Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

SIMPLE STRIP METHODS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB DESIGN

Example-1 (Rectangular slab with fixed edges and continuity)

Figure below shows a typical interior panel of a slab floor in which support is provided by beams
on all column lines. Hence the slab can be considered fully restrained on all sides. The floor must
carry a live load of 6𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2. Materials to be used are 𝐶25/30 strength class and 𝑆 − 400
reinforcing steel grade. The dimensions of the slab panel are shown in the figure. Find the
required slab thickness, the moment’s at all critical sections and reinforcement by using strip
method.

Solution

Step 1: Determine thickness of the slab from deflection requirement

Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial compression
[Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 Clause 7.4.2 (2)]

Provided that reinforced concrete beams or slabs in buildings are dimensioned so that they
comply with the limits of span to depth ratio. Their deflections may be considered as not
exceeding the limits 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250.

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3⁄
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 7.16𝑎
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌

𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌′
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √ ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .7.16𝑏
𝑑 𝜌 − 𝜌′ 𝜌0

Where:

𝐿
 is the 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑑

 𝐾 is the factor to take into account the different structural systems from Table
7.4N

 𝜌0 is the reference reinforcement ratio = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3

 𝜌 is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)

 𝜌′ is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the

moment due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)

 𝑓𝑐𝑘 is cylindrical compressive strength of concrete in 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Assumption:

Slab is under-reinforced section (concrete lightly stressed i.e. ρ = 0.5%) (Table 7.4N)

𝜌0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3 = √25 ∗ 10−3 = 0.005 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎

ρ = 0.005 ≤ 𝜌0 = 0.005

For the interior span of one-way or two-way spanning slab 𝐾 = 1.5

3⁄
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
∴ 𝑑 = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( 𝜌 − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝜌

3⁄
𝐿 0.005 0.005 2
= 1.5 [11 + 1.5√25 ∗ 0.005 + 3.2√25 (0.005 − 1) ] = 27.75 ≤ 30 𝑂𝑘!
𝑑

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Table 7.4N: Basic ratios of 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ for reinforced concrete members without
axial compression (Source: ES EN 1992 Part 1.1:2015 section 7.4.2)

The limiting span/depth ratio may be estimated from expressions and multiplying this by
correction factors to allow for the type of reinforcement used and span length.

Modification for the type of reinforcement

Where other stress levels are used, the values obtained using Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 310⁄𝜎𝑠 . It will normally be conservative to assume that:

310 500 500

= 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 400 = 1.25 (Assume 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 )
𝜎𝑠 𝑓𝑘 ( )
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜

𝜎𝑠 is the tensile steel stress at mid-span (at support for cantilevers) under the design load at SLS

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 is the area of steel provided at this section

𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 is the area of steel required at this section for ultimate limit state

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Modification for the span length

For beams and slabs with spans exceeding 𝟕𝒎 which support partitions liable to be damaged by
excessive deflections, the values of 𝑳/𝒅 given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by
𝟕⁄𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠). The span of the given slab is it is the shorter span length 𝐿𝑥 =
6𝑚 less than than 7𝑚. Hence, no need of modification.

𝐿
(𝑑 ) = 27.75 ∗ 1.25 ∗ 1.0 = 34.6875
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝐿𝑥 6000
𝑑= = = 172.973𝑚𝑚
34.6875 34.6875

Assume concrete cover = 15𝑚𝑚 and 𝜙𝑙 reinforcing steel bars= 12𝑚𝑚.

𝜙𝑙 12
𝑑 ′ = 𝑐𝑐 + = 15 + = 21𝑚𝑚
2 2

Overall thickness of the slab ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑑 ′ = 172.973 + 21 = 193.973𝑚𝑚.

Provide ℎ = 200𝑚𝑚.

Step 2: Determine design load on the slab

Dead load of the slab 𝑔𝑘 = 0.20 ∗ 25 = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Live load given in the problem 𝑞𝑘 = 6 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Design load 𝑤 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 5 + 1.5 ∗ 6 = 15.75 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

→ 𝑤⁄2 = 7.875 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Step 3: Division of the slab into strips

The load distribution pattern which requires continuously varying reinforcement to be strictly
correct, Hillerborg suggest that the load can be distribute as shown in the Figure below with
discontinuity line parallel to the sides of the slabs. This load transfer model leads to the analysis
of only four strips with unit width; it is observed that the strips are loaded in the corner zones
with the load 𝑤 ⁄2.

It is reasonable to take edge bands of width equal to one fourth of the short span dimension. The
result of the strip analysis (beam analysis) is a set of four maximum sagging moments in the

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𝑥 −direction and 𝑦 −direction which are kept constant in the regions of the slab which are
related to the strips considered.

𝑫 𝑩

𝒘⁄𝟐 𝒘⁄𝟐

𝑨
𝑨
𝒘 𝒘
𝒘

𝒘⁄𝟐
𝒘⁄𝟐
𝑪 𝑪

𝑫 𝑩

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Step 4: Maximum moment calculations in different strips

In the 𝒙 − direction

Middle strips (Strip A-A)

2
Cantilever moment: 𝑚𝑥 = 15.75 ∗ 1.5 ⁄2 = 17.719𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Negative Moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 17.719 ∗ 3 = 11.8125𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 17.719 ∗ 1/3 = 5.906𝑘𝑁𝑚

A ratio of support moment to the span moment of 2 is used.

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Edge strips (Strip C-C)

2
Cantilever moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 7.875 ∗ 1.5 ⁄2 = 8.86𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Negative moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 17.719 ∗ 3 = 5.906𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 17.719 ∗ 1/3 = 2.953𝑘𝑁𝑚

In the 𝒚 − direction

It is reasonable to choose the same ratio between supports and span moments in the 𝑦 − direction
as in the 𝑥 − direction.

Middle strips (Strip B-B)

2
Simply supported span moment: 𝑚𝑦 = 15.75 ∗ 6 ⁄8 = 70.875𝑘𝑁𝑚

Negative Moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 68.09 ∗ 2/3 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑓 = 68.09 ∗ 1/3 = 23.625𝑘𝑁𝑚

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Edge strips (Strip D-D)

2
Cantilever moment: 𝑚𝑐 = 7.875 ∗ 1.5 ⁄2 = 8.86𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Negative moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 17.719 ∗ 3 = 5.906𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 17.719 ∗ 1/3 = 2.953𝑘𝑁𝑚

Step 5: Determine design constants

Material: Concrete 𝐶25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑝𝑎

0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.167𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

2⁄ 2⁄
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3 ∗ (𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3 = 0.3 ∗ (25) 3 ≈ 2.6𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
Steel: 𝑆 − 400 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠

Step 6: Check thickness of the slab required for flexure

Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given by:

𝑀𝑑
< 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295 𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 47.25𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏 = 1𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2

𝑑 𝑀 47.25∗106
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ √0.295∗𝑏∗𝑓 = √0.295∗1000∗14.167 = 106.33𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑑

The overall thickness of the slab

ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑑 ′ = 106.33 + 21 = 127.33𝑚𝑚 < ℎ𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 200𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

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12 12
𝑑1 = 200 − 15 − = 179 𝑚𝑚 𝑑2 = 200 − 15 − 12 − = 167𝑚𝑚
2 2

Step 7: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.2.1.1)

𝑀 𝑑 𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓 𝑑 𝑧 = 2 (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) ≤ 0.95𝑑 𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑑 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑦𝑑 𝑐𝑑

2
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 0.26(0.3(𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) ⁄3 )∗1000∗167
= = 𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 167 = 217.10𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 200 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑏𝑡 =Width of tension zone = Take 1𝑚 width 𝐴𝑐 = area of concrete = b*D

𝒃𝒂𝒔
Spacing of reinforcement 𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔

Check minimum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 8.2)

𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝜙𝑎𝑔𝑔. + 5𝑚𝑚
𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎

Check maximum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.3.1)

 For slabs less than 200mm thick the following maximum spacing rules apply:

3ℎ = 3 ∗ 200 = 600𝑚𝑚
 For the principal reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

3.5ℎ = 3.5 ∗ 200 = 700𝑚𝑚

 For the secondary reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎

Where h is the depth of the slab

𝑏 ∗ 𝑎𝑠 1000 ∗ 113
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 400.5244𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 282.23

𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 400.5244 𝑚𝑚 ≰ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 400𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @ 400𝑚𝑚 c/c

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 Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

𝑀𝑠𝑑 (𝑘𝑁𝑚)

𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑚2 )

Spacing
𝑑(𝑚𝑚)

𝑧(𝑚𝑚)

(𝑚𝑚)

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
Location

𝑘
𝑀𝑥𝑓 5.906 0.013 179 170.05 282.23 400.524 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶
Middle
strip
𝑥 −direction

𝑀𝑥𝑠 0.026 170.05 282.23 400.524

11.8125 179 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

𝑀𝑥𝑓 2.953 0.0065 179 170.05 282.23 400.524 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶
Edge
strip
Interior panel

𝑀𝑥𝑠 5.906 0.013 179 170.05 282.23 400.524 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

𝑀𝑦𝑓 23.625 0.060 167 158.65 428.12 264.17 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @250𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶
Middle
strip
𝑦 −direction

𝑀𝑦𝑠 47.25 0.104 179 160.37 847.07 133.5 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @125𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

𝑀𝑦𝑓 2.953 0.0075 167 158.65 282.23 400.524 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

Edge
strip

𝑀𝑦𝑠 5.906 0.013 179 170.05 282.23 400.524 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

Step 8: Reinforcement detailing

Legend
Positive bars
Negative bars

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Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

Example-2 (Rectangular slab with free edge in long span direction)

The 3.65𝑚 ∗ 5.8𝑚 slab shown in the figure with three fixed edges and one long edge
unsupported must carry a uniformly distributed service live load of 6𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2. Consider concrete
grade to be used as 𝐶20/25 and reinforcing steel grade to be used has 𝑆 − 400. Select an
appropriate slab thickness, determine all factored moments in the slab, and select reinforcing
bars and spacing for the slab.

Solution

Step 1: Determine thickness of the slab from deflection requirement

Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial compression
[Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 Clause 7.4.2 (2)]

Provided that reinforced concrete beams or slabs in buildings are dimensioned so that they
comply with the limits of span to depth ratio. Their deflections may be considered as not
exceeding the limits 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250.

3⁄
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 7.16𝑎
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌

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𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌′
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √ ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .7.16𝑏
𝑑 𝜌 − 𝜌′ 𝜌0

Where:

𝐿
 is the 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑑

 𝐾 is the factor to take into account the different structural systems from Table
7.4N

 𝜌0 is the reference reinforcement ratio = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3

 𝜌 is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)

 𝜌′ is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the

moment due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)

 𝑓𝑐𝑘 is cylindrical compressive strength of concrete in 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Assumption:

Slab is under-reinforced section (concrete lightly stressed i.e. ρ = 0.5%) (Table 7.4N)

𝜌0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3 = √25 ∗ 10−3 = 0.005 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20𝑀𝑃𝑎

ρ = 0.005 ≤ 𝜌0 = 0.005

For the end span of one-way or two-way spanning slab 𝐾 = 1.3

3⁄
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
∴ = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌

3⁄
𝐿 0.005 0.005 2
= 1.3 [11 + 1.5√20 ∗ 0.005 + 3.2√25 (0.005 − 1) ] = 23.02 ≤ 26 𝑂𝑘!
𝑑

Table 7.4N: Basic ratios of 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ for reinforced concrete members without
axial compression (Source: ES EN 1992 Part 1.1:2015 section 7.4.2)

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The limiting span/depth ratio may be estimated from expressions and multiplying this by
correction factors to allow for the type of reinforcement used and span length.

Modification for the type of reinforcement

Where other stress levels are used, the values obtained using Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 310⁄𝜎𝑠 . It will normally be conservative to assume that:

310 500 500

= 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 400 = 1.25 (Assume𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 )
𝜎𝑠 𝑓𝑘 ( )
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜

𝜎𝑠 is the tensile steel stress at mid-span (at support for cantilevers) under the design load at SLS

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 is the area of steel provided at this section

𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 is the area of steel required at this section for ultimate limit state

Modification for the span length

For beams and slabs with spans exceeding 𝟕𝒎 which support partitions liable to be damaged by
excessive deflections, the values of 𝑳/𝒅 given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by

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𝟕⁄𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠). The span of the given slab is it is the shorter span length 𝐿𝑥 =
3.65𝑚 less than than 7𝑚. Hence, no need of modification.

𝐿 𝐿𝑥 3650
(𝑑 ) = 23.02 ∗ 1.25 ∗ 1.0 = 28.77 → 𝑑 = 28.77 = 28.77 = 126.84𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑

Assume concrete cover = 15𝑚𝑚 and 𝜙𝑙 reinforcing steel bars= 10𝑚𝑚.

𝜙𝑙 10
𝑑 ′ = 𝑐𝑐 + = 15 + = 20𝑚𝑚
2 2

Overall thickness of the slab ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑑 ′ = 126.84 + 20 = 146.84𝑚𝑚. Provide ℎ = 150𝑚𝑚.

Step 2: Determine design load on the slab

Dead load of the slab 𝑔𝑘 = 0.15 ∗ 25 = 3.75𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Live load given in the problem 𝑞𝑘 = 6 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Design load 𝑤 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 3.75 + 1.5 ∗ 6 = 14.0625 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Step 3: Division of the slab into strips

The load distribution pattern which requires continuously varying reinforcement to be strictly
correct, Hillerborg suggest that the load can be distribute as shown in the Figure below.

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A strong band along the free edge serve as an integral edge beam with width 3.65𝛽 normally
chosen as low as possible considering limitations on tensile steel ratio in the strong band. The
constant 𝜷 is reasonably selected to get the strong band designed as singly reinforced section
(preferably with lesser steel ratio). Close to minimum bottom steel is usually provided for
positive moment in 𝑥 −direction strip supported along longer edge and the value of 𝑘1 is
accordingly selected.

Loads on each strip

For simplification, let us assume width of strong band along the free edge = 0.65𝑚 → 𝛽 =
0.65⁄3.6 = 0.178082.

Load distribution in the main slab portion

In the main slab portion, assume 𝑘1 = 0.45. 𝑘1 𝑤 = 6.33𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Load in the main slab portion in the 𝑦 −direction = 𝑘1 𝑤 = 0.45 ∗ 14.0625 = 6.33𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Load in the main slab portion in the 𝑥 −direction = (1 − 𝑘1 )𝑤 = 0.55 ∗ 14.0625 =

7.7344𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Load distribution in the strong band slab portion

Load in the strong band slab portion in the 𝑦 −direction

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As an initial assumption, negative moment at the supported edge 𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 1⁄2 ∗the free cantilever
moment. Consider the strip length as to span up to the center of the strong band; i.e. 3 +
0.65/2 = 3.325𝑚.

Taking unit strip width 𝑘1 𝑤 = 6.33𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ∗ 1𝑚 = 6.33𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

6.33 ∗ 3.3252
𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 1⁄2 ∗ ( ) = 17.49𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

Summing moments about the left end with known support moment 𝑚𝑦𝑠

2𝑚𝑦𝑠
𝑘1 𝑤(1−𝛽)2 𝑏 2 𝛽 𝑘1 (1−𝛽)2 + ⁄ 2
2 𝑤𝑏
𝑚𝑦𝑠 + − 𝑘2 𝑤𝛽𝑏 (1 − 2 ) = 0 → 𝑘2 =
2 𝛽(2−𝛽)

2𝑚𝑦𝑠
𝑘1 (1−𝛽)2 + ⁄ 2 0.45(1−0.178982)2 +2∗17.49⁄
𝑤𝑏 14.0625∗(3.65)2
𝑘2 = = = 0.4907
𝛽(2−𝛽) 1.78082∗(2−0.178082)

Uplift in the strong band for 𝑦 −direction strips = 𝑘2 𝑤 = 0.4907 ∗ 14.0625𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2 =
6.90𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Check whether our assumptions correct or not

Revised negative moment at the left support

Summing moments about the left end:

6.33∗(3.0)2
𝑚𝑦𝑠 = − 6.90 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 3.325 = 13.564𝑘𝑁𝑚 ≤ 17.49𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑂𝑘!
2

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The maximum positive moment in the 𝑦 −direction strip will be located at the point of zero
shear.

14.505 4.485
= → 𝑦 = 2.29𝑚
𝑦 3−𝑦

Load in the strong band slab portion in the 𝑥 −direction

Load in strip A-A (1 + 𝑘2 )𝑤 = (1 + 0.4907) ∗ 14.0625 = 20.963𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Load per meter run along the strip = 20.963𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2 ∗ 0.65𝑚 = 13.626𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

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Step 4: Maximum moment calculations in different strips

In the 𝒙 − direction

Strips in the 𝑥 −direction can easily be analyzed due to uniformly distributed load over the full
length.

Strong band strip (Strip A-A)

Load in strip A-A (1 + 𝑘2 )𝑤 = (1 + 0.4907) ∗ 14.0625 = 20.963𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Load per meter run along the strip = 20.963𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2 ∗ 0.65𝑚 = 13.626𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

2
Simply supported span moment: 𝑚𝑥 = 13.626 ∗ 5.8 ⁄8 = 57.297𝑘𝑁𝑚

Negative Moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 57.297 ∗ 2/3 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 57.297 ∗ 1/3 = 19.099𝑘𝑁𝑚

Strip B-B:

Load in strip B-B (1 − 𝑘1 )𝑤 = (1 − 0.45) ∗ 14.0625 = 7.734𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Load per meter run along the strip = 7.734𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2 ∗ 1𝑚 = 7.734𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

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2
Simply supported span moment: 𝑚𝑥 = 7.734 ∗ 5.8 ⁄8 = 32.523𝑘𝑁𝑚

Negative Moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 32.523 ∗ 2/3 = 21.682𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 32.523 ∗ 1/3 = 10.841𝑘𝑁𝑚

In the 𝒚 − direction

Strip C-C:

6.33∗(3.0)2
𝑚𝑦𝑠 = − 6.90 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 3.325 = 13.564𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

6.33∗2.292
𝑚𝑦𝑓 = − + 14.505 ∗ 2.29 − 13.564 = 3.055𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

Step 5: Determine design constants

Material: Concrete 𝐶20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20𝑀𝑝𝑎

0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

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2⁄ 2⁄
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3 ∗ (𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3 = 0.3 ∗ (20) 3 ≈ 2.21𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
Steel: 𝑆 − 400 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠

Step 6: Check thickness of the slab required for flexure

Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given by:

𝑀𝑑
< 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295 𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 38.198𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏 = 1𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2

𝑑 𝑀 38.198∗106
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ √0.295∗𝑏∗𝑓 = √0.295∗1000∗11.33 = 106.9𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑑

The overall thickness of the slab

ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑑 ′ = 106.9 + 20 = 126.9𝑚𝑚 < ℎ𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 150𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

10 10
𝑑1 = 150 − 15 − = 130 𝑚𝑚 𝑑2 = 150 − 15 − 10 − = 120𝑚𝑚
2 2

Step 7: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.2.1.1)

𝑀 𝑑 𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓 𝑑 𝑧 = 2 (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) ≤ 0.95𝑑 𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑑 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑦𝑑 𝑐𝑑

2
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 0.26(0.3(𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) ⁄3 )∗1000∗120
= = 𝟏𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 120 = 156𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 120 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑏𝑡 =Width of tension zone = Take 1𝑚 width 𝐴𝑐 = area of concrete = b*D

𝒃𝒂𝒔
Spacing of reinforcement 𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔

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Check minimum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 8.2)

𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝜙𝑎𝑔𝑔. + 5𝑚𝑚
𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎

Check maximum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.3.1)

 For slabs less than 200mm thick the following maximum spacing rules apply:

3ℎ = 3 ∗ 150 = 450𝑚𝑚
 For the principal reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

3.5ℎ = 3.5 ∗ 150 = 525𝑚𝑚

 For the secondary reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎

Where h is the depth of the slab

𝑏 ∗ 𝑎𝑠 1000 ∗ 78.5
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 455.39𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 172.38

𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 455.39𝑚𝑚 ≰ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 400𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @ 400𝑚𝑚 c/c

𝑀𝑠𝑑 (𝑘𝑁𝑚)

𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑚2 )

Spacing
𝑑(𝑚𝑚)

𝑧(𝑚𝑚)

(𝑚𝑚) 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 (𝑚𝑚)

Location
𝑘

𝑀𝑥𝑓 19.099 0.099 130 123.156 445.85 176.16 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @175𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

Strip A-A
𝑥 −direction

𝑀𝑥𝑠 38.198 130 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @75𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

0.1995 115.39 951.70 82.526

𝑀𝑥𝑓 10.841 130 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @300𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

Strip B-B

0.0566 123.5 252.37 311.053

End panel

𝑀𝑥𝑠 21.682 0.113 130 122.17 510.24 153.85 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @150𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

𝑀𝑦𝑓 3.055 120 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

𝑦 −direction

0.0187 114 172.38 455.39

Strip C-C

𝑀𝑦𝑠 13.564 130 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @225𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

0.07 123.5 847.07 248.60

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Step 8: Reinforcement detailing

𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @75𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @175𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶 Legend

𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @150𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶
Positive bars
𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @225𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

Negative bars

𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @300𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

Example-3 (Slab with an opening)

A rectangular slab 5𝑚 ∗ 8𝑚 with fixed supports at all the four sides has a central opening
of 1.2𝑚 ∗ 2.4𝑚. Slab thickness is calculated to be of 200𝑚𝑚. The slab is to carry a uniformly
distributed factored load of 15 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 including it is self-weight. Place an appropriate system of
strong bands to reinforce the opening and determine moments to be resisted at all critical
sections of the slab. Materials used include strength class 𝐶20/25 and reinforcing steel
grade 𝑆 − 400.

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Solution:

Step1: Determine the thickness of slab for deflection requirements

Thickness of the slab ℎ = 200𝑚𝑚 (given)

Step 2: Determine design load on the slab

Uniformly distributed factored load of 𝑤 = 15 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

Step 3: Division of the slab into strips

The slab can be divided into the middle and edge strips as shown in the figure above

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Step 4: Maximum moment calculations in different strips

4.1. Determine all critical moments without hole

Load distribution in the slab without hole

In the 𝒙 − direction

Strips in the 𝑥 −direction can easily be analyzed due to uniformly distributed load over the full
length.

Middle strip (Strip A-A)

Considering unit strip width;

Load per unit strip width 15𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2 ∗ 1𝑚 = 15𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

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𝑚𝑠
ranges between 1.5 to 2.5
𝑚𝑓

𝑚
Take 𝑚 𝑠 = 2 → 𝑚𝑠 = 2𝑚𝑓
𝑓

𝑚𝑠 + 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑐
1
2𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑐 → 𝑚𝑓 = 3 ∗ 𝑚𝑐
1 2
𝑚𝑠 = 2 (3 ∗ 𝑚𝑐 ) = 3 ∗ 𝑚𝑐

2
Cantilever moment: 𝑚𝑥 = 15 ∗ 1.25 ⁄2 = 11.72𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Negative Moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 11.72 ∗ 3 = 7.81𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 11.72 ∗ 1/3 = 3.91𝑘𝑁𝑚

Edge strips (Strip C-C)

2
Cantilever moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 7.5 ∗ 1.25 ⁄2 = 5.86𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Negative moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 5.86 ∗ 3 = 3.91𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 5.86 ∗ 1/3 = 1.95𝑘𝑁𝑚

In the 𝒚 − direction

It is reasonable to choose the same ratio between supports and span moments in the 𝑦 − direction
as in the 𝑥 − direction.

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Middle strips (Strip B-B)

𝑚𝑠
ranges between 1.5 to 2.5
𝑚𝑓

𝑚
Take 𝑚 𝑠 = 2 → 𝑚𝑠 = 2𝑚𝑓
𝑓

𝑚𝑠 + 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑓𝑠𝑠
1
2𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑓𝑠 → 𝑚𝑓 = 3 ∗ 𝑚𝑓𝑠𝑠
1 2
𝑚𝑠 = 2 (3 ∗ 𝑚𝑐 ) = 3 ∗ 𝑚𝑓𝑠𝑠

2
Simply supported span moment: 𝑚𝑦 = 15 ∗ 5 ⁄8 = 46.88𝑘𝑁𝑚

Negative Moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 46.88 ∗ 2/3 = 31.25𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑓 = 68.09 ∗ 1/3 = 15.63𝑘𝑁𝑚

2
Cantilever moment: 𝑚𝑐 = 7.5 ∗ 1.25 ⁄2 = 5.86𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Negative moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 5.86 ∗ 3 = 3.91𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑓 = 5.86 ∗ 1/3 = 1.95𝑘𝑁𝑚

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4.2. Determine all critical moments with hole

Because of the hole, certain strips lack support at one end. To support them 0.3𝑚 wide strong
bands will be provided in the 𝑥 −direction at the long edges of the hole and 0.6𝑚 wide strong
bands in the 𝑦 −direction at the short edges of the hole.

Strip A-A

Assuming propped cantilever action with restraint moment along the slab edge, taken as 𝑚𝑦𝑠 =
31.25𝑘𝑁𝑚 as in the slab without hole case.

By moment equilibrium about the left support,

0.3 1.9 2
31.25 + 𝑤1 ∗ 0.3 (1.6 + ) − 15 ∗ ( 2 ) = 0
2

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𝑤1 = −10.12143𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

The negative value of 𝒘𝟏 indicates that the cantilever strips are serving as support for strip D-D
and in turn for the strong bands in the 𝑦 −direction which is hardly a reasonable assumption.
Hillerborg suggests the restraint moment to be as close to the “basic case” as possible without
𝒘𝟏 being negative i.e. choosing 𝒘𝟏 = 𝟎 (cantilever alone) and calculate support moment.

2
𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 15 ∗ 1.60 ⁄2 = 19.20𝑘𝑁𝑚

Strip B-B

The restraint moment at the support from the basic case 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 7.81𝑘𝑁𝑚.

Summing moments about the left end of the strip, results in an uplift reaction at the right end to
be provided by strip E-E.

0.6 1.252
7.81 + 𝑤2 ∗ 0.6 (1.25 + 0.95 + ) − 15 ∗ = 0 → 𝑤2 = 2.606𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
2 2

+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 + 2.606 ∗ 0.6 − 15 ∗ 1.25 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 = 17.2𝑘𝑁

Point of zero shear: 17.2 − 15𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1.1457𝑚

1.14572
Maximum bending moment in the span 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 17.2 ∗ 1.1457 − 7.81 − 15 ∗ = 2.05𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

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Strip C-C

Summing moments about the left end of the strip, results in an uplift reaction at the right end to
be provided by strip E-E.

0.6 1.252
3.91 + 𝑤3 ∗ 0.6 (1.25 + 0.95 + ) − 7.5 ∗ = 0 → 𝑤3 = 1.303𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
2 2

+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 + 1.303 ∗ 0.6 − 7.5 ∗ 1.25 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 = 8.593𝑘𝑁

Point of zero shear: 8.593 − 7.5𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1.1457𝑚

1.14572
Maximum bending moment in the span 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 8.593 ∗ 1.1457 − 3.91 − 7.5 ∗ =
2

1.025𝑘𝑁𝑚. This indicates BM values for strip C-C are half of the corresponding values for strip
B-B.

Strip D-D

The 0.3𝑚 width strip D-D carries 15𝑘𝑁/𝑚 in the 𝑥 −direction with reactions provided by the
strong bands E-E.

+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 → 2𝑤4 ∗ 0.6 + 4.5 ∗ 2.4 = 0 → 𝑤4 = 9𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Point of zero shear: 9 ∗ 0.6 − 4.5(𝑥 − 0.6) = 0 → 𝑥 = 1.8𝑚

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0.6 (1.8−0.6)2
Maximum bending moment in the span 𝑚𝑥𝑓 = 9 ∗ 0.6 ∗ (1.8 − ) − 4.5 ∗ =
2 2

4.86𝑘𝑁𝑚. By assuming the simple support conditions between strip D-D and strip E-E 𝑚𝑥𝑠 = 0.

Strip E-E

The strong bands in the 𝑦 −direction (the strips along section E-E) carry the directly applied load
of 15𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2 plus the load from strip B-B, the load from the strip C-C and the end reaction from
strip D-D.

All the above mentioned loads are converted to 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 loads by multiplying the width of the strip
as follows and are indicated in the figure above also.

Load from strip A-A: 𝑤1 = 0

Load from strip B-B: 𝑤2 = 2.606 ∗ 0.6 = 1.5636𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Load from strip C-C: 𝑤3 = 1.303 ∗ 0.6 = 0.7818𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

2.4
4.5∗
2
Load from strip D-D: 𝑤4 = = 18𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
0.3

Load transferred on strong band strip E-E in the 𝑦 −direction 𝑤5 = 15 ∗ 0.6 = 9𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

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𝑚𝑠
ranges between 1.5 to 2.5
𝑚𝑓

𝑚
Take 𝑚 𝑠 = 2 → 𝑚𝑠 = 2𝑚𝑓
𝑓

𝑚𝑠 + 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑐
1
2𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑐 → 𝑚𝑓 = 3 ∗ 𝑚𝑐
1 2
𝑚𝑠 = 2 (3 ∗ 𝑚𝑐 ) = 3 ∗ 𝑚𝑐

2 2 1.25
Cantilever moment: 𝑚𝑐 = 9 ∗ 2.5 ⁄2 + 0.7818 ∗ 1.25 ⁄2 + 1.5636 ∗ 1.25 ∗ (1.25 + 2 ) +
0.3
18 ∗ 0.3 ∗ (1.25 + 0.35 + ) = 41.85𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

2
Negative moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 41.85 ∗ 3 = 27.90𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑓 = 41.85 ∗ 1/3 = 13.95𝑘𝑁𝑚

Strip F-F

The moments for the 𝑦 −direction middle strip of the basic case (without hole) strip B-B may be
used without change.

2
Simply supported span moment: 𝑚𝑦 = 15 ∗ 5 ⁄8 = 46.88𝑘𝑁𝑚

Negative Moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 46.88 ∗ 2/3 = 31.25𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑓 = 68.09 ∗ 1/3 = 15.63𝑘𝑁𝑚

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Strip G-G

The moments for the 𝑦 −direction edge strip of the basic case (without hole) strip D-D may be
used without change.

2
Cantilever moment: 𝑚𝑐 = 7.5 ∗ 1.25 ⁄2 = 5.86𝑘𝑁𝑚

2
Negative moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑠 = 5.86 ∗ 3 = 3.91𝑘𝑁𝑚

Positive moment: 𝑚𝑦𝑓 = 5.86 ∗ 1/3 = 1.95𝑘𝑁𝑚

Step 5: Determine design constants

Material: Concrete 𝐶20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20𝑀𝑝𝑎

0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

2⁄ 2⁄
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3 ∗ (𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3 = 0.3 ∗ (20) 3 ≈ 2.21𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
Steel: 𝑆 − 400 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠

Step 6: Check thickness of the slab required for flexure

Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given by:

𝑀𝑑
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2
< 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295 𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 31.25𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏 = 1𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

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Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

𝑑 𝑀 31.25∗106
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ √0.295∗𝑏∗𝑓 = √0.295∗1000∗11.33 = 96.70𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑑

The overall thickness of the slab

ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑑 ′ = 96.70 + 21 = 117.70𝑚𝑚 < ℎ𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 200𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

12 12
𝑑1 = 200 − 15 − = 179𝑚𝑚 𝑑2 = 200 − 15 − 12 − = 167𝑚𝑚
2 2

Step 7: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.2.1.1)

𝑀 𝑑 𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓 𝑑 𝑧 = 2 (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) ≤ 0.95𝑑 𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑑 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑦𝑑 𝑐𝑑

2
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 0.26(0.3(𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) ⁄3 )∗1000∗179
= = 𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 179 = 232.70𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 179 = 𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑏𝑡 =Width of tension zone = Take 1𝑚 width 𝐴𝑐 = area of concrete = b*D

𝒃𝒂𝒔
Spacing of reinforcement 𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔

Check minimum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 8.2)

𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝜙𝑎𝑔𝑔. + 5𝑚𝑚
𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎

Check maximum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.3.1)

 For slabs less than 200mm thick the following maximum spacing rules apply:

3ℎ = 3 ∗ 150 = 450𝑚𝑚
 For the principal reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
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3.5ℎ = 3.5 ∗ 150 = 525𝑚𝑚

 For the secondary reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. {
𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎

Where h is the depth of the slab

𝑏 ∗ 𝑎𝑠 1000 ∗ 113
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 439.46𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 257.134

𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 455.39𝑚𝑚 ≰ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 400𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @ 400𝑚𝑚 c/c

𝑀𝑠𝑑 (𝑘𝑁𝑚)

𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑚2 )

Spacing
𝑑(𝑚𝑚)

𝑧(𝑚𝑚)

(𝑚𝑚)

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
Location
𝑘

𝑀𝑥𝑓 2.05 0.0056 179 170.05 257.134 439.84 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

Strip B-B

𝑀𝑥𝑠 7.81 179 439.84 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

0.0215 170.05 257.134
𝑥 −direction

𝑀𝑥𝑓 1.025 167 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

Strip C-C

0.0032 158.65 239.90 471.04

𝑀𝑥𝑠 3.91 0.01 179 170.05 257.134 439.84 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚𝐶/𝐶

𝑀𝑥𝑓 4.68 179 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

Strip D-D

0.0129 170.05 257.134 439.84

𝑀𝑥𝑠 0 − 179 − − − −
End panel

𝑀𝑦𝑓 0 179 − − − −
Strip A-A

𝑀𝑦𝑠 19.20 179 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

0.053 170.05 257.134 439.84

13.95 179 170.05 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

𝑦 −direction

𝑀𝑦𝑓
Strip E-E

0.038 257.134 439.84

𝑀𝑦𝑠 27.90 179 170.05 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

0.077 257.134 439.84

𝑀𝑦𝑓 15.63 179 170.05 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

Strip F-F

0.04 257.134 439.84

𝑀𝑦𝑠 31.25 179 170.05 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

0.086 257.134 439.84

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Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

𝑀𝑦𝑓 1.95 179 170.05 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

Strip G-G 0.005 257.134 439.84

𝑀𝑦𝑠 3.91 179 170.05 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

0.01 257.134 439.84

Step 8: Reinforcement detailing

𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶
𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 @400𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶

Legend
Positive bars
Negative bars

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