Lesson 13

 STOICHIOMETRY

Stoichiometry is a fundamental concept in chemistry that allows us to

understand the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in
chemical reactions. It provides a framework for determining the amount of
substances involved in a reaction, predicting the yields of products, and
calculating the necessary amounts of reactants for a desired outcome. In this
module, we will explore the principles and calculations of stoichiometry,
equipping you with the tools to analyze and solve problems related to chemical
quantities.

Formula Mass

The formula mass of a compound is calculated by summing the average

atomic masses of its constituent elements. Let's take the chemical formula H 2O
as an example. It indicates that a single water molecule consists of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. To determine the mass of a water
molecule, we add up the masses of these three atoms.

Average atomic mass of hydrogen (H): 1.01 u (atomic mass unit)

Average atomic mass of oxygen (O): 16.00 u

Calculation for hydrogen

2 hydrogen atoms × (1.01 u)/(H atom) = 2.02 u

Calculation for oxygen

1 oxygen atom × (16.00 u)/(O atom) = 16.00 u

Thus, the average mass of a water molecule (H2O) is calculated to be 18.02 u.

Molar Mass

The molar mass of a compound is identical to its formula mass and is

employed in the conversion from moles to grams. It represents the mass in
grams of one mole (approximately 6.022 x 1023 particles) of the substance. To
calculate the molar mass of a compound, we add up the masses of the
elements present in one mole of the molecules or formula units that constitute
the compound. For instance, one mole of water molecules contains precisely
two moles of hydrogen (H) atoms and one mole of oxygen (O) atoms.

Calculation for hydrogen

2 moles of H × (1.01 g H) / (1 mole H) = 2.02 g H

Module IV
Calculation for oxygen
1 mole of O × (16.00 g O) / (1 mole O) = 16.00 g O

Therefore, the molar mass of water (H2O) is determined to be 18.02

g/mol.

Percent Composition

Percent composition refers to the number of grams in one mole of a

compound. It represents the mass percentage of each element within the
compound. To calculate the percentage of an element in a compound, we
determine the number of grams of the element present in one mole of the
compound. This value is then divided by the molar mass of the compound and
multiplied by 100.

Formula for calculating the percentage composition of an element in a

compound:

(mass of element in 1 mole of compound) / (molar mass of compound) × 100 =

% element in compound

Let's find the percentage composition of Copper(I) sulfide, Cu 2S.

Calculation for copper

2 moles of Cu × (63.55 g Cu) / (1 mole Cu) = 127.1 g Cu

Calculation for sulfur

1 mole of S × (32.07 g S) / (1 mole S) = 32.07 g S

Molar mass of Cu2S = 159.2 g Cu2S

Now, let's calculate the percentage composition:

Percentage of copper (Cu)

(127.1 g Cu) / (159.2 g Cu2S) × 100 = 79.85% Cu

Percentage of sulfur (S)

(32.07 g S) / (159.2 g Cu2S) × 100 = 20.15% S

Therefore, Copper(I) sulfide (Cu2S) has a percentage composition of

approximately 79.85% copper and 20.15% sulfur.

Module I
Composition Stoichiometry and Reaction Stoichiometry

Composition stoichiometry focuses on the mass relationship between

elements within compounds. It explores how different elements combine to
form compounds and the proportions in which they are present. This aspect of
stoichiometry helps us understand the composition of compounds and enables
calculations involving their mass ratios.

On the other hand, reaction stoichiometry deals with the mass

relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. It is based
on the principles of balanced chemical equations and the law of conservation
of mass. By utilizing the balanced equation, we can determine the quantitative
relationships between the amounts of substances involved in a chemical
reaction.

Both composition stoichiometry and reaction stoichiometry rely on the

concept of moles, which allows us to compare quantities of different
substances on a proportional basis. A balanced chemical equation serves as the
foundation for all stoichiometry calculations, as it provides the relative
numbers of moles of reactants and products involved in the reaction.

Mole Ratio and Molar Mass

A mole ratio serves as a conversion factor that relates the amounts in

moles of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction. This information
is derived directly from the balanced chemical equations. Let's take the
example of the electrolysis of melted aluminum oxide to produce aluminum
and oxygen:

2 Al2O3 → 4 Al + 3 O2

Mole ratios:
(2 mol Al2O3) / (4 mol Al)
(2 mol Al2O3) / (3 mol O2)
(4 mol Al) / (3 mol O2)
(4 mol Al) / (2 mol Al2O3)
(3 mol O2) / (2 mol Al2O3)
(3 mol O2) / (4 mol Al)

To determine the number of moles of Al that can be produced from 13.0

mol of Al2O3, we need to use the mole ratio of Al to Al2O3:

13.0 mol Al2O3 × (4 mol Al) / (2 mol Al2O3) = 26.0 mol Al

The molar mass serves as the conversion factor that relates the mass of
a substance to the amount in moles of that substance. To solve reaction

Module I
stoichiometry problems, you need to determine the molar masses using the
periodic table. In the example of the decomposition of aluminum oxide, the
rounded molar masses from the periodic table are as follows:

1 mol Al2O3 = 101.96 g

1 mol Al = 26.98 g
1 mol O2 = 32.00 g

Molar masses:
(101.96 g Al2O3) / (1 mol Al2O3)
(26.98 g Al) / (1 mol Al)
(32.00 g O2) / (1 mol O2)
(1 mol Al2O3) / (101.96 g Al2O3)
(1 mol Al) / (26.98 g Al)
(1 mol O2) / (32.00 g O2)

To find the number of grams of Al equivalent to 26.0 mol of Al, the

calculation is as follows:

26.0 mol Al × (26.98 g Al) / (1 mol Al) = 701 g Al

Mole-to-Mole Conversion

Mole-to-mole conversion involves converting between the number of

moles of one substance to the number of moles of another substance in a
chemical reaction. It is based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical
equation. The mole ratio obtained from the balanced equation is used as a
conversion factor to relate the moles of the given substance to the desired
substance.

Sample problem
Consider the balanced chemical equation:

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

How many moles of water (H2O) can be produced from 3.5 moles of hydrogen
gas (H2)?

Solution:
From the balanced equation, the mole ratio between H 2 and H2O is 2:2,
or simply 1:1. This means that for every 2 moles of H 2, we will produce 2 moles
of H2O. Therefore, to calculate the moles of H2O produced, we can directly use
the mole ratio:

3.5 moles H2 × (2 moles H2O / 2 moles H2) = 3.5 moles H2O

Module I
Hence, 3.5 moles of hydrogen gas will produce 3.5 moles of water.

Mole-to-Gram Conversion

Mole-to-gram conversion involves converting between the number of

moles of a substance to its mass in grams. The conversion is accomplished using
the molar mass, which is the mass of one mole of the substance. By multiplying
the number of moles by the molar mass, we can determine the mass of the
substance.

Sample problem
Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) that contains 2.5 moles of CO2.

Solution:
To convert moles of CO2 to grams, we need to know the molar mass of
CO2, which can be calculated by adding the atomic masses of carbon (C) and
oxygen (O). From the periodic table, the atomic masses are approximately
12.01 g/mol for C and 16.00 g/mol for O.

Molar mass of CO2 = (12.01 g/mol C) + (2 × 16.00 g/mol O) = 44.01 g/mol CO2

Now, we can calculate the mass using the mole-to-gram conversion:

2.5 moles CO2 × (44.01 g CO2 / 1 mol CO2) = 110.03 g CO2

Therefore, 2.5 moles of CO2 is equivalent to 110.03 grams of CO2.

Gram-to-Mole Conversion

Gram-to-mole conversion involves converting between the mass of a

substance in grams to the corresponding number of moles. The conversion is
achieved by dividing the mass by the molar mass of the substance.

Sample problem
Determine the number of moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) present in 5.6 grams
of NaCl.

Solution:
To convert grams of NaCl to moles, we need to know the molar mass of NaCl.
From the periodic table, the atomic mass of sodium (Na) is approximately 22.99
g/mol, and chlorine (Cl) is approximately 35.45 g/mol.

Molar mass of NaCl = 22.99 g/mol Na + 35.45 g/mol Cl = 58.44 g/mol NaCl

Now, we can calculate the moles using the gram-to-mole conversion:

Module I
5.6 grams NaCl × (1 mol NaCl / 58.44 g NaCl) ≈ 0.096 mol NaCl

Therefore, 5.6 grams of NaCl is approximately equal to 0.096 moles of NaCl.

Gram-to-Gram Conversion

Gram-to-gram conversion involves converting between the mass of one

substance to the mass of another substance in a chemical reaction. This type of
conversion is accomplished by utilizing a series of conversions involving moles
and molar masses.

To perform a gram-to-gram conversion, you would typically follow these steps:

1. Start with the given mass of the initial substance.
2. Convert the mass to moles using the molar mass of the initial substance.
3. Use the mole ratio obtained from the balanced chemical equation to
determine the moles of the desired substance.
4. Convert the moles of the desired substance to the mass using the molar
mass of the desired substance.

Sample Problem
How many grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) can be produced from 10 grams of
methane (CH4) in the following balanced chemical equation:

CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O?

Solution:

1. Start with the given mass of methane: 10 grams CH4.

2. Convert the mass of CH4 to moles using the molar mass of CH4. From the
periodic table, the molar mass of CH4 is approximately 16.04 grams/mol.

Moles of CH4 = 10 grams CH4 × (1 mol CH4 / 16.04 grams CH4) ≈ 0.624 mol CH4

3. Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to determine the moles
of CO2. From the balanced equation, the mole ratio between CH 4 and
CO2 is 1:1.

Moles of CO2 = 0.624 mol CH4

4. Convert the moles of CO2 to grams using the molar mass of CO2. From
the periodic table, the molar mass of CO2 is approximately 44.01
grams/mol.

Grams of CO2 = 0.624 mol CO2 × (44.01 grams CO2 / 1 mol CO2) ≈ 27.41 grams
CO2

Module I
 Therefore, approximately 27.41 grams of carbon dioxide can be
produced from 10 grams of methane.

 LEARNING ACTIVITY
Solve the following problems:
1. In the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide
(NaOH), how many grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) can be produced
from 25 grams of HCl? The balanced chemical equation is:

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

2. In the reaction between iron (III) oxide (Fe 2O3) and carbon monoxide
(CO), how many grams of iron (Fe) can be produced from 85 grams of
Fe2O3? The balanced chemical equation is:

Fe2O3+ 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2

Module I