Table of Contents

Lab # Lab Title Page # Lab Skills

1 Diffusion of Ammonia and Hydrogen chloride Gas 3-4 ORR and AI
2 Separation Techniques 5 ORR and MM
3 Separation Techniques - Chromatography 6-7 ORR and MM
4 Solubility 8-9 ORR and AI
5 Trends in Group 2 10 ORR and AI
6 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds 11-12 ORR and AI
7 Types of Chemical Reactions 13 ORR and AI
8 Qualitative Analysis of Cations 14-16 ORR and AI
9 Qualitative Analysis of Anions 17-18 ORR and AI
10 Qualitative Analysis of an Unknown Sample 19-20 ORR and AI
Outline for Plan and Design Write-up 21 PD
PD Problem Statements 22 PD
11 Acids, Bases, Indicators and pH 23-24 ORR
12 Preparation of a Soluble Salt – Copper (II) sulphate 25-26 ORR and MM
13 Preparation of a Soluble Salt – Titration Method 27-28 ORR and MM
14 Volumetric Analysis 1 29-30 MM and AI
15 Volumetric Analysis 2 31-32 MM and AI
16 Volumetric Analysis 3 33-34 MM and AI
17 Reactions of different oxidizing and reducing agents 35-36 ORR
18 Redox Titration 37-38 MM and AI
19 Saturated and unsaturated Hydrocarbons 39 ORR and AI
20 Saponification 40-41 ORR and MM
21 Rates of reactions 42-43 ORR and AI
22 Energetics 1 44 MM and ORR
23 Energetics 2 45 ORR and AI
24 Electrolysis of Copper (II) sulphate 46 ORR

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Example of an Investigative Project 47-50 PD and AI
Appendices

Edited 2023

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Lab: 1

Date:

Title: Diffusion of Ammonia and Hydrogen chloride gas

Aim: To compare the rates of diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas.

Apparatus and Materials: Glass tube, clamp and stand, rubber bungs, stopwatch, cotton wool,
concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated aqueous ammonia, beakers, forceps, face mask,
personal lab gears.

Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram above.

2. Soak a piece of cotton wool in concentrated ammonia solution and place it at one end of the
glass tube. Immediately plug with a rubber bung. (all done in a fume hood)

3. Soak a piece of cotton wool in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution and place it at the other
end of the glass tube. Seal that end of the glass tube with a rubber bung. (all done in a fume
hood)

4. As soon as sealing is completed begin the timer and do not end timing until the white ring
appears in the glass tube.

5. Record your results and observations.

Treatment of Results:

1. Use a ruler to measure the distance from the ammonia soaked cotton ball to the white ring and
form the hydrochloric acid cotton soaked ball to the white ring.

2. Use the distances and the time taken for the formation of the white ring to calculate the rate of
diffusion in (cm/s)

3. Calculate the relative molecular masses of the compounds

Discussion:

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Using your results and observations, give a full, detailed descriptive account for the formation of
the white ring. You must include a balanced chemical equation in your discussion.

Conclusion: Which gas diffuses at a faster rate?

Reflection:

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Lab: 2

Date:

Title: Separating Techniques

Aim: To separate of salt, insoluble powder and iron filings

Apparatus and Materials: List all the apparatus and materials used.

Procedure: Give a description of the steps you would follow to separate the above mixture into
the different components

Discussion: Provide a justification for use of each of the methods indicated

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab: 3

Date:

Title: Paper Chromatography

Aim: To separate screened methyl orange into its components using paper chromatography.

Apparatus and Materials: Screened methyl orange indicator, Water/Alcohol mixture, Filter
paper strips, 100 ml beaker, capillary tube, watch glass.

Diagram: (labelled diagram require)

Procedure:

1. With a pencil, draw a horizontal line 1.5 cm from the filter paper. This is the Base line.
2. Place a small dot with the pencil in the centre of the BaseLine. This is the Point of Origin.
3. Use a capillary tube to place or “spot” a drop of screened methyl orange on the Point of
Origin. Let the spot dry and repeat the process.
4. Use a measuring cylinder to measure 10 ml of the mixture of water/alcohol (50/50). Pour
the mixture into a 100 ml beaker.
5. Place the filter paper vertically in a 100 ml beaker and fold the upper edge over the lip of
the beaker.
6. Allow the mixture to rise up the filter paper.
7. Once the components stop rising and only the solvent rises, remove the filter paper and
carefully mark off the distance travelled by the solvent, using a pencil.
8. Using a ruler, measure:
a. The distance travelled by the solvent
b. The distance travelled by each component of the dye
9. Observe and record the number and colour of dyes present and the order in which they
appeared on the filter paper from the Baseline.
10. Draw a neat, clear and labelled diagram of the apparatus set up below.

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Observations:
● Number of colours observed
● Distance travelled by spots.
● Any change in texture of paper
(Your chromatography paper should be saved and allowed to dry so it can be placed in the
observation section of your lab manual)
Calculations:
Retention factor (Rf) of each component.
Rf = (distance travelled by spot / solvent front)
Discussion Questions:
1. Give a definition for chromatography.
2. What are some of the uses of chromatography outside of your school laboratory?
3. Is screened methyl orange pure? How do you know this?
4. What are the components of screened methyl orange?
5. Which component moves faster and why?
6. Which component moves slower and why?

Conclusion: What were the components of the screened methyl orange

Reflection:

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2. Plot a graph of solubility versus temperature with all the components of a graph. (suitable title,
scale, correct labelling of axis with units)
3. Use your graph to

● predict the solubility of potassium nitrate at 55oC and 28oC.

● determine the mass of crystals which would precipitate out if the temperature decreased
from 50oC to 35oC.

4. What deductions can be made from the graph about the effect of temperature on the solubility
of potassium nitrate.

Sources of Error: any error that might have affected your results.

Limitations:

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab: 5

Date:

Title: Trends in Group II Reactivity

Aim: To compare the reactions of calcium and magnesium metals with water and dilute acid.

Apparatus and Materials: test tubes, test tube rack, magnesium ribbon, calcium turnings, dilute
hydrochloric acid, distilled water, phenolphthalein indicator, splint, matches.

Procedure:

1. Add 2cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into two test tubes.

2. Add a piece of magnesium ribbon to one test tube and a calcium turning to the other, observe
the strength of the effervescence in each.

3 Use your thumb to trap the gas that is being evolved and test with a lighted splint.

4. Record all observations

5. Repeat the above steps using distilled water to replace the hydrochloric acid.

6. To each test tube add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator and observe.

Treatment of Results:

● Record results in a table with the headings: TEST, OBSERVATION and INFERENCE
(in the inference an explanation must be given for each observation noted)
● Chemical reactions for the reactions observed must be provided in the inference.
● The colour of the mixture in each instance must be noted in the observation.

Discussion:

1. Based on your observation, which element is more reactive? Explain.

2. If Beryllium and Barium were also used in the reactions how would they compare to
magnesium and calcium? Provide an explanation for your answer.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab: 6

Date:

Title: Physical properties of Ionic and Covalent Substances.

Aim: To determine whether the unknown substance A & B are ionic or covalent.

Apparatus and Materials: Bunsen burner, beakers, test, tubes, test-tube holder, test-tube rack,
alcohol, distilled water.

TABLE SHOWING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID A AND SOLID B

TESTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Solid A Solid B Solid A Solid B

1. Describe the
appearance of
solid A and B

2. Add water to
solid A and B,
Shake and
observe.

3. Heat a solid
sample of
substance A and
then B , observe,
allow it to cool.

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4. Then add
alcohol to solid
A and B shake
and observe

Conclusion:

● State which of the substances, A or B is ionic and which is covalent.

Reflection:

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Lab: 7

Date:

Title: Types of Chemical Reactions

Aim: To determine the types of reactions using the observations.

Apparatus and Materials: test tubes, test-tube racks, matches, Bunsen burner, splints, tongs,
measuring cylinder, zinc, copper(II) sulphate, magnesium ribbon, dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute
sulphuric acid, barium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium hydroxide.

Title:

Test Observation Inference

Place a piece of magnesium into
a test tube containing 2cm3 of
copper (II) sulphate solution

Burn a strip of magnesium in air

Add a strip of magnesium

ribbon to 2cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid. The gas
produced must be tested with a
lighted splint.

Add 2cm3 dilute sulphuric acid

to a test-tube containing 2cm3
barium chloride.

Heat a sample of copper (II)

carbonate.

Add 2cm3 dilute potassium

iodide to a test-tube containing
2cm3 of lead (II) nitrate

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab: 8

Date:

Title: Qualitative Analysis of Cations

Aim: To test for the presence of the following cations: Ca2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+
and NH4+.

Apparatus and Materials: test tubes, test-tube racks, aqueous ammonia, sodium hydroxide,
solutions of the cations.

Procedure:

1. Pour 2 cm3 of each solution in a single test tube.

2. To each test tube of solution add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to observe and record
changes.
3. Then add more sodium hydroxide drops in excess until no more changes can be observed
4. Repeat procedure 1- 3 using aqueous ammonia.

Title:

Cations being tested Observations Inference

using sodium
hydroxide

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Title:

Cations being tested using Observations Inference

aqueous ammonia

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Title: Further confirmatory Tests

Lead solution + KI

Aluminum solution + KI

Lead solution + HCl

Aluminum solution + HCl

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab: 9

Date:

Title: Qualitative Analysis of Anions

Aim: To test for the presence of the following anions SO42-, SO32-, CO32-, NO3-, Cl-, Br- and I-.

Apparatus and Materials: test tubes, test-tube rack, barium chloride or barium nitrate solution,
lead (II) nitrate solution, powdered lead (II) nitrate, dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid,
copper filings/pellets, 2M sulphuric acid, Bunsen burner, silver nitrate solution, aqueous
ammonia solution (dilute and 2M), solutions of the anions.

Title:

TESTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

SO32-

Add some BaCl2 or Ba(NO3)2

solution followed by dilute
HCl or dilute HNO3 solution.

Add some Pb(NO3)2 solution

followed by dilute HNO3
solution.
SO42-

Add some BaCl2 or Ba(NO3)2

solution followed by dilute
HCl or dilute HNO3 solution.

Add some Pb(NO3)2 solution

followed by dilute HNO3
solution.
CO32-

Add some BaCl2 or Ba(NO3)2

solution followed by dilute
HCl or dilute HNO3 solution.

Add some Pb(NO3)2 solution

followed by dilute HNO3
solution.
NO3-

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Add the 2M sulphuric acid
and copper filings and heat it.

NO3-

Add a sample of the

Pb(NO3)2 powder to a test
tube and heat it.
Cl-

Add some silver nitrate

solution followed by dilute
aqueous ammonia.
Br-

Add some silver nitrate

solution followed by 2M
aqueous ammonia.
I-

Add some silver nitrate

solution followed by 2M
aqueous ammonia.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab: 10

Date:

Title: Qualitative Analysis - Identifying the Unknown Ions

Aim: To determine ions in the Unknown sample.

Apparatus and Materials: beakers, wash bottle, test tubes, test tube rack, Bunsen burner,
measuring cylinder, potassium iodide solution, aqueous ammonia (dilute and 2M), sodium
hydroxide solution, barium chloride solution, dilute hydrochloric acid, Unknown sample
crystals/powder, dilute nitric acid, silver nitrate solution, barium nitrate solution, 2M sulphuric
acid, copper fillings/pellets, distilled water.

Title:

TEST OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

To a solution of the unknown
sample add a few drops of
NaOH.

Then add in excess.

To a solution of the unknown

sample, add aqueous ammonia
solution

Then add in excess

To a solution of the Unknown

sample add KI.

To a small portion of
Unknown sample, heat it.

To a solution of the unknown

sample add AgNO3.

Then add 2M aqueous

ammonia.

To a solution of the unknown

sample add aqueous barium
nitrate OR barium chloride.

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Then add dilute hydrochloric
acid.

To a solution of the unknown

sample add some 2M sulphuric
acid and copper filings/pellets
and heat it.

Conclusion:

● Identify the ions present in the unknown sample.

Reflection:

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 Outline for Plan and Design Write-Up

Lab #:

Date:

Title:

Problem Statement:

Hypothesis:

Aim:

Apparatus and Materials:

Diagram: where necessary

Procedure:

Variables:

Controlled - at least 2

Manipulated - at least 1

Responding - at least 1

Data to be Collected:

Expected Results:

Interpretation of Results:

Precautions:

Sources of Errors:

Assumptions:

Limitations:

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 Planning and Design Questions

1. Sarah states that the black ink in all markers contain the same components. Plan and design an
experiment to test Sarah's statement.

2. A new substance was found on Mars and taken back to earth. It is discovered to be a
compound. Outline a plan and design how this solid can be tested to determine the type of
bonding present.

3. A new drink company needs to develop a new can for their tomato juice. The juice is slightly
acidic and you are provided with two types of material, copper metal and magnesium metal. Plan
and design an experiment to determine which metal would be best for making the cans for the
new juice.

4. Plan and design an experiment to determine which vinegar, Grace or Eves vinegar is best for
cleaning fish.

5. In the labs store room you come across four unlabeled bottles with the labels dilute
hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and distilled water on the ground before
them. Using only red and blue litmus, a dropper and test tubes plan and design an experiment to
determine which bottles contain which solutions.

6. John's car won't start, he determines that it's an issue with his battery, his cousins start
debating about whether vinegar, water or kerosene would be best to replace the liquid in his car
battery. Plan and design an experiment to determine which liquid would be the best to replace
the liquid in his car battery.

7. Plan and design an experiment to determine whether the addition of the following nitrates of
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2 + and Fe2+ to water has the effect of making the water hard or soft.

8. Two unlabelled organic liquids were left in the lab an alkane and alkene. The lab technician
needs the alkene for an experiment. Plan and design an experiment to identify the liquid needed
for the experiment.

9. Shawn would like to preserve his baby brother's first pair of shoes. He plans on covering it
with gold. Plan and Design an experiment that Shawn could use to preserve the pair of shoes
with gold.

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Lab #: 11

Date:

Title: Acids, Bases, Indicators and pH

Aim: To determine the pH of different solutions using the colour changes of different indicators.

Apparatus and Materials: test tubes, test-tube racks, beakers, droppers, white tile, universal
indicator solution, screen methyl orange indicator, Bromothymol blue indicator, litmus paper
(red and blue), acidic solutions (1.0M, 0.1M, 0.01M, 0.001M, 0.0001M, 0.00001M, 0.000001M),
alkaline solutions (0.000001M, 0.00001M, 0.0001M, 0.001M, 0.01M, 0.1M, 1.0M), neutral
solutions.

Procedure:

1. Label the test tubes according to the acidic and alkaline concentrations and for the neutral
solution.
2. Measure 5 cm3 of each concentration of acidic solutions and pour them in their respective
test tubes
3. Test the solutions with the blue litmus paper and record your observations
4. Add 3 drops of Screened methyl orange indicator into each test tube and record your
observations.
5. Use the white tile as the background to see the colour changes.
6. Take a picture of the results for only the indicator solutions only.
7. Repeat procedure 2-6 using the other indicator solutions.
8. Repeat procedures 2-7 using the different concentrations of alkaline solutions and red
litmus paper.
9. Tabulate your observation.

Observation:

● Predict the pH of the solution using the colours observed using the Universal indicator
only.
● The pictures taken, print in colour and paste in a lab book for each indicator solution.

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Results:

Title:

Colour Changes Observed based on Indicator

Acidic Screen- Bromothymol Blue Red Litmus Universal pH
Solutions Methyl Blue Litmus Paper Indicator
Concentrations orange Paper
(moldm-3)
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
Neutral
solution

Title:

Colour Changes Observed based on Indicator

Alkali Screen- Bromothymol Blue Red Litmus Universal pH
Solutions Methyl Blue Litmus Paper Indicator
Concentrations orange Paper
(moldm-3)
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100

Discussion:

1. Define indicators.
2. Which indicator is ideal to give you a wide pH range and why?

Conclusion:

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Reflection:

Lab #: 12

Date:

Title: Preparation of Soluble Salts

Aim: To prepare a sample of CuSO4.5H2O using copper (II) oxide and sulphuric acid.

Apparatus and Materials: Petri dish, 100 ml beaker, filter paper, filter funnel, wire gauze,
tripod stand, Bunsen burner, stirring rod, beakers, evapourating dish, electronic scale, measuring
cylinder, tong, 2M sulphuric acid, copper II oxide and distilled water.

Procedure:

1. Measure 10 cm3 of sulphuric acid using a measuring cylinder and place it in a beaker.
2. Add the copper II oxide until in excess.
3. Light the Bunsen burner with a tripod stand and gauze and place the beaker with mixture
on top of gauze.
4. Stir the mixture for about 3 minutes over the heat.
5. Filter all the resulting mixture into a evapourating dish.
6. Place the evapouration on the gauze and heat until the concentrated or first sight of a
crystal.
7. Place the dish to be cooled naturally and for the crystallisation to take place.

Observation:

● Describe what was observed after every step of the method was carried out.
● Include a small sample of the copper sulphate crystals you created.

Discussion:

1. Write the balanced molecular equation for the reaction between copper (II) oxide and
sulphuric acid.
2. Write the complete formula for hydrated copper (II) sulphate.
3. Why was the copper (II) oxide added in excess?
4. Name two other substances which may be combined with sulphuric acid to produce
hydrated copper (II) sulphate
5. Write the balanced chemical equation which describes what happens when each
substance is combined with sulphuric acid.

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 6. If the copper sulphate was heated to dryness what physical changes would be observed?
Write a balanced chemical equation to show what happens to hydrated copper (II)
sulphate when heated to dryness.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 13

Date:

Title: Preparation of Soluble Salts

Aim: To prepare a sample of sodium sulphate crystals using the titration method.

Apparatus and Materials: 100 ml beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, filter funnel, Bunsen burner,
conical flask, pipette, burette, retort stand and clamp, evapourating dish, measuring cylinder,
tong, 1M sulphuric acid, 1M sodium hydroxide solution, phenolphthalein and distilled water.

Procedure:

1. Pipette 25 cm3 of the NaOH into a conical flask.

2. Add a 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

3. Fill the burette with 40 cm3 sulphuric acid.

4 Add the acid slowly to the conical flask with the NaOH until the colour changes.

5. Note the final reading of the burette and calculate the volume used.

6. Repeat Steps 1 only and fill the burette with volume used of sulphuric acid from Step 5.

7. Repeat Step 4 by adding all the acid to the conical flask.

8. Pour the mixture in an evapourating dish and heat until dryness.

Observation:

● Describe the reason for the colour change in the first reaction.
● Include a small sample of the anhydrous sodium sulphate you created.

Discussion:

1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
sulphuric acid.
2. Define the term anhydrous salt.
3. Explain why sodium sulphate must be an anhydrous salt.
4. Explain why no indicator was used for the second reaction.

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 5. Explain all the differences between hydrated copper (II) sulphate and anhydrous sodium
sulphate crystals.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 14

Date:

Title: Volumetric Analysis 1

Aim: To determine the concentration ethanoic acid by titration with sodium hydroxide

Theory: in this experiment you will determine the concentration of ethanoic acid. You will
obtain a standard solution of 0.1M sodium hydroxide and then titrate it against ethanoic acid
using phenolphthalein indicator. The results will then be used to determine the molar
concentration of the acid.

Apparatus and Materials: 100cm3 beakers, conical flasks, balance, 10cm3 pipette, white tile,
250cm3, retort stand, 50 cm3 burette, filter funnel, pipette fillers, distilled water, phenolphthalein,
0.1moldm-3 NaOH, Ethanoic acid

Procedure:

1. Pipette 10 cm3 of the ethanoic acid into a conical flask.

2. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

3. Fill the burette with NaOH, record the initial reading of the burette.

4 Add the NaOH slowly to the conical flask with the ethanoic acid until the colour changes.

5. Note the final reading of the burette in a table.

6. Repeat the above steps until 2 values which are within 0.1 cm3 of each other are obtained.

7. Calculate the average volume of sodium hydroxide used in the reaction.

Results:

Title:

Trials Rough 1 2 3 4

Final volume / cm3

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 Initial volume / cm3

Volume Used / cm3

Calculations:

1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used in the reaction.

3. Calculate the number of moles of Ethanoic acid that reacted with the NaOH.

4. Calculate the molar concentration of the Ethanoic acid.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 15

Date:

Title: Volumetric Analysis 2

Aim: To determine the concentration Hydrochloric acid by titration with sodium hydroxide

Apparatus and Materials: 100cm3 beakers, conical flasks, balance, 25cm3 pipette, white tile,
retort stand, 50 cm3 burette, filter funnel, pipette fillers, distilled water, Screened methyl orange
indicator, 0.05moldm-3 NaOH, hydrochloric acid

Procedure:

1. Pipette 25cm3 of the sodium hydroxide into a conical flask.

2. Add a few drops of screened methyl orange indicator.

3. Fill the burette with HCl, record the initial reading of the burette.

4 Add the HCl slowly to the conical flask with the NaOH until the colour changes.

5. Note the final reading of the burette in a table.

6. Repeat the above steps until 2 values which are within 0.1 cm3 of each other are obtained.

Results:

Title:

Trials Rough 1 2 3 4

Final volume / cm3

Initial volume / cm3

Volume Used / cm3

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Calculations:

1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

2. Calculate the average volume of HCl used in the reaction.
3. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used in the reaction.
4. Calculate the number of moles of HCl that reacted with the NaOH.
5. Calculate the molar concentration of the hydrochloric acid.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 16

Date:

Title: Volumetric Analysis 3

Aim: To determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide by titration with sulphuric acid.

Apparatus and Materials: 100cm3 beakers, conical flasks, 10cm3 pipette, white tile, 250cm3,
retort stand, 50 cm3 burette, filter funnel pipette fillers, distilled water, phenolphthalein indicator,
0.5 moldm-3 sulphuric acid, NaOH.

Procedure:

1. Pipette 25 cm3 of the sulphuric acid into a conical flask.

2. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the solution in the conical flask.al

3. Fill the burette with NaOH, record the initial reading of the burette.

4 Add the NaOH slowly to the conical flask with the H2SO4, until the colour changes.

5. Note the final reading of the burette in a table.

6. Repeat the above steps until 2 values which are within 0.1cm3 of each other are obtained.

Results:

Trial Rough 1 2 3 4

Final volume / cm3

Initial volume / cm3

Volume Used / cm3

Calculations:

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 1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
2. Calculate the average volume of sodium hydroxide used in the reaction.
3. Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 used in the reaction.
4. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH that reacted with the H2SO4.
5. Calculate the molar concentration of the NaOH.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 17

Date:

Title: Redox

Aim: To identify reducing and oxidizing agents.

Apparatus and Materials: 12 Test tube, test tube rack, 10 20mL measuring cylinder, 4 small
beakers, markers/ label tapes, Sulphuric acid, distilled water, aqueous acidified potassium
dichromate, aqueous acidified potassium permanganate, aqueous potassium iodide, aqueous
potassium bromide, hydrogen peroxide, aqueous iron (II) sulphate.

Procedure:

Test Observation Inference

Pour 2 cm3 of
Kl(aq) into a test
tube, add 2 cm3
of bromine water
(Br2(aq)) to the
solution of Kl(aq)
in your test tube.
Place 2 cm3 of KI + KMnO4
Kl(aq), KBr(aq),
H2O2(1) and
Fe2+(aq), into four
(4) separate test
tubes. Ensure KBr + KMnO4
your test tubes
are properly
labeled. Add 2
cm3 of acidified
KMnO4(aq) H2O2 + KMnO4
solution to each
of the test tubes
containing the

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 solutions: Kl(aq), Fe2+ + KMnO4
KBr(aq), H2O2(l)
and Fe2+(aq).

Place 2cm3 of KI + K2Cr2O7

Kl(aq), H2O2(I)
and Fe2+(aq), into
three (3) separate
test tubes. Add 2 H2O2 +K2Cr2O7
cm3 of acidified
K2Cr2O7(aq)
solution to each
of the test tubes Fe2+ + K2Cr2O7
containing the
solutions: Kl(aq),
H2O2(I) and
Fe2+(aq).

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 18

Date:

Title: Redox Titration

Aim: To determine the number of moles of water of crystallization in ferrous ammonium

sulphate by titration with potassium manganate (VII).

Apparatus and Materials: 100cm3 beakers, conical flasks, electric balance, 25cm3 pipette,
white tile, retort stand, 50 cm3 burette, filter funnel, pipette fillers, measuring cylinder, distilled
water, Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.nH2O (39.2gdm-3), KMnO4(3.32gdm-2), dilute H2SO4.

Procedure:

1. Pipette 25cm3 of the ferrous ammonium sulphate into a conical flask.

2. Using a measuring cylinder add 10cm3 of dilute H2SO4 to the conical flask.

3. Fill the burette with KMnO4, record the initial reading of the burette.

4 Add the KMnO4 slowly to the conical flask with the ferrous ammonium sulphate until a
permanent pale pink colour is obtained.

5. Note the final reading of the burette in a table

6. Repeat the above steps until 2 values which are within 0.1cm3 of each other are obtained.

Results: Table

Calculations:

1. Determine the volume of KMnO4 that reacted with 25cm3 of ferrous ammonium sulphate.

2. Determine the number of moles of KMnO4 in 1 dm3.

3. Determine the number of moles of KMnO4 used in titration.

4. Balance the following ionic equation for the reaction.

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 MnO4-(aq) + Fe2+(aq) + H+(aq) ---------> Mn2+(aq) + Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O.

5. Determine the number of moles of Fe2+ used in the reaction.

6. Calculate the molar concentration of Fe2+.

7. Determine the molar mass of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.nH2O.

8. Determine the value of n in Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.nH2O.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 19

Date:

Title: Organic Chemistry

Aim: To determine which of two liquids is cyclohexane and which is cyclohexene.

Apparatus & Materials: beakers, droppers, test tubes, test tube racks, unknown liquids,
acidified potassium permanganate, bromine water.

Procedure:

Bromine water

1. Add five drops of each unknown liquid to labelled test tubes (A and B).

2. To each test add five drops of bromine water.

3. Note all observations and records in a suitable table.

Acidified Potassium permanganate

1. Add five drops of each unknown liquid to labelled test tubes (A and B).

2. To each test tube add five drops of acidified potassium permanganate.

3. Note all observations and records in a suitable table.

Results: Table

Discussion:

1. Explain the differences observed in each case (for each set of reaction and each liquid).

2. Write an equation for the reaction of bromine with ethene.

3. State the type of reaction that occurred between potassium permanganate and the alkene.

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Conclusion:

Reflection:

Lab #: 20

Date:

Title: Organic Chemistry - Saponification

Aim: To make soap using the saponification reaction.

Apparatus and Materials: Stirring rod, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand, filter funnel,
filter paper, spatula, knife, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinders, oils (vegetable oil, castor oil,
olive oil, coconut oil or palm oil), 20% sodium hydroxide solution, common salt (NaCl), blue
and red litmus papers, fragrance or essential oils, food colourings.

Procedure:

1. Measure 25 ml of oil in a measuring cylinder and pour it into a 250 ml glass beaker.

2. Weigh 20g of NaOH using a small dry beaker.

3. Measure 100 ml of distilled water using a measuring cylinder and pour it into a conical
flask.

4. Add the NaOH to the water in the conical flask and swirl until completely dissolve.

5. Measure 30ml of the NaoH solution and pour it into the beaker with the oil.

6. Vigorously stir the mixture using a glass rod.

7. Touch the beaker from outside and observe that the beaker is warm.

8. Place the beaker on a wire gauze placed over a tripod stand.

9. Add 2-3 ml of any fragrance and 2-3 drops of food colouring you wish to add to the
mixture while heating.

10. Heat the beaker (using a Bunsen burner till the mixture becomes a whitish paste), while
stirring for about 30-40 minutes.

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 11. Remove the beaker from the flame and allow it to cool.

12. Dip a red litmus paper in the suspension formed, the red litmus paper changes its colour
to blue.

13. Dip a blue litmus paper in the suspension, and the colour of blue litmus paper remains the
same.

14. To the above suspension, add 15g of common salt and stir it well with a glass rod.

15. After adding common salt, soap in the suspension gets precipitated out as solid.

16. Take a filter funnel and place a filter paper in it and fix it in a stand.

17. Place a beaker below the funnel. Pour the contents of the beaker into the funnel over a
glass rod and filter the contents of the beaker.

18. After filtration, soap is left behind in the filter paper.

19. Transfer the soap into another filter paper using a spatula and dry it by pressing with
another filter paper. Then, cut it into the desired shape with a knife.

Observations:

● Write all observations seen throughout the lab.

● Have a sample of the soap made from the lab.

Discussion:

1. Define saponification.
2. Why was NaOH used instead of an acid?
3. Why was the mixture heated and stirred for such a long period?
4. What was the purpose of NaCl in the procedure?
5. What are the products of the resulting suspension?
6. Write an overall worded equation for the saponification reaction.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 21

Date:

Title: Rates of Reactions

Aim: To determine the effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction.

Apparatus and Materials: measuring cylinders, conical flask, paper, pencil, graph paper,
beaker, distilled water, sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3), sulphuric acid, stopwatch.

Procedure:

1. Using a measuring cylinder, place 10cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 sodium thiosulphate into a
conical flask.
2. Using a blank piece of paper with a width wider than that of the base of the conical flask,
draw a X in the centre of the paper. The X should be clear, visible moderately light in
shade (use a pencil).
3. Place the conical flask over the X created on the paper.
4. Add 25cm3 of 0.5moldm-3 sulphuric acid to this solution and start the stopwatch as the
acid is added.
5. Look directly from above the conical flask through the mouth and observe when the X is
no longer visible.
6. Note and record the time that it takes for the cross to no longer be visible. Discard this
mixture and wash the conical flask.
7. Repeat the above procedures using the volumes of sodium thiosulphate and water as
shown in the table below.

Results:

Title__________________________________________________________________________

Run Volume of Volume of Volume of Time (t) 1/t

H2SO4 cm3 Na2S2O3 cm3 H2O cm3 s 1/s
1 25 10 0

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2 25 9 1
3 25 8 2
4 25 7 3
5 25 6 4
6 25 5 5

Calculation: (one sample calculation is needed)

Graph:

1/t is a measure of the rate of reaction. Plot a graph of 1/t against the volume of sodium
thiosulphate used.

Discussion:

1. Volume of sodium thiosulphate is directly related to its concentration under the

conditions of the experiment. How does the rate of this reaction depend on the
concentration of the sodium thiosulphate?
2. State the variables controlled, responding and the manipulated variable in this
experiment.
3. What steps could have been taken to keep the temperature constant?
4. List two sources of error for the experiment.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

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Lab #: 22

Date:

Title: Energetics 2

Aim: Finding the endpoint of a neutralization reaction by measuring temperature changes.

Apparatus and Materials: 2M sodium hydroxide solution, 2M hydrochloric acid solution,

thermometer, Styrofoam cup, measuring cylinders

Procedure:

1. Using the measuring cylinder, pour 20cm3 of the sodium hydroxide into the Styrofoam
cup, measure and record the temperature of this solution.
2. Fill the measuring cylinder with acid up to the 5cm-3 mark.
3. Release 5cm3 the acid into the cup with NaOH solution. Stir with the thermometer and
record the temperature seen. WITHOUT DELAY, add a second 5cm-3 of the acid, stir
and record the temperature seen. Repeat the procedure until a total of 40 cm-3 of acid in
total has been added.
4. Record your readings in a table.
Results: Table

Graph: Plot a graph of Total Volume of Acid added against Temperature.

Discussion:
1. Account for the shape of your graph.
2. Use your graph to determine the total volume of acid needed to neutralize exactly 20cm3
of alkali.
3. Determine two likely sources of error in this procedure for determining the end point of
neutralisation.

Conclusion:

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Reflection:

Lab #: 23

Date:

Title: Energetics 2

Aim: To determine the heat of neutralization of the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid.

Apparatus and Materials: beaker, measuring cylinder, thermometer, Styrofoam cups, 2M

NaOH solution, 2M HCl solution

Procedure:

1. Using a measuring cylinder, measure 25cm3 of NaOH .

2. Allow the solution to stand for 5 minutes then record the temperature of the NaOH.

3. Measure 25cm3 of HCl and add it to the solution in the Styrofoam cup.

4. Stir the mixture and record the highest temperature of the mixture.

Results: temperatures recorded

Calculations:

1. Calculate the heat change for the reaction

2. Determine the heat of neutralization for this reaction

Discussion:

1. Draw the energy profile diagram for this reaction

2. Write two sources of errors and two assumptions for this experiment.

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3. Write the ionic equation for this reaction.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

Lab #: 24

Date:

Title: Electrolysis

Aim: To investigate the electrolysis of Copper (II) sulphate using graphite electrodes.

Apparatus and Materials: electrical wires, 0.5 M CuSO4 solution, pencils (graphite electrodes),
beaker, 6 V battery (DC),

Drawing: a 2-d drawing of the set-up of apparatus with labelling and a title at the bottom. (Use
the first diagram on page 187 in the Chemistry for CSEC: without the bubbles and the pink
shade.)

Procedure:

1. Set-up apparatus as shown in the diagram above.

2. Record all observations

3. Take a picture of the negative electrode.

4. Draw a diagram showing the electrolysis of CuSO4.

Observation: (Write the observations you saw)

Results:

● Draw a diagram showing the electrolysis of CuSO4 while it was happening, with correct
labels and annotations where necessary. (Use the first diagram on pg. 187 with the
pink thing and bubbles)

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 ● The picture taken is to be printed in colour and paste it in to show what was formed at the
negative electrode.

● Identify each electrode by name and write the balance half equations for what is taking
place at each electrode.

Conclusion:

Reflection:

EXEMPLAR OF INVESTIGATIVE PRACTICAL

PART A - THE PROPOSAL

Observation

Whenever an uncovered carbonated beverage is left exposed at room temperature the beverage
goes ‘flat’ (that is, loses its fizz) within a few hours but when an uncovered carbonated beverage
is stored in a refrigerator it remains fizzy for much longer.

Hypothesis: The higher the temperature of an uncovered carbonated drink the faster the drink
will lose carbon dioxide gas.

Aim: To determine if increasing the temperature causes an uncovered carbonated beverage to

lose carbon dioxide gas at a higher rate.

Apparatus and Materials: A sealed bottle of a carbonated beverage, cold water, 3 boiling tubes,
3 delivery tubes with rubber bungs, three test tube racks, a 60 ˚C water bath, an ice- bath, 3
thermometers, three measuring cylinder, three retort stands with clamps, 3 graduated syringes
and a timing device.

Procedure:

1. All apparatus will be cleaned and dried before beginning the experiment.

2. Label each boiling tube as follows: R- for room temperature, C- for cold and H- for hot.
Measure 20 cm3 of the carbonated beverage and pour slowly into each boiling tube.

3. Leave the uncovered boiling tube labelled R on the counter at room temperature. Place the
uncovered tube labelled C into an ice-bath and the uncovered tube labelled H into a 60˚C water

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bath. Record the temperature of each beverage in a table and leave each tube undisturbed for 30
minutes.

4. After the 30 minutes has passed for each beverage, securely fit the tube with a rubber bung
and delivery tube. Keep the shaking of the tube to a minimum during this set-up process. The
open end of the delivery tube will be attached to a graduated syringe and the boiling tube shaken
for two minutes. Record the volume reached by the gas in a suitable table. Repeat the same
procedure for each tube.

Treatment of Results/Observation:

Expected Results:

It is expected that the carbonated beverage labeled H will produce the least volume of gas,
beverage R will produce more gas than H but less than C and beverage C will produce the
highest volume of gas.

Interpretation of Results:

Precaution: Carbonated beverage was poured slowly down the sides of the boiling tube to
minimise loss of gas.

Sources of Errors:

Assumptions:

Limitations:

PART B - THE IMPLEMENTATION

Introduction

Whenever an uncovered carbonated beverage is left exposed at room temperature the beverage
goes ‘flat’ (that is, loses its fizz) within a few hours but when an uncovered carbonated beverage
is stored in a refrigerator it remains fizzy for much longer.

The gas responsible for the fizz of a carbonated drink is carbon dioxide and the lower the carbon
dioxide content of a drink the ‘flatter’ the drink will be.

In this experiment the relationship between the temperature and the carbon dioxide content of a
carbonated drink will be explored so as to offer an explanation to the observation made.

Method

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1. All apparatus was cleaned and dried before beginning the experiment.

2. Each boiling tube was labelled as follows: R- for room temperature, C- for cold and H- for
hot.

3. 20 cm3 of the carbonated beverage was measured and poured slowly into each boiling tube.

4. The uncovered boiling tube labelled R was left on the counter at room temperature, the
uncovered tube labelled C was placed into an ice-bath and the uncovered tube labelled H was
placed into a 60˚C water bath. The temperature of each beverage was recorded in a table and
each tube was left undisturbed for 30 minutes.

5. After 30 minutes had passed for each beverage, the tube was securely fitted with a rubber
bung and delivery tube. Shaking of the tube was kept to a minimum during this set-up process.
The open end of the delivery tube was attached to a graduated syringe and the boiling tube was
shaken for two minutes. The volume reached by the gas was recorded in a suitable table. The
same procedure was repeated for each tube.

TABLE SHOWING THE VOLUME OF CARBON DIOXIDE GAS COLLECTED AT

VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

Boiling Tube Temperature (˚C) Volume of CO2 gas cm3

R 60
H 30
C 2

Discussion:
From this experiment, it was determined that as the temperature increased the carbon dioxide
content of the drink decreased. The drink which was kept at the highest temperature lost the most
gas in the allotted time period.
When a carbonated drink is left uncovered, the decrease in pressure causes the gas particles to
leave the solution at the surface faster. Also, increasing the temperature gives the gas particle
more kinetic energy and increases the rate at which these particles leave the drink’s surface.
Particles possess more kinetic energy at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. Hence,
more gaseous particles will leave the surface of a drink at room temperature than at a lower
temperature.
Therefore, it is clear that when the carbonated drink was left at room temperature the loss of CO2
would have occurred more readily than if the same drink was kept in a refrigerator and as a result

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the drink at room temperature would become flat much sooner than one stored at colder
temperatures.

Limitations:
Every effort was made to reduce experimental error as much as possible. Shaking of the
beverage during measuring was minimized and the temperatures were monitored strictly.
However, the following situations may have contributed to experimental error:
1. Loss of gas as an undetermined amount of gas was lost during the pouring of the beverage into
the measuring cylinder.
2. Loss of gas occurred during the assembling of the delivery tube to the graduated syringe.

Reflections:
Whenever an uncovered carbonated beverage is left exposed at room temperature, the beverage
goes flat (it loses its fizz) within a few hours but when an uncovered carbonated beverage is
stored in a refrigerator it remains fizzy for much longer.
From the experiment, I have learnt that the reason carbonated drinks go flat faster at room
temperature is because of the higher temperature which gives the gas particles enough energy to
leave the drink’s surface faster.

Therefore, based on scientific fact it is better to store a carbonated drink at low temperatures as
this will preserve its CO2 content for much longer.
This experiment was carried out as designed in the plan.

Conclusion:
Increasing the temperature of an uncovered carbonated drink causes the drink to lose carbon
dioxide faster.

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