Transporte - Lecturas Week 3
Transporte - Lecturas Week 3
Transporte - Lecturas Week 3
LECTURA 1
1. LINER SERVICE AND TRAMP SHIPPING
MERCHANT SHIPPING, considered from the standpoint of types of service
provided, may be divided into two major categories: Liner Service and Tramp
Shipping. While there are some similarities, the differences in the theory and
techniques of management of these two types of marine transportation are no-
table. The service rendered, the geographic area covered, the operating
problems, the relationship between vessel owner and vessel user, and the
actual employment of the ship, vary markedly between the two categories. It is
important, therefore, to be aware of those areas where the management
procedures are congruent; it is equally significant that the differences be
comprehended.
Liner Service
1. Sailings are regular and repeated from and to designated ports on a trade
route, at intervals established in response to the quantity of cargo generated
long that route. True liner service is distinguished by the repetition of voyages
and the consistent advertising of such voyages. Once the service is established,
the operator must conform, within narrow time limits, to the published
schedule. Although the frequency of sailings is related directly to the amount of
business available, it is general practice to dispatch at least one ship each
month. Vessels engaged in liner service may be owned or chartered; it is the
regularity and repetitious nature of the operation, rather than the
proprietorship, which is crucial.
3. Goods carried in liner-service ships usually are of higher value than the cargo
hauled in tramps. and are charged higher freight rates. The fact that common
carriers accept less than shipload lots, nearly always in packages (including
containers) requiring special care in stowage, also influences the
establishment of liner rates. Handling "stevedoring" always are included in the
freight rate. Because of the variety of commodities loaded in every port of call,
great care must be exercised by ship operators to assure delivery in good
condition. Freight rates are identical for all shippers of a given item transported
in the same ship.
5. Freight rates in the liner services are stabilized by setting identical charges
for all shippers of the same item aboard a certain ship. Rates may vary,
however, from one sailing to another, but increases are announced in advance.
Rates are compiled into detailed listings ("freight tariffs") which are made
available to shippers on demand. Frequently, two or more carriers serving a
particular trade route form an association ("conference") intended to stabilize
rates and regulate competition. Conference rates apply uniformly to all
member lines, but are subject to review. (In the United States, the reviewing
authority is the Federal Maritime Commission). The necessity to conform to
government regulations imposed upon common carriers tends to prevent the
freight rates charged by liner-service operators from making sudden sharp
changes.
Tramp Shipping
1. Sailings are based on cargo commitments that vary with the vessel's
employment, and are usually different for every voyage. There is no
expected repetition of voyages as a normal part of tramp operation. Each
trip is scheduled individually, subject to the requirements of the cargo to be
carried and the particular route to be followed. In certain trades, such as oil
and coal, owners often agree to make a number of repetitious voyages
carrying the same commodity. These "consecutive voyages" are arranged
expressly to fit the charterer's convenience, and do not establish a
"liner service".
2.Tramps are contract (private) carriers, and normally carry full shiploads of
a single commodity, usually in bulk. In most cases, there is only one shipper,
but two or more shippers of the same kind of cargo occasionally may
use a single ship.
3. Cargoes carried in tramps generally are those which can be transported
in bulk ("homogeneous cargoes") and have low intrinsic value. Typical
cargoes are coal, ores, grain, lumber, sugar, and phosphate rock. The cost of
loading and unloading the ship in most cases is paid by the charterer, but
this is subject to negotiation between shipowner and charterer. Freight
rates for tramps reflect the fact that movements frequently are from a
single port of loading to a single port of discharge, with mini-expenses
involved in the care of the cargo while in transit.
4. The owner of a tramp ship must negotiate a separate contract for each
employment of his vessel, and the terms of the charter-party vary from ship
to ship, depending upon the bargaining abilities of owner and charterer,
and the general trend of the market. The terms of the agreement are
applicable only to the ship named in the charter- party. Although the basic
charter- parties are printed and follow a set form, they may be changed in
any manner desired by the contracting parties. Since the changes apply to a
particular ship for a particular voyage or period of time, the alterations are
not publicized widely.
5. Freight rates for tramps vary according to the supply of and demand for
ships. The charterers' position is strong, and rates are low, when there are
comparatively few cargoes being offered and many ships are competing for
the business. The shipowners' position is strong, and rates are high, when
there are many cargoes and a small number of vessels. Competition among
owners is keen, and often a difference of five cents a ton on a shipload lot
will determine which ship is chartered. Wide extremes in rates, and
abrupt changes in the level of charter rates, are evident whenever there is a
major event of international significance-the outbreak of a war, a major
crop failure, widespread strikes in some country, for example. No freight
tariffs are compiled by owners of tramp vessels, and no associations exist
for the purpose of setting rates and stabilizing competition. Summaries of
the freight market are published regularly and include quotations of the
rates at which ships have been chartered.
7. Most tramp ships are intended for worldwide service, and are of
moderate size and draft. Although used primarily to transport cargoes in
bulk, many tramps have a single 'tween deck and sufficient equipment and
speed to permit them to be chartered for use in the break-bulk liner trades.
Additionally, many modern, very large carriers designed to transport a
single commodity such as ore or coal, have been placed in tramp-type
operation. Compared with vessels constructed for the liner trades, tramps
still are simpler in design and less costly to construct.
8. Tramp owners usually have small staffs in the home office, with little
division of functions. No traffic department is needed; charters are
negotiated by telephone or cable, and face-to-face contact with charterers
is unusual. Because agents are employed to service the ships in ports of call,
and are paid on a fee basis for each task performed, there is no need for an
operating department. If the size of the owner's fleet justifies the expense,
home office personnel may include specialists to assure satisfactory
performance of the ships. Stevedoring very rarely is the responsibility of the
owner, and therefore no terminal department is included in
the home office.
10. Passengers are not carried aboard tramp ships, and no provision for
their accommodation is made in the vessels' design.
Servicio de línea
2. Los buques de línea son transportistas comunes (públicos), obligados por ley
a aceptar, sin discriminación entre los oferentes, cualquier carga legal que el
barco pueda transportar. Algunos operadores de línea estipulan la cantidad
mínima de carga que debe presentar un solo transportista; Mientras la
limitación sea razonable, esto está permitido. La carga suele ser variada y se
denomina "general" o "paquete". En el transporte de contenedores, todo se
empaqueta en cajas grandes antes de colocarlas a bordo del barco. Los
operadores aceptan envíos pequeños para su consolidación, es decir,
empacarlos en contenedores con otros lotes pequeños hasta llenar las cajas. 3.
Las mercancías transportadas en buques de línea suelen tener un valor mayor
que la carga transportada en tramps. y se les cobran tarifas de flete más altas.
El hecho de que los transportistas comunes acepten lotes inferiores a los del
barco, casi siempre en paquetes (incluidos contenedores) que requieren
especial cuidado en su estiba, también influye en el establecimiento de las
tarifas de línea.
6. Servicios: la frecuencia de los viajes y los puertos de escala, así como las
capacidades de los propios barcos, se ajustan para satisfacer las demandas de
los transportistas. Muchos operadores de líneas organizan sus horarios para
satisfacer las necesidades mínimas durante el año y luego aumentan los viajes
cuando se experimentan aumentos estacionales. Los cambios en el servicio de
línea a menudo están influenciados tanto por consideraciones políticas y
tecnológicas como por factores económicos. Cambios drásticos en lo
establecido. las operaciones de línea son poco frecuentes; Las intenciones de
los transportistas, especialmente en lo que respecta a la retirada de la ruta,
suelen ser bien publicitadas con antelación. Esto es esencial para la fiabilidad
del tráfico marítimo.
10. A veces los pasajeros son transportados en buques de carga, pero por
acuerdo internacional, el número está limitado a doce.
Envío de vagabundos
LECTURA 2
Topic of the month
Carrier Financial Results 2022
Signs of a marked slowdown visible in fourth quarter 2022
While 2022 was another record year for container carriers the last quarter of 2022
already showed signs of weakness and the end of a period in which freight rates have
been extremely favorable for the sector.
Therefore, when carriers posted their record results for 2022, they warned that the
current year would be very different:
• For 2023 Hapag-Lloyd expects a massive decline in earnings and thinks that EBITDA
will be in the range of USD 4.3-6.5 bn, compared to USD 20.8 bn in
2022.
• Maersk Line predicts an EBIT of between USD 2.0-5.0 bn (USD 33 bn in 2022) based
on an expected very low profitability of its Ocean shipping division in
the second half of 2023.
• French carrier CMA CGM expects the marked slowdown in the fourth quarter 2022
to continue into 2023.
Market outlook April 2023 Ocean Freight rates – Asia-Pacific exports
ASPA-EURO: The blank sailing program continues to balance out demand and supply
which leads into full vessels in the coming weeks.
ASPA-AMNO: The port situation is stable on both the East and West Coast with vessel
dwell decreasing week over week due to softening demand. As a result of weaker
demand, the 1st April GRI has been pushed back to the 15th.
ASPA-AMLA: Market rates stabilized on a low FAK/Spot level and reached, after
increasing after the Chinese New Year, the previous levels. Capacity is normalized with
no changes to the structural master schedules of the shipping lines. Utilizations show
75-85% to the East Coast and 80-90% to Mexico and West Coast of South America.
There are no equipment shortages reported in Asia.
As rates bottomed out, we expect that the market will try to implement General rate
increases as of April, 1st.
ASPA-MENAT: Ramadan is impacting Middle East and Red Sea market and rates are on
decline. Barring huge-scale blank sailings, there is a chance for pre-Covid rates to
appear again. West Africa/East Africa on the other hand is slowing surge in demand on
the back of some blank sailings applied by carriers. GRI of USD 300-500/TEU are
pushed by carriers in Mar and likely sustain into Apr as well. South Africa's rates are
still on decline but expectations for market recovery to
come from Apr. East MED is showing signs of market recovery in view of blank sailings
in Mar and stronger volumes to TR especially aid and reconstruction materials for
earthquake. Equipment in general is still healthy across the board in Asia.
ASPA-ASPA: Rates continue to slide but at a much slower pace. There are some GRI
implemented locally, but some of them remain unsuccessful. Space for several
locations are reported tight, as a result from the blank sailing arrangements, where roll
pool were accumulated at origin and transhipment ports. With Ramadan starting,
there may be some impact to cargoes and schedules to Malaysia, Indonesia, India,
Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Time-sensitive cargoes are recommended to load on direct
service to prevent any potential delay at transhipment port. In general, carriers still
have positive outlook in coming months with CN resuming production.
Market outlook April 2023 Ocean Freight rates – Other major trades
EURO-ASPA+MEA=
Asia: Space situation is still relaxed. No issues with capacity only vessel delays. Blank
sailings/suspension of services are still in place. Rates are still decreasing slightly and
are on a very low level.
AU/NZ: No space issues any longer on both services. Rates on both services are
decreasing.
MEA: Space is OK. Rates are decreasing slightly. No issues with equipment. Capacities
into East Med available and rates continue to soften for short- and long-term
contracts.
AMNO-EURO= In view of the weak demand for export, we might expect further rate
reductions especially from US Gulf & USWC where rates have not softened as much as
the USEC ones. Capacity remains stable.
AMNO-ASPA: Rates are very stable and decreasing slightly. Capacity is available and
carriers are actively looking for freight.
AMLA EXPORTS
AMLA – AMNO & INTRA: BR & MX export market continues to lead the pricing
decreases for Q2. In efforts to fulfill allocations, some carriers are releasing flash sales
w/ limited validities. Customers seeking extended free time conditions within INTRA
scope, but carriers are challenging these terms. Booking rollovers and cancellations
need to be monitored carefully.
AMLA – ASPA: Good space availability, due to low demand. Stable rates for same
reason.
AMLA – EURO, MENAT & SSA: Central America exports are showing signs of softening
as well now due to market conditions. Mexico exports to N. Euro, Med and Mideast
have softened. Vessels are open. In the middle of contracting season, SAEC market
continues the fast, downwards trend to EURO and Med. Rates are back to pre-Covid
levels.
Economic outlook & demand evolution – Banking stresses amplify economic risks:
Persistent inflation pressures and financial tightening stall eurozone growth. High
inflation continues to undermine household purchasing power and economic growth
across Western Europe. Eurozone headline consumer price inflation eased marginally
to 8.5% year on year (y/y) in February, but core inflation climbed to a record 5.6%.
Rising interest rates, tightening credit, and housing market corrections will impede
near-term growth. Several risks could pull the eurozone into recession, including an
escalation of financial-sector stresses, sticky core inflation rates leading to extended
central bank tightening, an intensification of the conflict in Ukraine, widespread
declines in house prices, and spillovers from economic weakness outside the region.
Banking stresses create new headwinds for the US economy. After 2.7% annualized
growth in the fourth quarter of 2022, the US economy has decelerated but not tipped
into recession in early 2023. solid gain in consumer spending is being offset by declines
in residential construction, business equipment investment, and inventory
accumulation. A slight economic contraction is expected in the second quarter, when a
downturn in consumer spending on goods will be offset by a countercyclical rebound
in vehicle production. Growth in subsequent quarters will be restrained, leading to an
upward creep in the US unemployment rate to 4.5% at mid-decade.
Mainland China’s economic growth is reviving after the end of zero-COVID policies.
Following year-on-year declines in December, service sector output rose 5.5% y/y in
the first two months of 2023 while retail sales increased 3.5%. Industrial production
growth slowly picked up to 2.4% y/y, restrained by a continuing decline in goods
exports. The government’s policy shift to ease credit conditions for property
developers has stabilized home prices and sparked an upturn in housing construction
completions from a depressed level. After just 3.0% growth in 2022, real GDP should
increase 5.3% in 2023 and 5.5% in 2024 before resuming a long-term deceleration.
In the aftermath of the Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) crisis, S&P Global Market
Intelligence analysts assess a low likelihood of contagion to Latin American banks.
From a global perspective, the SVB failure and global financial uncertainties always
adversely affect the growth prospects of Latin America because they influence
business sentiment and investment, as well as trade prospects. These bring increased
volatility to foreign exchange markets, and thus impose upside risks on inflation
because of the threat of a pass-through currency depreciation on domestic prices.
In February, the JPMorgan Global Composite Output Index (compiled by S&P Global)
rose 2.4 points to 52.1, a level indicative of moderate expansion. The global services
PMI™ climbed 2.6 points to 52.6, while the manufacturing PMI™ advanced 0.9 point to
50.0. With supply chains improving, manufacturing production increased for the first
time in seven months. An increase in new orders for services was partially offset by a
continuing decline in orders for manufactured goods.
• Para 2023, Hapag-Lloyd espera una caída masiva de las ganancias y cree que el
EBITDA estará en el rango de 4.300 a 6.500 millones de dólares, en comparación con
los 20.800 millones de dólares en
2022.
• Maersk Line predice un EBIT de entre 2.000 y 5.000 millones de dólares (33.000
millones de dólares en 2022) basándose en una rentabilidad muy baja esperada de su
división de transporte marítimo en la segunda mitad de 2023.
• La aerolínea francesa CMA CGM espera que la marcada desaceleración del cuarto
trimestre de 2022 continúe en 2023.
EURO-ASPA+MEA=
Asia: La situación espacial sigue siendo relajada. No hay problemas con retrasos en la
capacidad únicamente de los buques. Los viajes en blanco/suspensión de servicios
todavía están vigentes. Los tipos siguen bajando ligeramente y se encuentran en un
nivel muy bajo.
AU/NZ: Ya no hay problemas de espacio en ambos servicios. Las tarifas de ambos
servicios están disminuyendo.
MEA: El espacio está bien. Las tarifas están disminuyendo ligeramente. No hay
problemas con el equipo. Las capacidades disponibles en East Med y las tarifas
continúan bajando para contratos a corto y largo plazo.
Tras la crisis del Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), los analistas de S&P Global Market
Intelligence evalúan una baja probabilidad de contagio a los bancos
latinoamericanos.
Desde una perspectiva global, el fracaso del SVB y las incertidumbres financieras
globales siempre afectan negativamente las perspectivas de crecimiento de América
Latina porque influyen en el sentimiento empresarial y la inversión, así como en las
perspectivas comerciales. Esto genera una mayor volatilidad en los mercados de
divisas y, por lo tanto, impone riesgos al alza sobre la inflación debido a la amenaza de
una depreciación de la moneda que se traspasa a los precios internos.
En febrero, el índice compuesto global de producción de JPMorgan (compilado por
S&P Global) subió 2,4 puntos hasta 52,1, un nivel indicativo de una expansión
moderada. El PMI™ de servicios global subió 2,6 puntos hasta 52,6, mientras que el
PMI™ manufacturero avanzó 0,9 puntos hasta 50,0. Con la mejora de las cadenas de
suministro, la producción manufacturera aumentó por primera vez en siete meses. El
aumento de los nuevos pedidos de servicios fue parcialmente compensado por una
continua caída de los pedidos de productos manufacturados.