BST Class XII Ch.1
BST Class XII Ch.1
BST Class XII Ch.1
Levels of Management:
Top Level
Ex: Chairperson, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, President, Vice-president or
their equivalent.
• Coordinates different activities of the organisation for the accomplishment of the common goals
• Works towards the welfare and survival of the organisation
• Formulates overall organisational goals and strategies for their achievement.
• Takes responsibility for all the activities of the business
Middle Level
Ex: divisional heads, Plant Superintendent and Operations Manager, etc.
• To interpret the policies framed by the top management,
• To ensure that their department has the necessary personnel,
• To assign necessary duties and responsibilities to the employees.
• To motivate them to achieve desired objectives,
• To co-operate with other departments for smooth functioning of the organisation.
• Responsible for all the activities of first line managers.
Lower Level / Supervisory Level
Ex: Foremen and supervisors etc.
• To acts as a link between the middle management and the workforce and pass on instructions of
the middle management to the workers.
• To supervise the tasks of the workers so that quality of output is maintained, wastage of materials
is minimised and safety standards are maintained.
• To ensure that the tasks are carried out as per the plans and policies.
• To directly interact and oversee the efforts of the workforce.
Functions of Management:
Planning is deciding what is to be done, who is to do it and how it is to be done—that is, setting the
goals and devising the means for achieving them.
Organizing is assigning duties, grouping tasks, establishing authority and allocating resources
required to carry out a specific plan.
Staffing is finding the right people for the right job.
Directing is instructing, leading, guiding, influencing and motivating employees to perform the tasks
assigned to them.
Controlling is measuring and comparing the actual work done against the set standards and the
plans.
Coordination:
Meaning: It is a process through which the activities of various departments and units are
synchronised for the achievement of the organisation’s goals.
Coordination is the force which synchronizes all the functions of management and activities of
different departments.
Nature/Features/Characteristics of Coordination
It integrates group effort: Coordination unifies unrelated or diverse interests of individuals into
purposeful work activity. It gives a common focus to group efforts.
It ensures unity of action: The purpose of coordination is to secure unity of action through the
realisation of a common purpose. It acts as the binding force between departments and ensures that
all actions are aimed at achieving the goals of the organisation.
It is a continuous process: Coordination is not a one-time function but rather a continuous process.
It begins at the planning stage and continues till controlling.
It is all pervasive function: Coordination is required at all levels of management due to the
interdependent nature of activities of various departments. It integrates the efforts of different
departments and different levels.
It is the responsibility of all managers: Coordination is the function of every manager in the
organisation. Top level needs to coordinate with middle level to implement plans & policies. Middle
level management coordinates with both the top level and first line. Operational level coordinates the
activities of its workers.
It is a deliberate function: A manager has to coordinate the efforts of different people in a
conscious and deliberate manner, even where the members of a department willingly cooperate and
work.
Coordination is the essence of management:
It is the essence of management because:
A. It is needed at all management functions
• Planning - Coordination between the overall plan and departmental plan.
• Organising - Required between authority, responsibility and accountability.
• Staffing – Is required for achieving balance between job requirement and qualities of personnel
• Directing - Required between orders, instructions and suggestions.
• Controlling - Ensures actual results conform to expected results.
B. Needed at all levels of Management-
• Top level - needs coordination to integrate activities of the organisation for accomplishing the
organisational goal
• Middle level - Coordination of efforts of different sections and subsections
• Lower level - Coordination in the activities of workers to ensure that work progresses as per
plans.
Importance of Coordination
1) Growth in size: With growth in size of an organisation, the number of employees increases. These
employees differ in habits of work, background and attitude. Coordination synchronises the personal
goals of the individuals and the overall goals of the organisation.
2) Functional Differentiation: Different departments in the organisation have their own objectives,
policies and styles of working. Coordination is needed to synchronise their activities for the
achievement of the common goals.
3) Specialisation: Organisations employ several specialists who usually think, evaluate and judge
according to their professional criteria. Coordination integrates the opinions and thoughts of various
specialists and departments of an organisation to avoid diversion and conflict among them.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1 Mark Questions (To be answered in one word or one sentence)
1. In order to be successful, an organization must change its goals according to the needs to the
environment. Which characteristic of management is highlighted in the statement? (Answer: It is a
dynamic function).
2. To meet the objectives of the firm the Management of Angora Limited offers employment to
Physically Challenged persons. Identify the organizational objective it is trying to achieve. (Answer :
Social Objective.
3. Management of any organization strives to attain different objectives. Enumerate any two such
objectives.
4. Give any two characteristics of management.
5. Management is multidimensional. Enumerate any two dimensions of management.
6. Managerial activities are performed in all types of organizations in all departments at all levels.
Which management characteristic is highlighted here? (Answer : It is all pervasive)
7. Mr. Ravi has retired. He is responsible for implementing the plans developed by the top
management. Which level of management was he working in? State one more function of this level
of management. (Answer: Middle level management) (Write any one function of this level).
8. List any two social objectives of management.
9. Mr. Alok is working as a Director of a manufacturing company. At which level of management was
he working? Different functions are performed at this level. State any one such function. (Answer :
Top level of management) (Write any one function of this level).
10. What is meant by management ?
3/4 Marks Questions (To be answered in about 50 to 70 words)
1. There are different Business Objectives, and Economic Objectives are one among them. Explain
these economic objectives.
2. Explain how management is an art
3. Explain why management is not considered a full-fledged profession.
4. Explain how management is science.
5. Coordination is the essence of management. Explain.
5/6 Marks Questions (To be answered in about 150 words)
1. Management is a Profession like Accounting, Medicine and Law as it also has a well-defined body
of knowledge. Yet management does not qualify to be a full-fledged profession. Why? (Hint: No
formal qualification is prescribed to enter management, no code of conduct is prescribed).
2. Success of an organization largely depends upon its management. Explain any five reasons to justify
this statement. (Hint: Give five points of Importance of management).