Please write clearly in block capitals.

Centre number Candidate number

Surname

Forename(s)

Candidate signature
I declare this is my own work.

INTERNATIONAL AS
PHYSICS
Unit 2 Electricity, waves and particles

Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate
• a protractor. 2
3
Instructions 4
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5
• Answer all questions. 6
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 7
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
8
• All working must be shown.
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 9
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 10
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 11–24
to be marked.
TOTAL
Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.

*jUn22PH0201*
IB/M/Jun22/E10 PH02
 2
Do not write
outside the
Section A box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 . 1 State what is meant by the critical temperature of a superconductor.

[1 mark]

0 1 . 2 Explain the advantage of using superconducting materials when making strong

electromagnets.
[2 marks]

*02*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 3
Do not write
outside the
0 2 Figure 1 shows a cell connected to an external resistor of resistance R. box

The internal resistance of the cell is r.

Figure 1

Explain what is meant by the quantities represented by V and ε in Figure 1.

[3 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*03*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 4
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 1 Show that the critical angle for light travelling from water to air is approximately 49°. box

speed of light in water = 2.25 × 108 m s−1

[2 marks]

Figure 2 shows a pool of water with a lamp at position L.

L is at the bottom of the pool, halfway across the pool at one end.
P is a point on the surface of the water at the centre of the pool.
The pool is 7.0 m long and the water is 2.5 m deep.
The surface of the water is smooth.

Figure 2

*04*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 5
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 2 State and explain whether a ray of light from L can emerge from the water at P. box

Support your answer with a calculation.

[2 marks]

Question 3 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*05*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 6
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 3 Figure 3 shows the same pool with small waves moving continuously along the box

surface from left to right.

Figure 3

Suggest, using one or more diagrams, whether a ray of light from L can emerge from
the water at P as the waves move.
[3 marks]

*06*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 7
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 1 State what is meant by monochromatic light. box

[1 mark]

0 4 . 2 Explain the benefit of using monochromatic light in optical fibres.

[2 marks]

0 4 . 3 Figure 4 shows a simple optical fibre consisting of a thin cylinder of glass in air.

Figure 4

Explain how changes to this design can reduce modal dispersion.

[3 marks]

Turn over ►

*07*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 8
Do not write
outside the
0 5 Figure 5 shows the energy levels in a hydrogen atom. box

The arrow indicates one transition.

Figure 5

0 5 . 1 State the energy associated with the n = ∞ (ionisation) level.

[1 mark]

0 5 . 2 The transition shown in Figure 5 produces a photon of violet light.

Draw, on Figure 5, an arrow to represent a transition that would produce a photon in

the ultraviolet part of the spectrum.
[1 mark]

*08*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 9
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 3 Calculate the lowest frequency of a photon that can be emitted during any transition to box

the n = 2 level on Figure 5.

[4 marks]

frequency = Hz 6

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*09*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 10
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 1 An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V. box

Show that the final momentum p of the electron is given by

p= 2emeV
[3 marks]

0 6 . 2 The spacing between layers of atoms in a crystal is 2.0 × 10−10 m.

Estimate the momentum of electrons that will give an observable diffraction pattern of
the crystal.
[2 marks]

momentum = kg m s−1

*10*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 11
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 3 State the assumption that you made in Question 06.2. box

[1 mark]

0 6 . 4 Calculate the potential difference needed to accelerate electrons from rest so that
they have the momentum that you estimated in Question 06.2.
[1 mark]

potential difference = V 7

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*11*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 12
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 1 Sketch, on Figure 6, a graph to show the variation of resistance with temperature box

for a negative temperature coefficient thermistor for temperatures in the range

of 0 °C to 100 °C.
[1 mark]

Figure 6

*12*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 13
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 2 Describe how you would perform an experiment to measure the variation of resistance box

with temperature for the thermistor in the temperature range of 0 °C to 100 °C.

Your description should include:

• a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use

• the procedure you would use
• the measurements you would make.
[5 marks]

Turn over ►

*13*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 14
Do not write
outside the
0 8 Two loudspeakers emit sound waves that are coherent. box

0 8 . 1 State what is meant by coherent.

[2 marks]

The two loudspeakers are 8.4 m apart in a large open space, as shown in Figure 7.
Two microphones A and B are placed 0.62 m apart in front of the loudspeakers.
A is the same distance from each speaker.
The perpendicular distance between the loudspeakers and the microphones
is 13.0 m.

Figure 7

Microphone A detects a sound signal from the loudspeakers. The sound intensity
detected at microphone B is zero.

*14*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 15
Do not write
outside the
0 8 . 2 Explain why the intensity of sound at microphone B is zero. box

[3 marks]

0 8 . 3 Calculate the frequency of the sound emitted by the loudspeakers.

There is no other position of zero intensity between A and B.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1.
[3 marks]

frequency = Hz

Question 8 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*15*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 16
Do not write
outside the
0 8 . 4 The frequency of the sound from the loudspeakers is slowly increased. box

The loudspeakers continue to be coherent sources.

Explain how this frequency increase affects the intensity of sound detected by
microphones A and B.
[2 marks]

0 8 . 5 The arrangement of loudspeakers and microphones is placed inside a room.

Suggest why the maximum and minimum intensities of sound detected by A and B
are not as well defined when the arrangement is placed in the room.
[2 marks]

12

END OF SECTION A

*16*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 17
Do not write
outside the
Section B box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 9 Figure 8 shows a circuit used to measure the resistance of a resistor R.

A metre of uniform resistance wire is attached to a metre ruler between crocodile clips
A and B.
Crocodile clip C can be moved along the wire between A and B.
Q is a resistor of known resistance.

Figure 8

The switch is closed and crocodile clip C is moved along the resistance wire until the
millivoltmeter reads zero.

0 9 . 1 Compare the potential difference (pd) across resistor Q with the pd across the wire
between A and C when the millivoltmeter reads zero.
[1 mark]

Question 9 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*17*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 18
Do not write
outside the
A 4.7 Ω ± 2% resistor is chosen for Q. box

The position of C is adjusted five times so that, each time, the millivoltmeter reads
zero.
Each time, the length x of the wire between A and C and the length y of the wire
between C and B are measured.

Table 1 shows the results.

Table 1

test 1 2 3 4 5

x / mm 539 541 537 540 538

y / mm 457 455 459 456 458

x
1.18 1.19 1.17 1.18 1.17
y

x
0 9 . 2 Show that the uncertainty in the mean value of is less than 1%.
y
[3 marks]

*18*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 19
Do not write
outside the
0 9 . 3 The experiment is repeated for five more values of resistor Q. box

These data are plotted on Figure 9.

Plot, on Figure 9, the corresponding data point when the resistance of Q is 4.7 Ω.
Draw an error bar to show the range of possible values of the resistance of Q.
[1 mark]

Figure 9

0 9 . 4 Draw a line of best fit on Figure 9.

[1 mark]

Question 9 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*19*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 20
Do not write
outside the
0 9 . 5 The relationship between the resistances of Q and R is box

resistance of Q x
=
resistance of R y

Determine, from your graph, the resistance of R.

[3 marks]

resistance of R = Ω 9

*20*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 21
Do not write
outside the
1 0 Figure 10 shows a resistor made from a thin film of material of resistivity box

2.8 × 10−3 Ω m.

Figure 10

The resistor is 68 mm long and 7.5 mm wide.

The resistance of the resistor is 570 Ω.

1 0 . 1 Calculate, in m, the thickness t of the resistor.

[2 marks]

t= m

Question 10 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*21*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 22
Do not write
outside the
The resistor is made into a potential divider that is used in a fuel gauge for a car’s fuel box

tank.
Figure 11A shows the sliding electrical contact made by one end of a pivoted
conducting rod. The other end of the rod is attached to a float that is always at the top
surface of the fuel in the tank as shown in Figure 11B and Figure 11C.

A 12 V battery is connected across the resistor. A voltmeter measures the pd across

one part of the resistor and acts as the fuel gauge.

Figure 11B shows the fuel gauge in a full fuel tank.

Figure 11C shows the fuel gauge in an almost empty tank.

Figure 11A

Figure 11B

Figure 11C

*22*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 23
Do not write
outside the
1 0 . 2 Explain the changes to the voltmeter reading as the level of the fuel in the tank falls. box

[2 marks]

1 0 . 3 Calculate the rate of energy transfer in the resistor connected to the 12 V battery.
[2 marks]

rate of energy transfer = W

1 0 . 4 The resistor is changed to one of greater resistance.

State any effect that the change has on the operation of the fuel gauge.
[1 mark]

END OF SECTION B

Turn over ►

*23*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 24
Do not write
outside the
Section C box

Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses, A, B, C and D.

For each question select the best response.

Only one answer per question is allowed.

For each question, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select
as shown.

You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional pages for this working.

1 1 What is the fundamental (base) unit equivalent of the ohm?

[1 mark]

A kg m s−2 A−2

B kg m2 s−3 A−2

C kg m s−1 C−2

D kg m2 s−3 C−2

*24*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 25
Do not write
outside the
1 2 The graph shows the variation of current with potential difference for an ideal box

semiconductor diode.

Which row gives the resistance of the semiconductor diode at the points marked S and T?
[1 mark]

Resistance at S Resistance at T

Vs
A infinite
Is

Vs
B zero
Is

C the gradient of the graph at S infinite

D the gradient of the graph at S zero

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*25*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 26
Do not write
outside the
1 3 box

The resistance of the network shown is a minimum when connected across

[1 mark]

A P and S.

B P and R.

C Q and R.

D Q and S.

1 4 What are the resistances of ideal voltmeters and ideal ammeters?

[1 mark]

Ideal voltmeter resistance Ideal ammeter resistance

A infinite zero

B infinite infinite

C zero zero

D zero infinite

*26*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 27
Do not write
outside the
1 5 A vertical spring of stiffness k supports an object of mass m. box

The frequency of oscillation of the mass–spring system is f.

A second vertical spring has a stiffness 2k and supports an object of mass 3m.

What is the frequency of oscillation of the second mass–spring system?

[1 mark]

A 1.5f

B 1.2f

C 0.82f

D 0.67f

1 6 A point source of gamma radiation emits 1.0 × 105 gamma photons per second.

What is the gamma intensity at a distance of 4.0 m from the source?

Ignore background radiation.
[1 mark]

A 380 photons m−2 s−1

B 500 photons m−2 s−1

C 6250 photons m−2 s−1

D 25 000 photons m−2 s−1

1 7 Ultrasound is used in medical diagnosis because high-frequency sound waves

[1 mark]

A change frequency when they cross tissue boundaries.

B are not attenuated in soft tissues.

C travel at the same speed in different tissues.

D are reflected well at tissue boundaries.

Turn over ►

*27*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 28
Do not write
outside the
1 8 A stretched string has a length l and a tension T. box

The mass per unit length of the string is μ.

A second string has a length 0.6l and mass per unit length 0.8μ.

What is the tension of the second string when it vibrates with the same fundamental
frequency as the first string?
[1 mark]

A 0.23T

B 0.29T

C 0.45T

D 0.48T

1 9 Loudspeaker P emits sound of frequency 50 Hz.

Loudspeaker Q emits sound of frequency 60 Hz.
At time t = 0 P and Q are in phase.

When will P and Q next be in phase?

[1 mark]

A t = 0.10 s

B t = 0.25 s

C t = 0.50 s

D t = 0.75 s

2 0 What does not contribute to the formation of a spectrum when light passes through a
diffraction grating?
[1 mark]

A destructive interference

B diffraction at the slits

C constructive interference

D polarisation at the slits

*28*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 29
Do not write
outside the
2 1 −1
A diffraction grating has a spacing of 100 lines mm . box

Light of wavelength 6.33 × 10−7 m is incident normally on the grating.

What is the angle between the two second-order diffraction maxima?

[1 mark]

A 3.6°

B 7.3°

C 14.5°

D 29.1°

2 2 The graph shows the spectrum of X-rays produced using an anode–cathode potential
difference of 30 kV.

Which will not increase when the anode–cathode potential difference is increased?
[1 mark]

A the intensity at any point of the continuous spectrum

B the intensity of the characteristic peaks

C the frequency of the characteristic peaks

D the minimum frequency of the continuous spectrum

Turn over ►

*29*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 30
Do not write
outside the
2 3 The photoelectric effect provides evidence that box

[1 mark]

A electrons can have wave-like properties.

B electrons always behave as particles.

C electromagnetic waves can have particle-like properties.

D electromagnetic waves always behave as waves.

2 4 Light is incident on a metal surface. The graph shows the variation of maximum
photoelectron kinetic energy Ek(max) with the frequency f of incident light in the photoelectric
effect.

The original line is shown as dotted in all of the graphs on page 31.

Which graph shows the variation of Ek(max) with f for a metal with a greater work function?
[1 mark]

*30*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 31
Do not write
outside the
A B box

C D

D 14

END OF QUESTIONS

*31*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 32
Do not write
outside the
There are no questions printed on this page box

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

*32*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 33
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

*33*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 34
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

*34*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 35
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

*35*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02
 36
Do not write
outside the
There are no questions printed on this page box

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

Copyright information

For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after
each live examination series and is available for free download from www.oxfordaqaexams.org.uk.

Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful
and Oxford International AQA Examinations will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the
Copyright Team.

Copyright © 2022 Oxford International AQA Examinations and its licensors. All rights reserved.

*226XPH02*
*36*
IB/M/Jun22/PH02