Unit 2

Linear (Amplitude) Modulation

and Demodulation

Taught by:
Dr. Prateek Verma
Assistant Professor
DYPIU Akurdi
1
Introduction to Modulation
• A signal can be anything like a sound wave which comes out when you shout. This shout
can be heard only up to a certain distance.

• But for the same wave to travel over a long distance, you’ll need a technique which adds
strength to this signal, without disturbing the parameters of the original signal.

• A message carrying signal has to get transmitted over a distance and for it to establish a
reliable communication, it needs to take the help of a high frequency signal which should
not affect the original characteristics of the message signal.

• The characteristics of the message signal, if changed, the message contained in it also
alters. Hence it is a must to take care of the message signal.

2
Contd.
• A high frequency signal can travel up to a longer distance, without getting affected by
external disturbances.

• We take the help of such high frequency signal which is called as a carrier signal to
transmit our message signal. Such a process is simply called as Modulation.

• Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal, in accordance
with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal.

Wireless • The message signal can be audio signal, video signal,

S D TV signal, Email etc.
Wired
• The frequency of such a signal is usually low.

3
 Signals in the Modulation Process

Message or
Modulated
modulating Carrier signal
signal
signal

• The signal which contains a message to be transmitted, is called as a message signal or the baseband
signal, which has to undergo the process of modulation, to get transmitted. Hence, it is also called as
the modulating signal.

• The high frequency signal which has a certain phase, frequency, and amplitude but contains no
information, is called a carrier signal. It is an empty signal. It is just used to carry the signal to the
receiver after modulation.

• The resultant signal after the process of modulation, is called as the modulated signal. This signal is a
combination of the modulating signal and the carrier signal. 4
Contd.
Message signal Carrier signal

Every signal has three basic properties:

Amplitude, Frequency and Phase.

5
 Need of Modulation
Size of the antenna
• When the transmission occurs over free space, the antennae radiate the signal out and the
receiver receives it.

• In order to operate efficiently, antennae need to be in the order of the magnitude of the
wavelength of the transmitted signal.

𝒎 𝒎
𝒄( ) 𝒄( ) 𝒄
𝑳=𝝀= 𝒔𝒆𝒄 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 = (𝒎)
𝒇 (𝑯𝒛) 𝒇 (𝟏/𝒔𝒆𝒄) 𝒇

• Speech frequencies range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. So suppose there is a frequency of 20 kHz and
it is radiated out to a receiver through a channel of free space.
6
 Contd.
𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝑳= 𝟑
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝒎
𝟐𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎

• It is impossible to build an antenna this big.

• Instead, we use the concept of using a high-frequency carrier wave for the transfer of the signal
and thus, use a 10 MHz carrier wave to carry the signal. Length of the antennae now would be;

𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝑳= 𝟔
= 𝟑𝟎 𝒎
𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎

7
 Contd.
Interference from other signals
• Suppose you are transmitting the baseband signal as it is to a receiver, say your friend’s
phone.

• Just like you, there will be thousands of people in the city using their mobile phones.

• There is no way to tell such signals apart, and they will interfere with each other leading
to a lot of noise in the system and a very bad output.

• By using a carrier wave of high frequencies and allotting a band of frequencies to each
message, there is no mixing up of signals and the received signals are absolutely perfect.

• The process of superimposing a low-frequency signal on a high-frequency carrier

signal is called Modulation. 8
 Types of Modulation
• Depending upon the
modulation techniques
used, they are classified
as shown in the
following figure.

• The types of
modulations are broadly
classified into
continuous-wave
modulation and pulse
modulation.

9
Continuous-wave Modulation
• If the carrier wave is continuous in nature then the modulation process is called as continuous
wave modulation.

• In the continuous-wave modulation, a high frequency sine wave is used as a carrier wave.

• This is further divided into amplitude and angle modulation.

• If the amplitude of the high frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, then such a technique is called
as Amplitude Modulation.

• If the angle of the carrier wave is varied, in accordance with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal, then such a technique is called as Angle Modulation.

10
Contd.
• The angle modulation is further divided into frequency and phase modulation.

• If the frequency of the carrier wave is varied, in accordance with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal, then such a technique is called as Frequency Modulation.

• If the phase of the high frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
value of the modulating signal, then such a technique is called as Phase Modulation.

11
Pulse Modulation

• In Pulse modulation, a periodic sequence of rectangular pulses, is used as a carrier

wave.

• This is further divided into analog and digital modulation.

• In analog modulation technique, if the amplitude, duration or position of a pulse is

varied in accordance with the instantaneous values of the baseband modulating signal,
then such a technique is called as Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) or Pulse
Duration/Width Modulation (PDM/PWM), or Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).

12
 Contd.

• In digital modulation, the modulation technique used is Pulse Code Modulation

(PCM) where the analog signal is converted into digital form of 1s and 0s.

• As the resultant is a coded pulse train, this is called as PCM.

• This is further developed as Delta Modulation (DM).

• Hence, PCM is a technique where the analog signals are converted into a digital form.

13
Amplitude Modulation
• Amplitude modulation is a process
by which the wave signal is
transmitted by modulating the
amplitude of the signal.

• It is often called AM and is

commonly used in transmitting a
piece of information through a radio
carrier wave.

• The amplitude of the carrier wave

is varied in some proportion with
respect to the modulating signal.
Contd.
• It can be observed that the positive and
negative peaks of the carrier wave, are
interconnected with an imaginary line.

• This line helps recreating the exact shape

of the modulating signal.

• This imaginary line on the carrier wave is

called as Envelope.

• It is the same as that of the message signal.

Contd. 2

• The message signal can be written as

𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
-2

• The carrier signal can be written as

c 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 12

14
-12
12
10
• The AM modulated signal can be written
as
cm 𝑡 = (𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡
Contd.
𝐴𝑚
• It can be written as cm 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝐴𝑐

𝐴𝑚
• Let μ = cm 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜇𝐴𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝐴𝑐

1
• Since we know, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = [cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]c
2

𝝁𝑨𝒄 𝝁𝑨𝒄
𝐜𝐦 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 − 𝝎𝒎 𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒎 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐

Each term represents single harmonics function. Here equation is for three waves.
Contd. 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
∗ =
𝐴𝑐 2 2
𝐜𝐦 𝒕
𝝁𝑨𝒄
= 𝑨𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 − 𝝎𝒎 𝒕
𝟐
𝝁𝑨𝒄
− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒎 𝒕
𝟐

• It is a combination of three waves moving together with frequencies 𝝎𝒄 , 𝝎𝒄 − 𝝎𝒎 , 𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒎

Amp
• 𝝁 is called the modulation index.
𝐴𝑐
• Now if we represent above equation in a graph
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐𝝎𝒎
𝐴𝑚
2
t
𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚
Contd.
𝐜𝐦 𝒕
𝝁𝑨𝒄
= 𝑨𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 − 𝝎𝒎 𝒕
𝟐
𝝁𝑨𝒄
− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒎 𝒕
𝟐

• The signals are located in the sidebands i.e. lower sideband (𝝎𝒄 − 𝝎𝒎 ) and upper sideband
(𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒎 ).

• The operating frequency is 𝜔𝑐 .

• Bandwidth is the property of the message signal.

Modulation
Am
• Now we know that 𝜇 =
Ac

• Here, Ac is the original amplitude of carrier wave and A𝑚 is the original amplitude of message
signal.

• Therefore, maximum amplitude of AM modulated wave = Amax = Ac + A𝑚

• & minimum amplitude of AM modulated wave = Amin = Ac − A𝑚

• Solving these two equations:

Ac + A𝑚 = 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1)
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
Ac − A𝑚 = 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 (2) 𝐴𝑐 =
2 𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝝁=
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝐴𝑚 =
2
What is Optimal value of Modulation Index?
Am
• Now we know that 𝜇 =
Ac

• How much should be the value of Ac ?

• Instead of Ac = 12V, we take Ac = 4V; Then

what will happen to 𝜇?

• Answer is Yes we can do that. Then, A𝑚𝑎𝑥 =

6𝑉 and A𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑉; 𝜇 = 0.5 or 50%.

• Let us take amplitude of carrier wave as 2V.

Then 𝜇 = 1 or 100%
0V 0V 0V
• Again, let us take Ac < 2V, which means Ac < A𝑚

• Therefore, 𝑨𝒄 > 𝑨𝒎 & 𝝁 should always be 0.5 (𝑨𝒎 = 𝑨𝒄 /𝟐)

Tutorial 1
• The carrier amplitude after AM varies between 4 V and 1 V. Calculate depth of
modulation.
Ans - 0.6

• The carrier wave is represented by the equation 𝑒𝑐 𝑡 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. Draw the

waveform of an AM wave for m = 0.5.

• A sinusoidal carrier has amplitude of 10 V and frequency 30 kHz. It is amplitude

modulated by a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 3 V and frequency 1 kHz.
Modulated voltage is developed across 50 Ohm resistance.
• Write the equation for modulated wave.
• Plot the modulated wave.
• Determine the modulation index.
• Draw the spectrum of modulated wave.
Amplitude Modulation
• In AM, the modulated wave consists of the carrier wave
and two sidebands.

• The modulated wave has the information only in the

sidebands.

• The carrier signal does not convey any information.

• Sideband is a band of frequencies, containing power,

which are the lower and higher frequencies of the carrier
frequency.

• The signal, which contains a carrier along with two sidebands can be termed as Double Sideband
Full Carrier system or simply DSBFC.

• However, such a transmission is inefficient. Because, two-thirds of the power is being wasted in
the carrier, which carries no information.
Generation of Amplitude Modulation
• Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as 𝑚 𝑡 and 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 respectively.

• These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block.

• This summer block produces an output, which is the addition of the modulating and the carrier
signal.

• Mathematically, we can written as 𝑉1 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

Local Oscillator
Contd.
• This signal 𝑉1 𝑡 is applied as an input to a nonlinear device like diode, the characteristics
of the diode are closely related to square law.

𝑉2 𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝑉1 𝑡 + 𝑘2 𝑉12 𝑡

• Here, 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are constants.

• Substitute 𝑉1 𝑡 in above equation

𝑉2 𝑡 = 𝑘1 [𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ] + 𝑘2 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 2

𝑉2 𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑘1 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ] + 𝑘2 𝑚2 𝑡 + 𝑘2 𝐴2𝑐 cos 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑘2 𝑚(𝑡) 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝑉2 𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑘2 𝑚2 𝑡 + 𝑘2 𝐴2𝑐 cos 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘1 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑘2 𝑚(𝑡) 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝟐𝒌𝟐
𝑉2 𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑘2 𝑚2 𝑡 + 𝑘2 𝐴2𝑐 cos 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝒌𝟏 𝑨𝒄 [𝟏 + 𝒎 𝒕 ] 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕
𝒌𝟏
Contd.
• The last term of the given equation represents the desired AM wave and the first three terms
of the above equation are unwanted.
𝟐𝒌𝟐
𝑉2 𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑘2 𝑚2 𝑡 + 𝑘2 𝐴2𝑐 cos 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝒌𝟏 𝑨𝒄 [𝟏 + 𝒎 𝒕 ] 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕
𝒌𝟏

• So, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass only AM wave and eliminate the first three
terms.
𝟐𝒌𝟐
𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒌𝟏 𝑨𝒄 [𝟏 + 𝒎 𝒕 ] 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕
𝒌𝟏

• Comparing with standard AM equation cm 𝑡 = (𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝟐𝒌𝟐 𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

• 𝑘𝑎 is amplitude sensitivity =
𝒌𝟏

• 𝑘1 is scaling factor
Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation
• It is bandwidth inefficient system.

• AM wave gets affected due to noise.

Power wastage in DSB SC

• The sidebands are mirror images of each other and hence

contain same information.

• Therefore all the information can be conveyed by only one sideband.

𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵
• Therefore, total power transmitted by an AM wave is given by
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑚2 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝐶
Therefore, Power wastage = 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝐶 𝒎𝟐 4 4
4
𝑷𝒕 = 𝑷𝒄 [𝟏 + ]
𝟐

Which means we have to transmit much higher power than what is actually required, hence DSB FC is a power
inefficient system.
Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation
Bandwidth inefficient system

• The bandwidth of DSB FC system is 2 𝑓𝑚 due to

simultaneous transmission of both sidebands.

• But only one sideband is enough to carry the information.

• Thus, the BW of DSB FC is double than what actually

required.

• Due to these reasons, it was thought that if only sideband is transmitted by suppressing the carrier and
another sideband then a lot of power and BW can be saved.
Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation
Sensitive to Noise
• In AM, the message is present in the variation of the amplitude of the signal.

• When AM modulated wave travels through communication channel noise gets automatically added to the
signal; which in turn changes the amplitude of the signal in a random manner.

• Hence, the performance of AM is very poor in presence of noise.

Salient Features of Amplitude Modulation
• AM transmitters are less complex.

• AM receivers are simple, detection is easy.

• AM receivers are cost efficient.

• AM waves can travel a longer distance.

• Low bandwidth.

Applications of Amplitude Modulation

• Radio broadcasting

• Picture transmission in TV.

Types of AM
Double sideband- Single sideband-
suppressed carrier suppressed carrier
modulation (DSB-SC) Modulation (SSB-SC)

Vestigial Sideband Independent Sideband

Modulation (VSB) Modulation (ISB)

• If this carrier is suppressed and the saved power

is distributed to the two sidebands, then such a
process is called as Double Sideband
Suppressed Carrier system or simply DSBSC.
 Double sideband-suppressed carrier modulation (DSB-SC)
• Let us consider the same mathematical expressions for modulating and carrier signals as we
have considered in AM.

Modulating signal 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

Carrier signal 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

Mathematically, we can represent the equation of DSBSC wave as the product of modulating and
carrier signals.

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐(𝑡) 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

1
Since we know, cos𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2

𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄
𝒔 𝒕 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕]
𝟐 𝟐
Contd.
• The DSBSC modulated wave has only two frequencies. So, the maximum and minimum
frequencies are 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 and 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 respectively.

𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚

• The bandwidth of DSB-SC system becomes = 𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 ) 𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐𝒇𝒎

• Thus, the bandwidth of DSBSC wave is same as that of AM wave and it is equal to twice the
frequency of the modulating signal.

• The carrier without any information content is suppressed by a balanced modulator.

• The carrier can also be suppressed by using a band stop filter.

Power Calculations of DSB-SC Wave
• Consider the following equation of DSB-SC modulated wave.
𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄
𝒔 𝒕 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕]
𝟐 𝟐

• Power of DSB-SC wave is equal to the sum of powers of upper sideband and lower sideband
frequency components.
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵
2 2
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠𝑣𝑚 2
• The standard formula for power of cos signal is 𝑃= =
𝑅 𝑅
2
𝐴𝑚 𝐴 𝑐
• Upper sideband power 2 2 𝐴2𝑚 𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = =
𝑅 8𝑅 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 2

2 2 𝐴2𝑚 𝐴2𝑐
• Similarly Lower sideband power 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = =
𝑅 8𝑅
Contd.
• Now, let us add these two sideband powers in order to get the power of DSBSC wave.

𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝐴2𝑚 𝐴2𝑐 𝐴2𝑚 𝐴2𝑐 𝐴2𝑚 𝐴2𝑐

𝑃𝑡 = + 𝑃𝑡 =
8𝑅 8𝑅 4𝑅

• Therefore, the power required for transmitting DSB-SC wave is equal to the power of both the
sidebands.
Advantages of DSB-SC
• It consumes less power due to the absence of carrier in DSB-SC.

• Low cost

Disadvantages of DSB-SC
• The power wastage is high in DSB compared to other types of Amplitude Modulation because of
the two sidebands that are not effectively utilized.

• It becomes difficult to recover the information at the receiving end. The recovery of the signal
depends on the carrier. If the carrier is absent, it needs to be regenerated. Such process of
recovery at the receiver becomes complex.
Single sideband-suppressed carrier modulation (SSB-SC)
• Since, the two sidebands carry the same information, there is no need to transmit both sidebands.
We can eliminate one sideband.

• The process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier and transmitting a single
sideband is called as Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply SSB-SC.

• This SSBSC system, which transmits a single sideband has high power, as the power allotted for
both the carrier and the other sideband is utilized in transmitting this Single Sideband.
 Contd.
• Let us consider the same mathematical expressions for the modulating and the carrier signals:

Modulating signal 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

Carrier signal 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

• Mathematically, we can represent the equation of SSBSC wave as

𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐
𝑠 𝑡 = cos[2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡] For USB
2

𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐
𝑠 𝑡 = cos[2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡] For LSB
2
 Bandwidth of SSBSC Wave
• We know that the DSBSC modulated wave contains two sidebands and its bandwidth is 2𝑓𝑚 .

• Since the SSBSC modulated wave contains only one sideband, its bandwidth is half of the
2𝑓
bandwidth of DSBSC modulated wave i.e. 𝑚 = 𝑓𝑚
2

Power of SSBSC Wave

• Power of SSBSC wave is equal to the power of any one sideband frequency components.

2 2
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑚 2 𝐴2𝑚 𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = = =
𝑅 𝑅 8𝑅
 Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB)
• In case of SSB modulation, when a sideband is passed through the filters, the band pass
filter may not work perfectly in practice. As a result of which, some of the information
may get lost.

• Hence to avoid this loss, a technique is chosen, which is a compromise between DSB-
SC and SSB, called as Vestigial Sideband (VSB) technique. The word vestige which
means “a part” from which the name is derived.

• Both of the sidebands are not required for the transmission, as it is a waste. But a single
band if transmitted, leads to loss of information. Hence, this technique has evolved.

• Vestigial Sideband Modulation or VSB Modulation is the process where a part of the
signal called as vestige is modulated, along with one sideband.
 Contd.
• A VSB signal can be plotted as shown in the following figure.

• Along with the upper sideband, a part of the lower sideband is also being transmitted in this
technique.

• A guard band of very small width is laid on either

side of VSB in order to avoid the interferences.

• VSB modulation is mostly used in television

transmissions.

• The bandwidth of the Vestigial sideband signal is

given by
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑚 + 𝑓𝑣
Typically 25-30% more than the SSB-SC
 VSB Modulation − Advantages
• Highly efficient.

• Reduction in bandwidth.

• The transmission of low frequency components is possible, without difficulty.

VSB Modulation − Disadvantages

• Bandwidth when compared to SSB is greater.

• Demodulation is complex.
 Independent Sideband Modulation (ISB)
• Normally each sideband carries identical information, but ISB modulates two different
input signals — one on the upper sideband, the other on the lower sideband.

• This is used in some kinds of AM stereo (sometimes known as the Kahn system).

• ISB is a compromise between double sideband (DSB) and single sideband (SSB) — the
other is vestigial sideband (VSB).
 Tutorial 2
• An AM broadcast radio transfer radiates 10 KW of power if modulation % is 60.
Calculate how much of this is the carrier power?

Ans - 8.47 KW

• A 400 W carrier is modulated to a depth of 75%. Find the total power in the AM
modulated wave.
Ans - 512.5 W
• A modulating signal 10sin(2𝜋 ∗ 103 𝑡) is used to modulate a carrier signal 20sin(2𝜋 ∗
104 𝑡). Determine the 𝜇, % modulation, frequencies of the sideband components and
their amplitudes, bandwidth of the modulated signal?

Ans - 𝜇 = 0.5 𝑉𝑚 = 10V; 𝑓𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑉𝑐 = 20V; 𝑓𝑐 = 10 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝐵𝑊 = 2 𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 11 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 9 𝑘𝐻𝑧 Amplitude of each sideband = 5V

 Contd.
• Determine the modulation index and % modulation of the signal shown in Figure.

Ans – 60% Ans – 53.8%

• Find the modulation index and % modulation of the signal shown in Figure.
 Contd.
• One input to an AM DSB-FC modulator is an 800 kHz carrier with an amplitude of 40
V. The second input is a 25 kHz modulating signal whose amplitude is 10 V. Calculate:
a) Upper and lower sideband freq.
b) Modulation coeff. And its %
c) Maximum and minimum positive amplitude of the envelope.
d) Draw the envelope.
e) Draw the output frequency spectrum.

Ans – 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 825 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 775 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝜇 = 0.25

𝐸𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 50 𝑉; 𝐸𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 30𝑉