Purposive Communication Midterm expressions, and eye contact

among others.
Lesson 1: Communication Process, (3) Written Communication
Principles, and Ethics - involves the use of text or
words encoded or hand-
Nature of Communication written through a form of a
1. Communication is a process (it memo, letters reports, on-line
involves communicators) chats, short messages or SMS
2. Communication is an interaction or electronic emails.
3. Communication can be expressed (4) Visual Communication
through written or spoken words, - uses images, graphs, charts,
actions (nonverbal) or both at the logos or maps to convey ideas
same time. or messages.
4. It is irreversible
5. It is proactive Verbal=7% words
6. Communication is a symbolic Para-Verbal=38% Tone
interaction Non-
7. Meaning in communication is Verbal=55%expressions and
individually construed. actions

Communication and Levels of Language Principles of Communication (7C’s)

● Connotative 1. Correctness
- Figurative - You should use the most
- an indirect expression suitable language for your
representing an implied specific message, and the best
feeling or meaning of a word. form of communication
- Example: She wanted to reach - keeping your language free of
the skies. mistakes, whether that's
● Denotative grammatical, spelling, or other
- Literal inaccuracies.
- the most literal meaning of 2. Completeness
any given word - the degree to which a message
- Example: The sky is gray. includes all the necessary
information and details
Types of Communication required to convey the
(1) Verbal Communication intended meaning accurately.
- a way of transmitting ideas or 3. Conciseness
messages through word - conveying your message
symbols, orally. This involves clearly and effectively while
a face to face interaction, using as few words as
phone conversation, meetings, necessary
and speeches or even in - conveying your message
conferences and seminars. It clearly and effectively while
does not only limit to one on using as few words as
one communication, but it necessary.
also applies to multiple 4. Consideration
receivers. - taking into account the needs,
(2) Non-Verbal Communication perspectives, and feelings of
- sending messages to a your listeners.
receiver using other means 5. Clarity
other than spoken language. - ensuring what you're saying is
This uses but is not limited to communicated clearly and
glance, gestures, facial
 with no room for
misunderstanding.
6. Concreteness
- being specific, definite, and
vivid rather than vague and
general. A concrete
communication uses specific Barriers of Communication
facts and figures. 1. Organizational Barriers
7. Courtesy - obstacles that hinder the flow
- acknowledging your audience of communication within an
by showing respect, making organization.
eye contact and speaking ● Negative
politely and conversationally. Organizational
Climate
Basic Components of a Communication ● Absence of
Process Communication
1. Sender Policy
- the person that is delivering a ● Excessive Authority
message to a recipient Layers
2. Encoding ● Filtering
- involves putting thoughts, - purposely
ideas, or information into a withholding
symbolic form or altering
3. Message information
- refers to the information that before it is
the sender is relaying to the passed on to
receiver. the receiver
4. Channel
- the transmission or method of 2. Individual Barriers
delivering the message - factors which are personal that
5. Decoding negatively impact effective
- the interpretation of the communication.
message ● Differences in
6. Receiver Personality
- the person for whom the ● Perceptual
message is intended. This differences
person is charged with ● Fear
decoding the message in an ● Stereotyping
attempt to understand the ● Halo effect
intentions of the source. - a type of
7. Feedback cognitive bias
- the response given by the in which our
individual receiving overall
information. impression of
8. Noise a person
- anything that interferes with influences
the interpretation of a how we feel
message. and think
about their
character.
● Inattention
- insufficient
attention to
 the message - Developed by Shannon and
likely to Weaver in 1948
create - describes communication as a
misunderstan linear process.
ding - describes how a sender, or
speaker, transmits a message
3. Semantic Barrier to a receiver,
- obstacles in communication - or listener.
that distort the meaning of a - Introduces noise as an
message being sent. obstacle in the communication
- can arise due to different process
situations that form the - fairly simple model in which a
semantic barrier between the message is simply passed
sender and the receiver. These from sender to receiver.
situations, to name a few, may
be language, education, or
cultural differences.

4. Other Barriers
● Information Overload
● Faulty Expresion
● Status or Power Difference
● Negative Attitude to Chance
● Noise

2. SMCR Model
Communication Ethics
- Created by David Berlo in
1. Uphold Integrity
1960
- being honest with your
- Expanded the Linear Model of
opinion and an accurate
Communication
judgment.
- created the sender-message-
2. Value Diversity and Respect
channel-receiver (SMCR)
- being considerate with the
model of communication.
- different beliefs, status,
- separated the model into clear
affiliations and privacy of
parts and has been expanded
others.
upon by other scholars.
3. Respect freedom of expression
- a simple application for
- being careful of what and how
person-to-person
words are said.
communication, which
4. Encourage access to communication
includes communication
- giving others the opportunity
source, encoder, message,
to express their ideas and
channel, decoder, and
feelings.
communication receiver.
5. Be unbiased
- presented some factors that
- being fair and just. Accepting
influence the communication
opinions and views of other
process between two people.
people without being biased.
The factors include
6. Be accountable of your actions
communication skills,
- being responsible for your
awareness level, social
actions.
system, cultural system, and
attitude.
Models of Communication
1. Linear Model
 and when
they represent

3. Osgood-Schramm model of
Communication
4. Interactive Model of
- Created by Wilbur Schramm
Communication
in 1954
- a more dynamic view of
- a model of communication in
communication
which the sender and the
- follow two channels in which
receiver engage in a circular
communication and feedback
way, as opposed to a linear
flow between sender and
way.
receiver.
- indicated that we should also
- view communication as an
examine the impact that a
ongoing process.
message has (both desired and
undesired) on the target of the
message.
- Communication is social
interaction where at least two
interacting agents share a
common set of signs and a
common set of semiotic rules.
- Communication can be seen
as processes of information
transmission governed by
three levels of semiotic rules:
1. Syntactic 5. Transactional Model of
- Formal Communication
properties of - the most dynamic of
signs and communication models.
symbols - views communication as a
2. Pragmatic transaction— communication
- Concerned is a cooperative action in
with the which communicators co-
relation create the process, outcome
between and effectiveness of the
signs/expressi interaction.
ons and their - One notable feature of this
users model is the move from
3. Semantic referring to people as senders
- study of and receivers to referring to
relationships people as communicators.
between signs - places more emphasis on the
and symbols field of experience.
 - recognizes that messages will 6. Responsibly use technology and social media
influence the responses, or
subsequent messages,
produced in the
communication interaction.
Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication in
Multicultural Settings
Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization
Philosophies(?)
What is Globalization?
Confucius
Communication and Globalization Another by their common nature but habits and
Communication customs keep them apart.
- essential both for personal and professional
effectiveness. It helps establish good rapport Edward T. Hall
and create better working environments, Intercultural communication is communicating across
strengthen ties and cooperation and tends to different cultural boundaries. The term was first used
unify conflicting ideas. by edward t. hall, an anthropologist in his book, the
Globalization silent language, since then, he has been recognized as
- the growth of economic, political and cultural the founder and initiator in the realm of intercultural
assimilation and interconnectedness of communication.
different cultures which result in the
integration of people across the globe Tig-toomey (1999)
(Gamble, et.al.,2013). it takes place when individuals influenced by different
- refers to the heightened interconnectedness of cultural communities negotiate shared meaning in
different parts of the world through common interactions
processes to effect changes in the economy
and other disciplinal angles in societal Gudykunst (2003)
contexts. Globalization is seen to affect the limit the term to mean individuals communicating and
social, economic, cultural and political are from different countries.
interactions on a global scale.
Russell Arent (2009)
Role of Research in Globalization elucidates that what counts as culture is not just the
- Research has played a pivotal role in global difference in language and place of origin but also
communication. Research-based findings are could be people from the same community but do not
baseline information to innovate on certain share the same social group.
products and services. Similarly, mass media
have made leaps in the advertisement of Martin and Nakayama (2007)
products worldwide. expand the notion to encompass ethnicity, religion,
regional communication, and different sexual
How to Effectively Communicate in a Global orientation.
Society
1. It is necessary to express your ideas in verbal, Barriers in Intercultural Communication (Barna,
non-verbal and written forms in a digital or 1997)
non-digital environment 1. assumption of similarities
2. Use effective listening skills to evaluate - the “invisible” aspects of our culture
arguments and rationalize judgements. lead us to assume our communication
3. Communicate with purpose to a variety of style and way of behaving is how
audiences “everyone” communicates and
4. Promote collaboration and cooperation with behaves.
others
5. Always understand the idea of diversity and 2. language differences
promote respect
 - speaking a non-native language can
easily lead to miscommunication. even
people speaking the same language
can experience miscommunication
because the same word can mean
something very different.
3. nonverbal misinterpretations Lesson 4: Registers and Varieties of Spoken and
- We send and receive wordless Written Communication
messages through body language,
facial expression, and eye contact. Registers
- The variations in language use in different
4. preconceptions and stereotype circumstances is referred to as language
- preconceived notions and stereotyping register in linguistics. Register is the degree of
occur when “oversimplified” formality used in any speech situation and is
characteristics are used to judge a determined by such factors as social occasion,
group of people or an individual context, purpose, and audience.
associated with a group. - Registers are used in all forms of
communication from written to oral and even
5. tendency to evaluate in sign language. A register could be rigid or
- when we hear communication or intimate depending on the grammar, syntax
observe behaviour, we tend to and tone (Agha, et.al, 2015).
interpret the message or the action
through our cultural lens. Types of Linguistic Registers
1. Frozen
6. high anxiety - This is also called as static register and
- not understanding what is appropriate remains unchanged in form and
or expected can raise our anxiety overtime. Examples: Biblical
level. scriptures, prayer, Pledge of
Patriotism
Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity Guidelines in
Communication (Sherman, 2018) 2. Formal
1. view human difference as positive and a cause - This is used in academic, professional
for celebration. or legal settings. Examples: academic
2. have a clear sense of your own ethnic, cultural, and scientific papers, medical and
and racial identity. technical language.
3. be aware that in order to learn about others,
you need to understand and be prepared to 3. Consultative
share your own culture. - The tone used in this register is
4. be aware of your own discomfort when you respectful (use of courtesy titles) for it
encounter differences in race, color, religion, is often used in conversations with
sexual orientation, language, and ethnicity. someone who has specialized
5. be aware of the assumptions that you hold knowledge in a certain field or with
about people of cultures different from your someone who is offering advice.
own. Examples: a conversation with a
doctor, asking academic advice from a
professor

4. Casual
- A register that is marked by the use of
informal language in which words are
usually general or common. People
use this when they are talking with
friends, close acquaintances,
 colleagues and family members. used in everyday conversation and can
Examples: a birthday party, a include colloquial expressions, slang,
backyard barbecue with friends and a more relaxed tone.

5. Intimate 5. Digital Communication Varieties

- This register is reserved for occasions - With the rise of global
that are between two people and often communication, new varieties of
in private. (Yule, 2014). English have emerged in online
spaces. Internet slang, abbreviations,
Varieties of English and emojis are examples of how
- English through time has changed and language has adapted to the digital
developed. Various English speaking countries context.
developed their own variety of the language in
which they differ in discourse, grammar, 6. Multilingual Influences
vocabulary among others and have their - In countries with multiple official
distinct qualities in pronunciation, tone, languages or a history of colonization,
spelling and other linguistic constructs. English can be influenced by other
- The oldest variety of English is British English languages. This is evident in the
and the one with the most number of speakers vocabulary and sentence structure,
is American English. The development of the creating unique linguistic varieties.
language paved the way for the linguists to Understanding these varieties is
acknowledge another classification which is crucial for effective communication,
known as the World English. as the choice of register and linguistic
features may vary based on the
Factors of Varieties context, audience, and purpose.
1. Regional Varieties Adopting different varieties of English
- Different English speaking countries allows speakers and writers to connect
have their own unique way of using more successfully with diverse
the language. audiences and navigate various
communication settings.
2. Socioeconomic Varieties
- Within a country, English can also
vary based on factors like social class
and education. High socio-econimic Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and Images in
status may influence the use of formal Various Sorts of Texts
language and a richer vocabulary,
while lower socio-economic status A. How is the message delivered by the
might involve more informal text/image?
language. B. Who is the intended audience?
C. In what other ways can the message be
3. Dialects and Slang presented?
- Regions and communities develop
their own ways of speaking, known as What are Media Messages?
dialects. Slang which is informal and - Media messages contain information and ideas
sometimes unconventional language, that are shared to a large audience of people.
can vary widely even within a single - If these are not scrutinized properly, they may
country. become agents of misinformation and lead
people to form wrong judgment and images on
4. Formal vs Informal Varieties the subject of the wrongly presented media
- Formal English is used in academic, message.
professional, and legal settings, - By critically evaluating media messages, we
following standard grammar and ensure that the ideas presented are accurate,
vocabulary. Informal varieties are
 relevant, and appropriate to be posted or (5) Contextual Info
shared with everyone. - What information accompanies the
image?
Evaluating Images - Does the text change how you see the
- It is important to critically evaluate images image? How?
you use for research. Study and presentation - Is the textual information intended to
images should be evaluated like any other be factual and informative or is
source, such as journal articles or books, to intended to influence what and how
determine their quality, reliability and you see?
appropriateness. Visual analysis is an - What kind of context does the
important step in evaluating an image and information provide?
understanding its meaning. - Does it answer the questions where,
- Three steps of evaluating an image: how and why
(1) Identify source
(2) Interpret contextual information Evaluating Images Reflecting Different Culture
(3) Understand implications 1. Understand how the specified culture
live.
Analyzing the Text or Image 2. How the people in the specified group
(1) Content Analysis communicate with each other.
- What do you see? 3. Learn the symbolism of their culture.
- What is the image all about? 4. Be aware of every detail such as
- Are there people in the image? What artifact, language, and symbolism.
are they doing? How are they 5. Get the meanings being addressed by
presented? the images
- Can the image be looked at different 6. Get the important elements conveyed
ways? by the images
- How effective is the image as a visual 7. Getting the audience for the images
message?
- Additional Tips in Evaluating Images
(2) Visual Analysis 1. Get the meanings being addressed by the
- How is the image composed? images
- What is in the background and what is 2. Get the important elements conveyed by the
in the foreground? images
- What are the most important visual? 3. Getting the audience for the images
(3) Image Source
- Where did you find the image? Lesson 6: Culture Texts
- What information does the source
provide about the origins of the What are Cultural Texts?
image? - Cultural texts are those objects,
- Is the source reliable and trustworthy? actions, and behaviors that reveal
- Was the image found in an image cultural meanings. A photo is an
database or was it being use in another image, but is also a cultural text; it is a
context to convey meaning? picture with cultural information
beyond just the picture itself.
(4) Technical Quality - Food and clothing also suggest
- Is the image large enough to suit your cultural information, and it doesn’t
purpose? stop there. The entire place and space,
- Are the color, light and balance, true? all of the people and interaction, all of
- Is the image a quality digital image the rituals and rules and the various
without pixilation or distortion? forms in which they manifest
- Is the image in a file format you can themselves, are “readable” texts,
use? suitable for observation and analysis
by the ethnographer and writer.
Sample Identification of a Cultural Text
- Take a look around the room or place you are
in right now and briefly catalog the people
and/or things you see. These objects and
actions are cultural texts.
- A space may or may not be void of people,
who are also considered to be cultural texts.
Their actions, arrangements and demographics
reflect how the space is used. What is in a
space and what happens in the space are all
cultural texts that are available for analysis. In
other words, the space and objects within it are
“readable” cultural texts. They say something
about the purpose, needs, and perhaps even
values and beliefs of the people who occupy it.

Think About it…

- Artifacts at a site may seem so “normal” to the
people who use them that they don’t even
realize they carry any meaning. As reader and
researcher of cultural texts (artifacts, styles,
rituals, behaviors, expressions, etc.), you will
have to interpret as you observe while
attempting at the same time to understand how
the community you are observing interprets
their own cultural patterns. Whether you are
an insider (a member of the community) or an
outsider (an observer of the community), when
you present your study/research, you will
attempt to tell the story of how things look
from the inside.