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As noted by Anser et al. (2020) various terms such as infectious and transmissible
ailments have been employed to denote communicable diseases. Therefore, infectious disease is
not a novel term but a common encounter in the world today. Myriad ailments under the
category have been identified in society. Some of the examples encompass influenza,
tuberculosis, COVID-19, HIV/AIDS, malaria, Ebola, and chicken pox among others. From the
list, it is evident that communicable diseases are spread from animals to individuals or between
bodily fluids or blood from those infected. A communicable disease can be identified as
community settings. In the current paper, the selected infectious disease is tuberculosis.
Disease Description
Tuberculosis is commonly abbreviated as “TB” and being an ancient disease it has affected a
Causes
al., 2022).
Mode of transmission
The disease mode of transmission is from one person to another through air. Infected individuals
exhibit specific symptoms such as sneezing or coughing where airborne particles are emitted.
The particles remain suspended in the air for some time. In case of close contact with another
person or exposure to the bacterium, it enters the lungs causing an infection depending on the
level of immunity. Tuberculosis bacterium behaves in a variety of ways. First, it has the capacity
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to mutate evading the natural defense mechanism of the host. Therefore, an individual may be
infected but no disease symptoms are evident. In such a scenario, a latent state of tuberculosis is
present. During certain episodes or scenarios, an active case of tuberculosis may be present.
Symptoms may develop indicating an infection where the disease becomes contagious. There are
different factors that may culminate in the change from a latent case to an active one. For
tuberculosis may appear. Such an observation denotes the importance of conducting screening
tests, especially for those who are at risk to minimize comorbid cases. Besides, frontline
healthcare workers should undergo regular screening to identify any latent cases.
Symptoms
The disease may present an array of symptoms depending on the level of infection and host
immune response. Besides, symptoms may be unique to the site of infection. According to Farina
et al. (2022), the common symptoms encompass persistent fever, unremitting cough, fatigue,
night sweats, hemoptysis, weight loss, chest pain, hilar adenopathy, and pleural effusion.
Importantly, individuals with the latent form of the disease will not exhibit any of the symptoms.
Treatment
Mtafya et al. (2022) indicated that the treatment of the disease involves a 6-month regimen
Complications
The complications of the disease may depend on factors such as the site of infection, the duration
of the disease, and the immunity of the host. Patients are likely to have damaged lungs,
Demographics
Understanding disease demographics plays a critical role in assessing risk potential and
overcrowding, inadequate access to quality care, malnutrition, and behavioral factors including
drug abuse increase the risk of exposure to the disease. Besides, the factors impact of the
timeliness of diagnosis, disease progression, and treatment success. Nonetheless, poverty and
underdevelopment remain a substantial impediment to the timely diagnosis and proper treatment
clinicians, and poverty level remain significant challenges to the mitigation of the disease.
According to Healthy People 2020 (n.d), factors such as nutrition, education, and access to care
Incidence
According to WHO (n.d), the prevalence of the disease is 134 cases per 100,000 individuals.
Prevalence
The WHO (n.d) indicated that about 10.6 million individuals had active disease cases in the year
2022.
According to WHO (n.d.), about 1.3 million individuals died from the disease in the year 2022.
malnutrition, and behavioral factors including drug abuse increase the risk of exposure to the
disease. Besides, the factors impact the timely diagnosis, disease progression rate, and treatment
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education, access to quality care, availability of clinicians, and poverty level remain significant
Epidemiologic Triad
the determinants and disease distribution within the global populations. It is paramount to
understand the interrelationships between the agent, environment, and the involved host. In the
bacterium that can evade the host's defense mechanisms. In the current scenario, understanding
the infectivity and pathogenicity of the bacterium is important to enhance surveillance and
prevention approaches. After the agent, the host in the current disease under investigation is a
human being. The individuals provide a suitable environment for the agent to multiply and
survive resulting in the development of the disease. During an active disease situation, the agents
can spread from one person to another through inhalation of airborne particles. In regard to the
host, exposure, susceptibility, and response of the agent, factors such as race, age, nutrition,
psychological, level of immunity, and genetics interplay to dictate the progression to active
disease cases. Therefore, a strong immunity level can help fight the infection while immune-
compromised individuals are susceptible to an active disease case. The third triad in
contribute to the prevalence of the disease. For example, the spread of the pathogen may be
determinants of health such as access and level of quality may impact the diagnosis and
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treatment process. Health inequalities resulting from socioeconomic deprivations may increase
Nurses remain at the forefront in offering care services and identifying risk factors to
populations. Such data is important in designing prevention programs, and planning and
promotion of health. In regard to the current disease, public health nurses can mainly help
prevent disease spread in the community. One way to achieve such an objective is to encourage
members of society to be vaccinated especially those who are disadvantaged. Vaccine uptake
may not be high if a proper campaign on the need and importance is not advocated. Secondly,
the nurses can be whistle-blowers in cases of outbreaks in a given societal setting. Data on the
number of cases can help formulate control strategies and policies concerning public safety. The
nurses help in achieving timely diagnosis, compliance with treatment, and offering needed
education on safety measures. The nurses help increase community awareness of disease
prevention, spread, and the need to engage in optimal treatment approaches. Follow-up can help
increase the completion of the treatment regimen through education and campaigns. Therefore,
the public health system has the responsibility to prevent and control the disease.
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References
Addo, J., Pearce, D., Metcalf, M., Lundquist, C., Thomas, G., Barros-Aguirre, D., ... & Strange,
Anser, M. K., Islam, T., Khan, M. A., Zaman, K., Nassani, A. A., Askar, S. E., ... & Kabbani, A.
Farina, E., D’Amore, C., Lancella, L., Boccuzzi, E., Ciofi degli Atti, M. L., Reale, A., ... &
Raucci, U. (2022). Alert sign and symptoms for the early diagnosis of pulmonary
healthypeople.gov/2020/
Mtafya, B., Sabi, I., John, J., Sichone, E., Olomi, W., Gillespie, S. H., ... & Sabiiti, W. (2022).
tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/