16) title <string>.title() Returns a title-cased version of “abcd”.endswith(“cd”)
the string where all words starts >>> True
with uppercase
17) istitle <string>.istitle() Returns True if the string has “hello world”.title()
title case >>> ‘Hello World
18) replace <string>.replace(old,new) Returns a copy of the string with “abcdcba”.replace(“ab”,”hi”)
old occurrences replaced by new >>> “hicdcba”
substring
19) join <string>.join(<string Returns lowest index of first “*”.join(“Hello”)
iterable>) occurrence of the substring >>> “H*e*l*l*o”
20) split <string>.split(<string/char>) Returns a list containing split “Hello world”,split()
strings as members >>> [“Hello”, “world”]
21) partition <string>.partition(<sep/strin Returns a tuple containing three str=“Working in python”
g>) items as string till separation, x=str.partition(“king”)
sep is seperator separator and string after print(x)
separator >>>(“Wor”,“king” ,“in python”)
List Manipulation Functions and Methods 8

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1) len len(<list>) Returns the length of its len([1,2,3])
argument list >>> 3
2) list list([sequence]) Returns a list created from the list(“hello”)
passed argument >>> [‘h’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’]
3) index list.index(<item>) Returns the index of first L1=[13,14,64,18]
matched item from the list L1.index(18)
>>> 3
4) append list.append(<item>) Adds an item to the end of the colors=[‘red’, ’green’, ’blue’]
list colors.append(‘yellow’)
>>> [‘red’, green’,‘blue’,’yellow’]
5) extend list.extend(<list>) Used for adding multiple T1,T2=[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’],[‘d’, ‘e’]
elements to a list T1.extend(T2)
>>>[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’]
6) insert list.insert(<pos>,<item>) This method is also an insertion [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’].insert(2, ‘i’)
method for lists >>> [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘i’, ‘c’]
7) pop list.pop(<index>) Used to remove the item from print([‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’].pop(0))
the list. >>> ‘a’
8) remove list.remove(<value>) Removes the first occurrence of X=[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’].remove(“b”)
the given item from the list print(X)
>>> [‘a’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
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9) clear list.clear() Removes all the items from the L1=[2,3,4,5,6]
list and the list becomes empty L1.clear()
>>> []
10) count list.count(<item>) Returns the count of the item L1.count(2)
that you passed as argument >>> 1
11) reverse list.reverse() Reverses the items of the the T1=[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’]
list. This is done “in place” T1.reverse()
>>> [‘e’, ‘d’, ‘c’, ‘b’, ‘a’]
12) sort list.sort() Sorts the items of the list, by T1=[12,65,23,0]
default in increasing order T1.sort()
>>> [0,12,23,65]
13) sorted sorted(<iterable_sequence>, Takes the name of the list as an Y=[17,24,36,40,2,0,1]
[reverse=False]) argument and returns a new SY=sorted(Y)
sorted list with sorted elements print(SY)
in it >>> [0,1,2,17,24,36,40]
14) min min(<list>) Returns the minimum element Val=[17,24,15,30]
max max(<list>) and sum of the elements of the min(Val) >>> 15
sum sum(<list>) list respectively max(Val) >>> 30
Sum(Val) >>> 86
Tuple Manipulation Functions and Methods 10

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1) len len(<tuple>) Returns the length of the tuple X=(“Hello”,24)
len(X)
>>> 2
2) max max(<tuple>) Returns the element from the Y=(10,20,40,60,100)
tuple having maximum value max(Y)
>>> 100
3) min min(<tuple>) Returns the element from the Y=(10,20,40,60,100)
tuple having minimum value min(Y)
>>> 10
4) sum sum(<tuple>) Returns the sum of the Y=(10,20,40,60,100)
elements of the tuple sum(Y)
>>> 230
5) index <tuplename>.index(<item>) Returns the index of an T1=(10,20,30,40,50)
existing element of a tuple T1.index(40)
>>> 3
6) count <sequence_name>.count( Returns the count of a T1=(10,20,30,40,50)
<object>) member element/object in a T1.count(30)
sequence (list/tuple) >>> 1
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7) sorted sorted(<iterable_sequence>,[ Takes the name of the list as an V=(27,34,25,50)
reverse=False]) argument and returns a new SV=sorted(V)
sorted list with sorted elements print(SV)
in it >>> [25,27,34,50]
8) tuple tuple(<sequence>) Creates tuples from different A=tuple(“Hello”)
types of iterable sequence print(A)
>>> (‘H’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’)
Dictionary Manipulation Functions and Methods 12

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1) len len(<string>) Returns the number of items D={“a”:10, “b”:20}
in the dictionary len(D)
>>> 2
2) get <D>.get(key,[default]) Returns the corresponding D.get(‘a’)
value is the key already exists. >>> 10
Else, it returns error.
3) items <D>.items() Returns a sequence of D.items()
(key,value) pairs, the items >>> (‘a’, 10)
(‘b’, 20)
4) keys <D>.keys() Returns a list sequence of keys D.keys()
>>> [‘a’, ‘b’]
5) values <D>.values() Returns a list sequence of D.values()
values >>> [10, 20]
6) fromkeys dict.fromkeys(<key Creates a new dictionary from dict.fromkeys([2,4,6,8],100]
sequence>, [<value>]) a sequence containing all the >>> {2:100, 4:100, 6:100,
keys and a common value 8:100}
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7) setdefault dict.setdefault(<key>, Inserts a new key:value pair only D={“a”:10, “b”:20}
<value>) if the key doesn’t already exist. D.setdefault(‘c’, 30)
Else returns the current value of >>> ={“a”:10, “b”:20, “c”:30}
the key
8) update <D>.update(<other – Merges key:value pairs from the A={“d”:40, “e”:50}
dictionary>) new dictionary into the original D.update(A)
dictionary >>> {“a”:10, “b”:20, d”:40, “e”:50}
9) copy <dict>.copy() Creates a shallow copy of the D1=D.copy()
dictionary >>> D={“a”:10, “b”:20}
10) pop <dict>.pop(key, value) Removes and returns the D.pop(‘a’)
elements associated with keys >>> 10
11) popitem <dict>.popitem() Removes and returns a (key, D.popitem()
value) pair from the dictionary >>> (‘b’, 20)
12) clear <D>.clear() Removes all items D.clear()
>>> {}
13) sorted Sorted(<dict>, [reverse = Returns a sorted list of sorted(D, reverse = False)
False]) dictionary keys >>> [‘a’, ‘b’]
14) max max(<dict>) Gives the minimum key, A={10: ‘N’, 20: ‘H’, 30: ‘S’}
min min(<dict>) maximum key or sum of keys max(A) >>> (10)
sum sum(<dict>) from the dictionary min(A) >>> (30)
sum(A) >>> (60)