Nova School of Business and Economics

2020 – 2021 S2
Calculus II
Áurea Quintino
Pedro Chaves
Patrícia Xufre

Midterm

• Date: April 10, 2021

• Duration: 2 hours
• Instructions: 1: The exam has four questions. 2: Write your number and absolutely nothing else
in this exam paper, and hand it in at the end. 3: Answer the exam on the answer book, using the
front and back of each sheet, stating the question you are answering, never answering more than
one question on the same sheet, and not unstapling any sheet. 4: If you want to use any sheet
of the answer book the space for drafts, state it on the space for the question number. 5: Show
all your work. 6: No written support or calculators are allowed. 7: No individual questions about
the exam will be answered. 8: Break a leg (not literally)!

Nº:

1. (4.5 pts) Consider two functions 𝑓: ℝ2 → ℝ and 𝑔: ℝ2 → ℝ, such that:

4
• 𝑓 and 𝑔 are 𝐶 2 • The 2nd column of 𝐻𝑓 (2,1) is [
]
−2
• 𝑓 is homogeneous of degree 3 • 𝑔 is homogeneous of degree 1
1
• 𝑓𝑥′ (1, 2) = 3 • ∇𝑔 (−6, −3) = (−2,0)

Also, consider ℎ = (𝑓, 𝑔).

a. (1.5 pts) Show that 𝑓(2,1) = 9.

b. (1.5 pts) Show that ℎ has a 𝐶 2 local inverse which turns each (𝑢, 𝑣) in a neighborhood of
(9, −4) into a (𝑥, 𝑦) in a neighborhood of (2,1).

c. (1.5 pts) Consider ℎ−1, the local inverse of ℎ whose existence you proved in b., and 𝑖 =
𝑓 ∘ ℎ−1 . Compute 𝐽𝑖 (9, −4).

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2. (5.5 pts) Consider the equation 𝔼: 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑧 = 0.

a. (1 pt) Show that, in a neighborhood of (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,0, −1), 𝔼 implicitly defines a function
𝑓 such that 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

b. (3.5 pts) Consider 𝑓, the function whose existence you proved in a.

(i) (1.5 pts) Show that the Taylor polynomial of degree 1 which approximates 𝑓 in a
neighborhood of (1,0) is 𝑦 − 𝑥.
2𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)+2𝑥−2𝑦
(ii) (1 pt) Compute lim(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,0) .
3√(𝑥−1)2 +𝑦 2

(iii) (1 pt) Show that, if 𝑓 is homogeneous of degree 𝛼, then 𝛼 = 1.

c. (1 pt) Now, consider the following system of equations:

𝑧 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑧 = 0
𝕊: {
𝑤−𝑥 = 1
In a neighborhood of (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑤) = (1,0, −1,2), 𝕊 implicitly defines a function 𝑔 such that
(𝑦, 𝑤) = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑧). Compute 𝐽𝑔𝑥 (1, −1).

3. (4.5 pts) Consider the function 𝑓: ℝ2 → ℝ, defined by:

29 𝑦4 3 𝑦6
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 30 − 𝑥 2 + 4
− 10 𝑦 5 + 12.

a. (1 pt) Find the stationary points of 𝑓.

b. (2.5 pts) Using differentials of an order higher than 2, find the extremum points and extrema
of 𝑓, and classify them the minimizers, maximizers, minima or maxima, and local or global.

c. (1 pt) Consider the function 𝑔: ℝ2 → ℝ, defined by 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 − 𝑓(−𝑥, 𝑦 + 1). Using only
its general expression, find its extremum points and extrema, and classify them the
minimizers, maximizers, minima or maxima, and local or global.

4. (5.5 pts) Consider the function 𝑓: ℝ+ → ℝ, defined by:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
a. (1.5 pts) Show that the Taylor polynomial of degree 2 which approximates 𝑓 in a
1
neighborhood of 1 is 2 (𝑥 2 − 1).

𝑓(𝑥)
b. (1 pt) Using the result of a., compute lim𝑥→1+ (𝑥−1)2.

c. (1 pt) Justify why 𝑓 is injective in [1, +∞[, and compute (𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑒).

d. (1 pt) Find 𝑐 ∈ ]1,2[ such that the average rate of change of 𝑓 in [1,2] and the derivative
of 𝑓 at 𝑐 are the same.

e. (1 pt) Applying the mean value theorem to 𝑓, show that:

1 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑙𝑛(4𝑥) < 1 + 𝑙𝑛(2𝑥) , ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+

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Solution Topics

1.

a.
• Explain why 𝑓 and 𝑓𝑦′ are differentiable, and why 𝑓𝑥′ and 𝑓𝑦′ are homogeneous of degree 2
• Using the fact that 𝑓𝑥′ is homogeneous of degree 2, show that 𝑓𝑥′ (2,1) = 12
• Explain why Euler’s identity applies to 𝑓𝑦′ at (2,1) and show that its application allows to conclude
that 𝑓𝑦′ (2,1) = 3
• Explain why Euler’s identity applies to 𝑓 at (2,1) and show that its application allows to conclude
that 𝑓(2,1) = 9
b.
• Explain why 𝑔 is differentiable, and why 𝑔𝑥′ and 𝑔𝑦′ are homogeneous of degree 0
• Using the fact that 𝑔𝑥′ and 𝑔𝑦′ are homogeneous of degree 0, show that ∇𝑔 (2,1) = (−2,0)
• Explain why Euler’s identity applies to 𝑔 at (2,1) and show that its application allows to conclude
that 𝑔(2,1) = −4
• Show that ℎ(2,1) = (9, −4)
• Explain why ℎ is 𝐶 2 at (2,1)
12 3
• State that 𝐽ℎ (2,1) = [ ]
−2 0
• Show that |𝐽ℎ (2,1)| = 6 ≠ 0
c.
• Explain why 𝑖 is differentiable at (9, −4)
1
0 −2
• Show that 𝐽ℎ−1 (9, −4) = [ 1 ]
2
3

• State that 𝐽𝑓 (2,1) = [12 3]

• Show that 𝐽𝑖 (2,1) = [1 0]

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2.

a.
• State that, if 𝐹: ℝ3 → ℝ is the function defined by 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑧 , then 𝔼 ⇔ 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =
0
• Explain why 𝐹 is 𝐶 ∞ at (1,0, −1)
• Show that 𝐹(1,0, −1) = 0
• Show that 𝐹𝑧′ (1,0, −1) = 1 ≠ 0
b.
(i)
• Explain why 𝑓(1,0) = −1
• Show that 𝐽𝑓 (1,0) = [−1 1]
• 1
Show that 𝑃(0,1) (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 𝑥
(ii)
1 (𝑥,𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)−𝑃(0,1)
• Explain why 𝑓 is 𝐶 2 at (1,0) and state that that implies that lim(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,0) ‖(𝑥,𝑦)−(1,0)‖
=0
2𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)+2𝑥−2𝑦
• Show that lim(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,0) =0
3√(𝑥−1)2 +𝑦 2

(iii)
• Explain why 𝑓 is differentiable
• Explain why, if 𝑓 is homogeneous of degree 𝛼, Euler’s identity applies to 𝑓 at (1,0) and show that
its application allows to conclude that 𝛼 = 1
c.
• State that, if 𝐺: ℝ4 → ℝ2 is the function defined by 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑤) = (𝑧 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑧 , 𝑤 − 𝑥 − 1), then
𝕊 ⇔ 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑤) = (0,0)
1 1
• Show that 𝐽𝑔 (1, −1) = [ ]
1 0
1
• State that 𝐽𝑔𝑥 (1, −1) = [ ]
1

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Calculus II 2020 – 2021 S2
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3.

a.
𝑦5 3
• Show that ∇𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−2𝑥, − 2 𝑦4 + 𝑦3)
2

• Show that the stationary points of 𝑓 are (0,0), (0,1) and (0,2)
b.
• Explain why 𝑓 is 𝐶 ∞
−2 0
• Show that 𝐻𝑓 (0,1) = [ 0 − 1] is negative definite, which means that (0,1) and 1 are,
2
respectively, a strict local maximizer and a strict local maximum of 𝑓
−2 0
• Show that 𝐻𝑓 (0,2) = [ ] is indefinite which means that (0,2) is a saddle point of 𝑓
0 4
−2 0
• Show that 𝐻𝑓 (0,0) = [ ] is negative semi – definite, which means that, if (0,0) is an
0 0
extremum point of 𝑓, it is a maximizer
• Show that the set of singular directions of 𝑓 at (0,0) is {(0, 𝑣) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑣 ∈ ℝ ∖ {0}}
• 3
Show that ∀𝑣 ∈ ℝ ∖ {0}, 𝑑(0,𝑣) 𝑓(0,0) = 0
• 4
Show that ∀𝑣 ∈ ℝ ∖ {0}, 𝑑(0,𝑣) 𝑓(0,0) = 6𝑣 4 > 0
• Explain why (0,0) is a saddle point of 𝑓
• Show, for example, that lim𝑦→+∞ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = +∞, which means that 𝑓 has no global maximizers
𝑥=0

c.
• Explain that the replacement of (𝑥, 𝑦) with (−𝑥, 𝑦 + 1) does not change the images of 𝑓, but the
arguments which correspond to each one
• Show that the argument which, in the function ℎ: ℝ2 → ℝ, defined by ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(−𝑥, 𝑦 + 1),
corresponds to the argument (0,1) of 𝑓 is (0,0)
• Explain that the image of each argument in 𝑔 is the symmetric of its image in ℎ added with 1
• Explain why (0,0) and 0 are, respectively, the only strict local minimizer and the only strict local
minimum of 𝑓, and are not global

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4.

a.
• Explain why 𝑓 is 𝐶 ∞ , hence 𝐶 3 at 1
• Show that 𝑓(1) = 0, 𝑓′(1) = 1 and 𝑓′′(1) = 1
(𝑥−1)2 1
• Show that 𝑃12 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 + = 2 (𝑥 2 − 1)
2

b.
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑃12 (𝑥)
• State that the fact that 𝑓 is 𝐶 3 at 1 implies that lim𝑥→1+ ‖𝑥−1‖2
=0
𝑓(𝑥)
• Show that lim𝑥→1+ (𝑥−1)2 = +∞

c.
• Explain why 𝑓 is differentiable
• Show that ∀𝑥 ∈ [1, +∞[, 𝑓′(𝑥) > 0
• State that the facts that 𝑓 is differentiable and 𝑓′ is positive at [1, +∞[ imply that 𝑓 is strictly
increasing, hence injective, at [1, +∞[
• Show that 𝑓(𝑒) = 𝑒
• State that 𝑓 is 𝐶 ∞ at 𝑒
• Show that 𝑓 ′ (𝑒) = 2 ≠ 0
• Explain why the inverse function theorem applies to 𝑓 at 𝑒
1
• Show that (𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑒) = 2

d.
• Show that the average rate of change of 𝑓 at [1,2] is 2 ln 2
• Show that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = ln 𝑐 + 1
4
• Show that 𝑐 = 𝑒

e.
• Explain why ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ , 𝑓 is continuous at [𝑥, 2𝑥] and differentiable at ]𝑥, 2𝑥[, which means that
the mean value theorem applies to 𝑓 at [𝑥, 2𝑥]
• Show that the application of the mean value theorem to 𝑓 at [𝑥, 2𝑥] allows to conclude that ∃𝑐 ∈
]𝑥, 2𝑥[: ln 4𝑥 = 1 + ln 𝑐
• Show that ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ , 1 + ln 𝑥 < ln(4𝑥) < 1 + ln(2𝑥)