Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

Example 1 (Wind load analysis on vertical walls)

The structure illustrated in Figure below is to be located in the center of Adama city on flat and
horizontal area with which its site surrounded by buildings of similar height. It is an apartment
building with internal wall partitions. Wind from the east and west is transmitted from clad faces
to the north and south masonry walls.

a) Compute the external wind pressure on the windward wall

b) Compute the external wind pressure on the leeward wall
c) Compute the external wind pressure on the across wind wall
d) Compute the internal wind pressure on the walls

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Solution:

Step 1: Determination of basic wind velocity 𝑽𝒃 (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.2)

𝑉𝑏 is the basic wind velocity defined as a function of wind direction and time of year at 10𝑚
above ground of terrain category II and shall be calculated from expression:

𝑉𝑏 = 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑉𝑏,0

Where: 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is the directional factor

𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 is the season factor

𝑉𝑏,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity

 The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity 𝑉𝑏,0 is the characteristic 10 minutes
mean wind velocity irrespective of wind direction and time of year at 10𝑚 above ground
level in open country terrain with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles with
separations of at least 20 obstacle heights (terrain category II). The value of the basic
wind velocity 𝑉𝑏,0 may be given in the National Annex. The recommended value
is 𝑉𝑏,0 = 22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 .

 The value of the directional factor 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟 for various wind directions may be found in the
National Annex. The recommended value is 1.0.

 The value of the season factor 𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is 1.0.

⇒ 𝑉𝑏 = 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑉𝑏,0 = 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐

Step 2: Determination of basic velocity pressure 𝒒𝒃

1
𝑞𝑏 = 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑏2

Where 𝜌 is the air density which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to
be expected in the region during wind storms. The values for 𝜌 may be given in the National
Annex. The recommended value is 𝜌 = 1.25𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 .

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1 1
⇒ 𝑞𝑏 = 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑏2 == 2 ∗ 1.25𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ∗ (22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 = 302.5𝑁⁄𝑚2 = 0. 3025𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Step 3: Determination of peak velocity pressure 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.5)

𝑞𝑝 depends on the wind climate, the terrain roughness and orography and the reference height.
1
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = [1 + 7 ∗ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧)] ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑚2 (𝑧)

Where 𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) is the exposure factor

𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) is the turbulence intensity at height 𝑧 (see ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.4)

𝑉𝑚 is the mean wind velocity (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3)

3.1. Reference height 𝒁𝒆 as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 7.2.2

The reference height 𝒁𝒆 for walls of rectangular plan buildings (zone D windward) depends on
the aspect ratio ℎ/𝑏 and are always the upper heights of the different parts of the walls.

ℎ = 20𝑚, 𝑏 = 12𝑚, 2𝑏 = 24𝑚 → 𝑏 < ℎ < 2𝑏

A building whose height 𝒉 is greater than 𝒃 but less than 𝟐𝒃 may be considered to be two parts
comprising: a lower part extending upwards from the ground by a height equal to 𝑏 (𝒁𝒆𝟏 = 𝒃 =
𝟏𝟐𝒎) and an upper part consisting of the remainder (𝒁𝒆𝟐 = 𝒉 − 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟖𝒎).

Figure: Reference height 𝒁𝒆 depending on ℎ and 𝑏 and corresponding velocity pressure profile
(Source: Adopted from ES EN 1991-1-4:2015)

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Note: With the reference height calculated as the distance from the ground to the top of the part.

The rules for the velocity pressure distribution for leeward wall (zone E) and side walls (zones
A, B, C) may be given in the National Annex or be defined for the individual project.
The recommended procedure is to take the reference height as the height of the building (𝒁𝒆 =
𝒉).

The reference height 𝒛𝒊 for the internal pressures should be equal to the reference height 𝒛𝒆 for
the external pressures on the faces which contribute by their openings to the creation of the
internal pressure.

3.2. Wind turbulence 𝒍𝒗 (𝒛) as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.4

𝑘𝑙
𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥
0 (𝑧)∗𝑙𝑛(𝑧⁄𝑧0 )

𝑘𝑙
𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝐶 (𝑧 )∗𝑙𝑛(𝑧
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛
0 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ⁄𝑧0 )

In this example, the building is located on flat and horizontal terrain. For flat terrain where
orographic factor 𝐶0 (𝑧) = 1.0. The building site is surrounded by buildings of similar height.
The height of building 𝑧 is 20𝑚. Area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with
buildings and their average height exceeds 15𝑚, the terrain category is terrain category IV.

Where:

𝑘𝑙 is the turbulence factor. The value of 𝑘𝑙 may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is 𝑘𝑙 = 1.0.

𝑧0 is the roughness length = 1.0𝑚 for terrain category IV given in Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-1-
4:2015

𝒛𝒎𝒊𝒏 is the minimum height = 10𝑚 for terrain category IV given in Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-1-
4:2015

𝒛𝒎𝒂𝒙 is to be taken as 200𝑚

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Lower part, 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 10𝑚 ≤ 𝑍𝑒1 = 12𝑚 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200𝑚;

𝑘𝑙 1.0
∴ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧 = 12𝑚) = 𝐶 (𝑧)∗𝑙𝑛(𝑧 ⁄𝑧0 )
= 1.0∗𝑙𝑛(12⁄1) = 0.40243
0

Upper part, 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 10𝑚 ≤ 𝑍𝑒2 = 20𝑚 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200𝑚;

𝑘𝑙 1.0
∴ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧 = 20𝑚) = 𝐶 = 1.0∗𝑙𝑛(20⁄1) = 0.3338
0 (𝑧)∗𝑙𝑛(𝑧⁄𝑧0 )

3.3. Determination of mean wind velocity 𝑽𝒎 (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3)

The mean wind velocity 𝑉𝑚 (𝑧) at a height z above the terrain depends on the terrain roughness
and orography and on the basic wind velocity 𝑉𝑏 and should be determined using expression:

𝑉𝑚 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑐0 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑉𝑏

Where:

𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) is the roughness factor given in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3.2

The terrain roughness factor 𝒄𝒓 (𝒛) accounts for the variability of the mean wind velocity at the
site of the structure due to the height above ground level and the ground roughness of the
terrain upwind of the structure in the wind direction considered.

𝑧
𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥
0

𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑧0

Where 𝒌𝒓 the terrain factor depending on the roughness length is 𝑧0 calculated using

0.07
𝑧0 1.0 0.07
𝑘𝑟 = 0.19 ∗ (𝑧 ) = 0.19 ∗ (0.05) = 0.23433
0,𝐼𝐼

𝒛𝟎,𝑰𝑰 = 0.05𝑚 for terrain category II from Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-1-4:2015

Lower part, 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 10𝑚 ≤ 𝑍𝑒1 = 12𝑚 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200𝑚;

𝑧 12
∴ 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧 = 12𝑚) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧 ) = 0.23433 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (1.0) = 0.5823
0

Upper part, 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 10𝑚 ≤ 𝑍𝑒2 = 20𝑚 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200𝑚;

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𝑧 20
𝑐𝑟 (𝑧 = 20𝑚) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧 ) = 0.23433 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (1.0) = 0.702
0

Hence, for lower part, 𝑉𝑚 (𝑧 = 12𝑚) = 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧 = 12𝑚) ∗ 𝑐0 (𝑧 = 12𝑚) ∗ 𝑉𝑏 = 0.5823 ∗ 1.0 ∗

22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 12.81𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐

For upper part, 𝑉𝑚 (𝑧 = 20𝑚) = 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧 = 20𝑚) ∗ 𝑐0 (𝑧 = 20𝑚) ∗ 𝑉𝑏 = 0.702 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 =

15.44𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐

For lower part

1 1
⇒ 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧 = 12𝑚) = [1 + 7 ∗ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧 = 12𝑚)] ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑚2 (𝑧 = 12𝑚) = [1 + 7 ∗ 0.40243] ∗ 2 ∗

1.25𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ∗ (12.81𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 = 391.473𝑁⁄𝑚2 ≈ 0.4𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

For upper part

1 1
⇒ 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧 = 20𝑚) = [1 + 7 ∗ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧 = 20𝑚)] ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑚2 (𝑧 = 20𝑚) = [1 + 7 ∗ 0.3338] ∗ 2 ∗

1.25𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ∗ (15.44𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 = 497.38𝑁⁄𝑚2 ≈ 0.5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

3.3. Determination of exposure factor 𝐶𝑒 (𝑧)

𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) 0.5
𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) is the exposure factor given by: 𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) = = 0.3025 = 1.653
𝑞𝑏

Or For flat terrain where orographic factor 𝐶0 (𝑧) = 1.0 the exposure factor is given by:
2
𝑧
𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) = (𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧 )) [1 + 7 ∗ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧)] = (0.702)2 [1 + 7 ∗ 0.3338] = 1.6443
0

Although the exposure factor 𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) is given in the graphical form as a function of height above
terrain and a function of terrain category.

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Figure: Illustrations of the exposure factor 𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) for 𝐶0 = 1.0, 𝑘𝑙 = 1.0 (Source: Adopted from
ES EN 1991-1-4:2015)

Step 4: Determination of external pressure coefficient 𝐶𝑝𝑒 for vertical walls as per ES EN 1991-
1-4:2015 section 7.2.2

The external pressure coefficients 𝑪𝒑𝒆 for buildings and parts of buildings depend on the size of
the loaded area 𝐴 which is the area of the structure that produces the wind action in the section to
be calculated. The external pressure coefficients are given for the various zones (zone A, B, C, D
and E) of the vertical walls of a rectangular building for loaded areas 𝐴 of 1𝑚2 and 10𝑚2 for the
appropriate building configurations as 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 for local coefficients and 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 for overall
coefficients respectively.

For 𝐴 ≤ 1𝑚2 ; 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1

For 𝐴 ≥ 10𝑚2 ; 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10

For 1𝑚2 < 𝐴 < 10𝑚2 ; 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − (𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴

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Figure: Key for vertical walls (Source: Adopted from ES EN 1991-1-4:2015)

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𝑏 = 12𝑚
𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 { ∴ 𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎 and 𝑑 = 10𝑚 → 𝑒 = 12𝑚 ≥ 𝑑 = 10𝑚
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 20 = 40𝑚

Zones Width 𝑏(𝑚) Height ℎ(𝑚) Area (𝑚2 ) ℎ ⁄𝑑 𝐶𝑝𝑒 from Table 7.1
A 𝑒⁄5 = 12⁄5 = 2.4 20 48 20⁄10 = 2 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −1.2
B 𝑑 − 𝑒⁄5 = 10 − 2.4 = 7.6 20 152 20⁄10 = 2 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −0.8
D 12 20 240 20⁄10 = 2 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = +0.8
E 12 20 240 20⁄10 = 2 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −0.55
Table 7.1: Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for vertical walls of
rectangular plan buildings (Source: Adopted from ES EN 1991-1-4:2015)

Step 5: Determination of internal pressure coefficient (𝑪𝒑𝒊 ) as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015

section 7.2.9

Internal pressure arises due to opening such as windows, doors and vents in the cladding. The
calculation of the internal pressures 𝑪𝒑𝒊 in ES EN 1991-1-4 depends on the fact whether a
building has dominant faces (i.e. non-uniformly distributed openings) or not (i.e. uniformly
distributed openings). A face of a building should be regarded as dominant when the area of
openings at that face is at least twice the area of openings and leakages in the remaining faces of
the building considered. Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and
opening ratio of the building. Where it is not possible to estimate µ for a particular case, then 𝑪𝒑𝒊

should be taken as the more onerous of +𝟎. 𝟐 and − 𝟎. 𝟑. In this case 𝑪𝒑𝒊 is unfavorable when
𝑪𝒑𝒊 is taken to +𝟎. 𝟐.

Based on this, we should have to consider the worst condition for each walls. Example, for
windward wall, the external wind load is pressure and the internal wind load should be suction to

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obtain the largest value. For leeward, left and right walls, the external wind load is suction and
the internal wind load should be pressure to obtain the largest value.

Zones 𝐶𝑝𝑒 𝑪𝒑𝒊 𝑪𝒑𝒆 + 𝑪𝒑𝒊

A −1.2 +0.2 −1.4

B −0.8 +0.2 −1.0

D +0.8 +0.2 +0.6

E −0.55 +0.2 −0.75

Step 6: Determination of wind pressure on surface as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 5.2

A positive wind load stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load indicates suction on the
surface. This definition applies for the external wind action as well as for the internal wind
action.

6.1. Wind pressure acting on the external surfaces 𝑾𝒆

The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces 𝑾𝒆 should be obtained from expression:
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑒

Where: 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) is the peak velocity pressure (see ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.5)

𝑧𝑒 is the reference height for the external pressure given in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 7

𝐶𝑝𝑒 is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure (see ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 7).

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Zones 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ] 𝐶𝑝𝑒 from Table 7.1 𝑊𝑒 [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ]

Lower part Upper part Lower part Upper part

𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒1 = 12𝑚) 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒2 = 20𝑚)
A 0.5 0.5 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = −1.2 −0.6 −0.6

B 0.5 0.5 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = −0.8 −0.4 −0.4

D 0.4 0.5 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = +0.8 +0.32 +0.4

E 0.5 0.5 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = −0.55 −0.275 −0.275

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6.2. Wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces 𝑾𝒊

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure 𝑾𝒊 should be obtained from
expression:
𝑾𝒊 = 𝒒𝒑 (𝒛𝒊 ) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒊

Maximum external pressure on Zone D occurs on the upper part. Assume mean height of
openings equal to mean height of this part, 𝑧𝑖 = 20𝑚.

Zones 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑖 ) [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ] 𝐶𝑝𝑖 𝑊𝑖 [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ]

A 0.5 +0.2 +0.1

B 0.5 +0.2 +0.1

D 0.5 +0.2 +0.1

E 0.5 +0.2 +0.1

Step 7: Determination the net wind force 𝑭𝒘 acting on a wall

The net wind force 𝑭𝒘 acting on a structure or a structural component may be determined
directly by using expression:
𝐹𝑤 = 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑑 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧)[𝐶𝑝𝑒 + 𝐶𝑝𝑖 ] ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓

Where: 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑑 is the structural factor as defined in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 6. For

simplification, let us take 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑑 = 1.0.

Zones Area (𝑚2 ) 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) 𝑪𝒑𝒆 + 𝑪𝒑𝒊 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ] 𝐹𝑤 [𝑘𝑁]

Lower part Upper part Lower part Upper part Lower part Upper part
A 48 0.5 0.5 −1.4 −0.70 −0.70 −33.60 −33.60

B 152 0.5 0.5 −1.0 −0.5 −0.5 −76 −76

D 240 0.4 0.5 +0.6 +0.44 +0.55 +86.4 +57.6

E 240 0.5 0.5 −0.75 −0.375 −0.375 −90.00 −90.00

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Example 2 (Wind load analysis on Duopitch roof)

The building shown in figure is to be built in a sloped terrain in Adama around Ali Birra square.
The details of the terrain and the position of the building are shown in the figure. The building is
meant for an industrial purpose inside of which has no partition walls. Six windows of 2.5𝑚 ∗
2.75𝑚 size are provided in each of the longer sides. Two windows of 2.0𝑚 ∗ 2.75𝑚 size and
one door of 2.5𝑚 ∗ 3𝑚 are provided in each of the shorter sides of the building.
Calculate the wind load acting on the middle and edge truss in the roof truss assembly. The
trusses are spanning in the short direction of the building at 3𝑚 centers. The shape of the roof
truss is also shown in the figure.

1.6
tan 𝛼 =
6.0
1.6
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 15°
6.0

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Solution:

Step 1: Determination of basic wind velocity 𝑽𝒃 (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.2)

𝑉𝑏 is the basic wind velocity defined as a function of wind direction and time of year at 10𝑚
above ground of terrain category II and shall be calculated from expression:

𝑉𝑏 = 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑉𝑏,0

Where: 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is the directional factor

𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 is the season factor

𝑉𝑏,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity

 The value of the basic wind velocity 𝑉𝑏,0 may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is 𝑉𝑏,0 = 22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 .

 The value of the directional factor 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟 for various wind directions may be found in the
National Annex. The recommended value is 1.0.

 The value of the season factor 𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is 1.0.

⇒ 𝑉𝑏 = 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑉𝑏,0 = 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐

Step 2: Determination of basic velocity pressure 𝒒𝒃

1
𝑞𝑏 = 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑏2

Where 𝜌 is the air density which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to
be expected in the region during wind storms. The values for 𝜌 may be given in the National
Annex. The recommended value is 𝜌 = 1.25𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 .

1 1
⇒ 𝑞𝑏 = 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑏2 == 2 ∗ 1.25𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ∗ (22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 = 302.5𝑁⁄𝑚2 = 0. 3025𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Step 3: Determination of peak velocity pressure 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.5)

𝑞𝑝 depends on the wind climate, the terrain roughness and orography and the reference height.

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1
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = [1 + 7 ∗ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧)] ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑚2 (𝑧)

Where 𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) is the exposure factor

𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) is the turbulence intensity at height 𝑧 (see ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.4)

𝑉𝑚 is the mean wind velocity (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3)

3.1. Reference height 𝒁𝒆 as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 7.2.2

For roofs, the reference height 𝒁𝒆 is often taken as ridge height h.

3.2. Wind turbulence 𝒍𝒗 (𝒛) as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.4

𝑘𝑙
𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥
0 (𝑧)∗𝑙𝑛(𝑧⁄𝑧0 )

𝑘𝑙
𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝐶 (𝑧 )∗𝑙𝑛(𝑧
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛
0 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ⁄𝑧0 )

In our problem, Adama can be considered as a sub urban area and therefore the terrain category
falls as category III.

Where:

𝑘𝑙 is the turbulence factor. The value of 𝑘𝑙 may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is 𝑘𝑙 = 1.0.

𝑧0 is the roughness length = 0.3𝑚 for terrain category III given in Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-1-
4:2015

𝒛𝒎𝒊𝒏 is the minimum height = 5.0𝑚 for terrain category IV given in Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-
1-4:2015

𝑧 = 6.1𝑚 is the height of roof

𝒛𝒎𝒂𝒙 is to be taken as 200𝑚

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3.3. Terrain orography 𝒄𝟎 (𝒛) as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3.3

𝑐0 is related to the wind velocity at the base of the hill or escarpment.

Figure: Factor 𝒔 for cliffs and escarpments

Table A.2: Values of the effective length 𝐿𝑒 (Source: Adopted from ES EN 1991-1-4:2015)

Type of slope(𝜙 = 𝐻 ⁄𝐿𝑢 )

Shallow (0.05 < 𝜙 < 0.3) Steep (𝜙 > 0.3)

𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿𝑢 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐻 ⁄0.3

𝑐0 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜙 < 0.05

𝑐0 = 1 + 2 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ 𝜙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0.05 < 𝜙 < 0.3

𝑐0 = 1 + 0.6 ∗ 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜙 > 0.3

𝜙 is the upwind slope 𝐻 ⁄𝐿𝑢 = 30⁄500 = 0.06 in the wind direction

𝐿𝑒 is the effective length of the upwind slope (Table A.2) (𝐹𝑜𝑟 0.05 < 𝜙 < 0.3; 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿𝑢 =
500𝑚)

𝐿𝑢 is the actual length of the upwind slope in the wind direction = 500𝑚

𝐿𝑑 is the actual length of the downwind slope in the wind direction

𝐻 is the effective height of the feature = 30𝑚

𝑥 is the horizontal distance of the site from the top of the crest = 200𝑚

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𝑧 is the vertical distance from the ground level of the site = 6.1𝑚

𝑠 is the orographic location factor to be obtained from Figure below.

𝑥⁄ = −200⁄ 𝑧 6.1⁄
𝐿𝑢 500 = −0.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⁄𝐿𝑒 = 500 = 0.0122 ≈ 0.1

For 0.05 < 𝜙 < 0.3; 𝑐0 = 1 + 2 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ 𝜙 = 1 + 2 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 0.06 = 1.036

For 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑚 ≤ 𝑧 = 6.1𝑚 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200𝑚

𝑘𝑙 1.0
∴ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧 = 6.1𝑚) = 𝐶 = 1.036∗𝑙𝑛(6.1⁄0.3) = 0.32
0 (𝑧)∗𝑙𝑛(𝑧⁄𝑧0 )

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3.3. Determination of mean wind velocity 𝑽𝒎 (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3)

The mean wind velocity 𝑉𝑚 (𝑧) at a height z above the terrain depends on the terrain roughness
and orography and on the basic wind velocity 𝑉𝑏 and should be determined using expression:

𝑉𝑚 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑐0 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑉𝑏

Where:

𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) is the roughness factor given in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3.2

𝑧
𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥
0

𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑧0

Where 𝒌𝒓 the terrain factor depending on the roughness length is 𝑧0 calculated using

0.07
𝑧0 0.3 0.07
𝑘𝑟 = 0.19 ∗ (𝑧 ) = 0.19 ∗ (0.05) = 0.2154
0,𝐼𝐼

𝒛𝟎,𝑰𝑰 = 0.05𝑚 for terrain category II from Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-1-4:2015

For 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑚 ≤ 𝑧 = 6.1𝑚 ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200𝑚;

𝑧 6.1
∴ 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧 = 6.1𝑚) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧 ) = 0.2154 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (0.3) = 0.6488
0

Hence, 𝑉𝑚 (𝑧 = 6.1𝑚) = 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧 = 6.1𝑚) ∗ 𝑐0 (𝑧 = 6.1𝑚) ∗ 𝑉𝑏 = 0.6488 ∗ 1.036 ∗ 22𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 =

14.79𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐

1
⇒ 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧 = 6.1𝑚) = [1 + 7 ∗ 𝑙𝑣 (𝑧 = 6.1𝑚)] ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑚2 (𝑧 = 6.1𝑚)

1
= [1 + 7 ∗ 0.32] ∗ ∗ 1.25𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ∗ (14.79𝑚 ⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 = 442.8𝑁⁄𝑚2 ≈ 0.443𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
2

Step 4: Determination of external pressure coefficient 𝐶𝑝𝑒 for duopitch roof as per ES EN 1991-
1-4:2015 section 7.2.5

The external pressure coefficients 𝑪𝒑𝒆 for buildings and parts of buildings depend on the size of
the loaded area 𝐴 which is the area of the structure that produces the wind action in the section to

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be calculated. The external pressure coefficients are given for the various zones (zone F, G, H, I
and J) of the vertical walls of a rectangular building for loaded areas 𝐴 of 1𝑚2 and 10𝑚2 for the
appropriate building configurations as 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 for local coefficients and 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 for overall
coefficients respectively.

For 𝐴 ≤ 1𝑚2 ; 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1

For 𝐴 ≥ 10𝑚2 ; 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10

For 1𝑚2 < 𝐴 < 10𝑚2 ; 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − (𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴

𝑏 = 30𝑚
𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 {
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 6.1 = 12.2𝑚
∴ 𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝒎

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𝑏 = 12𝑚
𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 {
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 6.1 = 12.2𝑚
∴ 𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎

Figure: Key for duopitch roofs (Source: Adopted from ES EN 1991-1-4:2015)

External pressure coefficient 𝐶𝑝𝑒 of duopitch roof for wind direction 𝜃 = 0°

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Zones Width 𝑏(𝑚) Height ℎ(𝑚) Area (𝑚2 ) 𝐶𝑝𝑒 from Table 7.4a

F 𝑒⁄10 = 12.2⁄10 = 1.22 𝑒⁄4 = 12.2⁄4 = 3.05 3.721 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = −1.3723

G 𝑒⁄10 = 12.2⁄10 = 1.22 𝑏 − 2𝑒⁄4 = 30 − 2.44 = 23.9 29.158 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −0.8

H 4.78 30 143.4 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −0.3

I 4.78 30 143.4 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −0.4

J 𝑒⁄10 = 12.2⁄10 = 1.22 30 36.6 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −1.0

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For 1𝑚2 < 𝐴 = 3.721𝑚2 < 10𝑚2 ; 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − (𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴

𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 = −2.0 & 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 = −0.9

𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − (𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴 = −2.0 − [−2.0 − (−0.9)] 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3.721 = −1.3723

External pressure coefficient 𝐶𝑝𝑒 of duopitch roof for wind direction 𝜃 = 90°

Zones Width 𝑏(𝑚) Height ℎ(𝑚) Area (𝑚2 ) 𝐶𝑝𝑒 from Table 7.4b

F 𝑒⁄10 = 12⁄10 = 1.2 𝑒⁄4 = 12⁄4 = 3 3.6 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = −1.61

G 𝑒⁄10 = 12⁄10 = 1.2 𝑏 − 𝑒⁄2 = 12 − 6 = 6 7.2 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −1.3

H 6 12 72 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −0.6

I 12 30 360 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒,10 = −0.5

For zone F;

For 1𝑚2 < 𝐴 = 3.6𝑚2 < 10𝑚2 ; 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − (𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴

𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 = −2.0 & 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 = −1.3

𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − (𝑐𝑝𝑒,1 − 𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴 = −2.0 − [−2.0 − (−1.3)] 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3.6 = −1.61

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Step 5: Determination of internal pressure coefficient (𝑪𝒑𝒊 ) as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015

section 7.2.9

Internal pressure arises due to opening such as windows, doors and vents in the cladding. The
calculation of the internal pressures 𝑪𝒑𝒊 in ES EN 1991-1-4 depends on the fact whether a
building has dominant faces (i.e. non-uniformly distributed openings) or not (i.e. uniformly
distributed openings). A face of a building should be regarded as dominant when the area of
openings at that face is at least twice the area of openings and leakages in the remaining faces of
the building considered.

The opening ratio µ should be determined from expression:

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) 𝑜𝑟 0.0
µ= ∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠(𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠)

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Internal pressure coefficient 𝐶𝑝𝑖 for wind direction 𝜃 = 0°

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 6 ∗ 2.5𝑚 ∗ 2.75𝑚 = 41.25𝑚𝑚2

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 4 ∗ 2.0𝑚 ∗ 2.75𝑚 + 2 ∗ 2.5𝑚 ∗ 3.0𝑚 = 37𝑚𝑚2

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) 𝑜𝑟 0.0

= 41.25 + 37 = 78.25𝑚𝑚2

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠(𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) = 2 ∗ 41.25 +
37 = 119.5𝑚𝑚2

78.25 ℎ 6.1
µ = 119.5 = 0.6548 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 0.50833
𝑑 12

ℎ 𝟎.𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑−𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝑪𝒑𝒊 −𝟎.𝟏𝟕

𝑪𝒑𝒊 = → 𝑪𝒑𝒊 = +𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟔
𝑑 𝟏.𝟎−𝟎.𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝟎.𝟏−𝑪𝒑𝒊

By using linear interpolation; 0.25 0.17

0.50833 𝑪𝒑𝒊

1.0 0.1

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Internal pressure coefficient 𝐶𝑝𝑖 for wind direction 𝜃 = 90°

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 2 ∗ 2.0𝑚 ∗ 2.75𝑚 + 2.5𝑚 ∗ 3.0𝑚 = 18.5𝑚𝑚2

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 12 ∗ 2.5𝑚 ∗ 2.75𝑚 = 82.5𝑚𝑚2

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) 𝑜𝑟 0.0

= 18.5 + 82.5 = 101𝑚𝑚2

∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠(𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) = 2 ∗ 18.5 +
82.5 = 119.5𝑚𝑚2

101 ℎ 6.1
µ = 119.5 = 0.8452 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 0.50833
𝑑 12

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By using linear interpolation;

ℎ 𝟎.𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑−𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝑪𝒑𝒊 +𝟎.𝟐𝟑
𝑪𝒑𝒊 = −𝟎.𝟑𝟓−𝑪 → 𝑪𝒑𝒊 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟏
𝑑 𝟏.𝟎−𝟎.𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝒑𝒊

0.25 −0.23
0.50833 𝑪𝒑𝒊

1.0 −0.35

Summary the 𝐶𝑝𝑒 and 𝐶𝑝𝑖 values for wind direction 𝜽 = 𝟎°

Zones F G H I J
Area (𝑚2 ) 3.721 29.158 143.4 143.4 36.6
𝐶𝑝𝑒 (−𝑣𝑒) −1.3723 −0.8 −0.3 −0.4 −1.0
𝐶𝑝𝑒 (+𝑣𝑒) +0.2 +0.2 +0.2 +0.0 +0.0
𝐶𝑝𝑖 +0.146 +0.146 +0.146 +0.146 +0.146
𝐶𝑝𝑒 (+𝑣𝑒) + 𝐶𝑝𝑖 +0.346 +0.346 +0.346 +0.146 +0.146
𝐶𝑝𝑒 (−𝑣𝑒) + 𝐶𝑝𝑖 −1.2263 −0.654 −0.154 −0.254 −0.854

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Summary the 𝐶𝑝𝑒 and 𝐶𝑝𝑖 values for wind direction 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°

Zones F G H I

Area (𝑚2 ) 3.721 29.158 143.4 143.4

𝐶𝑝𝑒 (−𝑣𝑒) −1.61 −1.3 −0.6 −0.5

𝐶𝑝𝑖 −0.271 −0.271 −0.271 −0.271

𝐶𝑝𝑒 (−𝑣𝑒) + 𝐶𝑝𝑖 −1.881 −1.571 −0.871 −0.771

Step 6: Determination the net wind force 𝑭𝒘 acting on a wall

The net wind force 𝑭𝒘 acting on a structure or a structural component may be determined
directly by using expression:
𝐹𝑤 = 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑑 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧)[𝐶𝑝𝑒 + 𝐶𝑝𝑖 ] ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓

Where: 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑑 is the structural factor as defined in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 6. For buildings

with a height less than 𝟏𝟓𝒎, the value of 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑑 may be taken as 1.0.

Net wind pressure for wind direction 𝜽 = 𝟎°

Zones Area(𝑚2 ) 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) 𝐶𝑝𝑒 (+𝑣𝑒) 𝐶𝑝𝑒 (−𝑣𝑒) 𝑊𝑒 [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ] 𝐹𝑤 [𝑘𝑁]

[𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ] +𝐶𝑝𝑖 + 𝐶𝑝𝑖
+𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒

F 3.721 0.443 +0.346 −1.2263 +0.1533 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟓 +0.570 −2.02

G 29.158 0.443 +0.346 −0.654 +0.1533 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟎 +4.47 −8.46
H 143.4 0.443 +0.346 −0.154 +0.1533 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟐 +21.985 −9.78
I 143.4 0.443 +0.146 −0.254 +0.065 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓 +9.32 −16.13

J 36.6 0.443 +0.146 −0.854 +0.065 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟑 +2.38 −13.85

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Net wind pressure for wind direction 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°

Zones Area(𝑚2 ) 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ] 𝐶𝑝𝑒 (−𝑣𝑒) + 𝐶𝑝𝑖 𝑊𝑒 [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ] 𝐹𝑤 [𝑘𝑁]

F 3.721 0.443 −1.881 −𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑 −3.10

G 29.158 0.443 −1.571 −𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟔 −20.29
H 143.4 0.443 −0.871 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟔 −55.33
I 143.4 0.443 −0.771 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟓 −48.98

Thus, the analysis result indicates that the wind direction 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎° gives the critical values.

Step 7: Transfer of wind pressures to the roof truss

The net wind pressure acts on the roof covering which is supported by purlins. Purlins are
supported at each and every joint of the principal rafter of the truss. Load transfer path is:
Wind Pressure → Roof Covering → Purlins → Truss.

1.6𝑚

6.0𝑚
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6.21𝑚
Center-to-center spacing between purlins = = 1.5525𝑚
4

Center-to-center distance between the trusses = 3𝑚

Load transferred to the purlin from different zones the roof covering

Zones Area(𝑚2 ) 𝑊𝑒 [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ] Tributary length for purlins (𝑚) 𝐹𝑤 [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚]

F 3.721 −𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑 1.5525 −1.3

G 29.158 −𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟔 1.5525 −1.08

H 143.4 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟔 1.5525 −0.60

I 143.4 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟓 1.5525 −0.53

Load transferred to the rafter from purlins

Zones Area(𝑚2 ) 𝐹𝑤 [𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚] Tributary length for rafters (𝑚) 𝐹𝑤 [𝑘𝑁]

F 3.721 −1.3 3 −3.9

G 29.158 −1.08 3 −3.24

H 143.4 −0.60 3 −1.8

I 143.4 −0.53 3 −1.59

Figure: Wind pressure distribution on EGA sheet for zone F and G of roof

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Figure: Wind pressure distribution on EGA sheet for zone H of roof

Figure: Wind pressure distribution on EGA sheet for zone I of roof

Figure: Wind load on edge truss

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Figure: Wind load on middle truss

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