1 Mechanics Definition Force: Force is the physical quantity that changes or tends to change the state of a body.This can also be defined as the product of mass and acceleration F=ma
[F]= kg m/s2 =N
PHY101 Physics I: Fundamental Laws of
2 Mechanics Internal and External Forces • Internal Forces: act between objects within a system. • External Forces: are exerted by objects outside the system. Classification of External Forces Forces • A force is a push or a pull. Type of forces (External) include the following;
• i) contact force • ii) force field
• A contact forces are those forces that produce
effect when two or more bodies are in contact.e.g pull, push, friction, tension and reaction force.
• While force field includes forces from a distance
e.g electric and magnetic attraction or repulsion as well as the gravitational pull.
PHY101 Physics I: Fundamental Laws of
Mechanics 4 Newton’s Law of Motion
Newton’s First Law: Every object retains
its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless its compelled to change that state by an external force This is the law of inertial-possibility of a body to be in its state of rest or of uniform rectilinear (straight line) motion
PHY101 Physics I: Fundamental Laws of
Mechanics 5 Newton laws cont. • Newton’s 2nd Law of motion: this states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the force applied and takes place in the direction in which the force act. MATTER Two of the attributes of matter are i) resists changes in its motion—matter has inertia, and ii) a force acts between any two pieces of matter—material objects or particles exert forces on each other.
The quantitative measure of inertia is called the inertial mass of a
particle. Imagine two particles exerting equal and opposite forces on each other. We observe their accelerations.
7 Equilibrium
Should the vector sum of all forces acting on an object be equal to zero, then
and the object is said to be
in
Static equilibrium P = 0
Dynamic equilibrium P 0
8 Momentum and Collisions • This is concerned with inertia and motion. Momentum helps us understand collisions.
• Elastic Collisions - objects rebound
• Inelastic Collisions - object stick together
an usually become distorted and generate heat Momentum • Momentum = mass × velocity
• p = mv
• Momentum is a vector quantity.
Large Momentum Examples – Huge ship moving at a small velocity
P = Mv – High velocity bullet
P = mv Momentum Examples • A large truck has more momentum than a car moving at the same speed because it has a greater mass.
• Which is more difficult to slow down? The
car or the large truck? Impulse • Newton’s Second Law can read ΣF = ma = m(Δv/Δt) = (Δmv)/(Δt) = (Δp/ Δt)
Rearranging, Impulse = Δp = FΔt Before U1 U2
m1 m2
After V1 V2
m1 m2
M1U1 +M2U2 = M1V1 + M2V2
Conserve Energy and Momentum
Before Collision
Case 1: Equal masses
Case 2: M>M Case 3: M<M v = 10 v=0 M M Before Collision p = Mv
v’ = 5 M M After Collision p = 2Mv’ Mv = 2Mv’ v’ = ½ v Conservation on Momentum • In the absence of an external force the momentum of a closed system is conserved. Law of Conservation of Momentum
In a closed system, the vector sum of
the momentum before and after an impact must be equal. Before After m1v1 +m2v2 = m1v1’ + m2v2’ Closed System/ Isolated System • A system that has no gain nor loss of mass. • Isolated System: A closed system with no net external force acting on it. Example: Recoiling Cannon • Recoil Example 1: Recoiling Cannon A cannon of mass 750kg shoots a cannon ball of mass 30kg with a velocity of 20m/s. Find the recoil velocity of the cannon.
m1v1 +m2v2 = m 1 v1 ’ + m 2 v2 ’
Answer: -0.8m/s Collisions • Elastic (Kinetic Energy is conserved) • Inelastic (Kinetic Energy is not conserved) •Deformed objects •Objects stick together
• Note: Momentum is conserved in both
types of collisions. Example 2: Inelastic Collision • A bullet of mass 0.010kg is shot at a speed of 30m/s towards a 5kg stationary block. The bullet becomes embedded in the block an the two fly off together. • Find the speed with which they fly off.
Answer: 0.06m/s Example 3: Backwards Inelastic - Explosions Suppose we have a 4-kg rifle loaded with a 0.010 kg bullet. When the rifle is fired the bullet exits the barrel with a velocity of 300 m/s. How fast does the gun RECOIL backwards? Σpbefore = Σpafter
-0.75 m/s A ball bounces straight off a wall.
Let’s say that m = 0.5 kg, vx1 = 40 m/s, and vx2 = -20 m/s. Then the change in momentum is
This is the impulse on the ball! The ball exerts an equal and opposite impulse , then the average force on the wall on the wall. If the impact lasts is
25 Collision Summary Sometimes objects stick together or blow apart. In this case, momentum is ALWAYS conserved.
When 2 objects collide and
DON’T stick When 2 objects collide and stick together When 1 object breaks into 2 objects
Elastic Collision = Kinetic Energy is
Conserved Inelastic Collision = Kinetic Energy is NOT Conserved Elastic Collision
Since KINETIC ENERGY is conserved during the collision we call this an ELASTIC COLLISION. Inelastic Collision
Since KINETIC ENERGY was NOT conserved during the collision we call this an INELASTIC COLLISION. rd Newton 3 law of motion • For every action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction (opposing force). Action & Reaction
Force is an interaction between two material objects. E.g., there is a
gravitational interaction between the Earth and the Moon. They exert forces on each other of equal magnitudes but opposite directions.
N’ and N form an action- reaction pair.
W and N are not an action- reaction pair
N’ = -N N+W = 0
30 TOTURIAL :5
PHY101 Physics I: Fundamental Laws of
31 Mechanics Problem 4 • A 45 kg student is riding on a 7kg scateboard with a velocity of +4m/s. The student jumps of the cart with a velocity of -1m/s. Find the velocity of the scateboard after the student jumped off.
• Answer: +36m/s Problem 5 • •
PHY101 Physics I: Fundamental Laws of
34 Mechanics •
PHY101 Physics I: Fundamental Laws of
35 Mechanics 8 A ball is falling freely under the action of gravity, when its downward speed is 8.0m/s, it explodes into two equal parts. One part goes straight up to a height of 12m above the explosion point. What is the velocity of the other part just after the explosion. Take 𝑔=9.8m/s2 8 A ball is falling freely under the action of gravity, when its downward speed is 8.0m/s, it explodes into two equal parts. One part goes straight up to a height of 12m above the explosion point. What is the velocity of the other part just after the explosion. Take 𝑔=9.8m/s2 • A tractor of mass is used to tow a car of mass to a panel beating station. A tractor moves with a speed of before the chain attached to the car becomes taut. Calculate: • the speed of the tractor immediately the chain becomes taut • the loss in kinetic energy of system [4marks] • the impulse of the system when the car jerks into motion.
