Engineering Analysis

Presented by

Lec.Dr. Sarah Mahdi Obaid

Electrical Engineering Techniques Department,
Technical College of Al-Mussaib, Al-Furat Al-
Awsat Technical University,
Babylon, Iraq.
Email: [email protected]
Third year students
Electrical Engineering Techniques Lecture notes by Dr. Sarah Mahdi Obaid Technical College of Al-
Department Mussaib

Laplace Transform
1. Definition of a Laplace transform
let 𝑓(𝑡) be a given function that is defined for all 𝑡 ≥ 0. We multiply 𝑓(𝑡) by 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡
and integrate with respect to 𝑡 from zero to infinity. Then, if the resulting integral
exists, it is the function of 𝑆, say 𝐹(𝑆)

∞
𝐹 (𝑆) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
The function 𝐹 (𝑆) of variable 𝑆 is called the Laplace transform of the original
function 𝑓(𝑡) and will be denoted by the ℒ [𝑓(𝑡)]. This
∞
𝐹 (𝑆) = ℒ [𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
2. Laplace transform of some elementary functions
a. Unit step functions
1 𝑡≥0
Definition 𝑢(𝑡) = {
0 𝑡<0
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 1 𝑡≥0
∞
𝐹 (𝑆) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞
∞ 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 1 1
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [ ] = −0 − =
−𝑆 0 −𝑆 𝑆

f(t)

t
0

1
Electrical Engineering Techniques Lecture notes by Dr. Sarah Mahdi Obaid Technical College of Al-
Department Mussaib

b. 𝐟(𝐭) = 𝐭 𝐧 𝐧 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … …. (positive integer)

∞
F(S) = ∫0 e−St f(t)dt
∞
= ∫0 t n e−St dt
u = t n , 𝑑𝑣 = e−St
1
du = nt n−1 , 𝑣 = e−St
−𝑆
∞
F(S) = uυ − ∫0 𝜈𝑑𝑢
1 ∞ ∞ 1
= tn e−St } − ∫0 e−St nt n−1 𝑑𝑡
−𝑆 0 −𝑆
∞ 1 −St n−1
= 0 + ∫0 e nt 𝑑𝑡
𝑆

u = nt n−1
1
du = n(n − 1)t n−2 𝑣= e−St
−𝑆 2
∞1 1 ∞ ∞ 1
∫0 𝑆 e−St nt n−1 𝑑𝑡 = nt n−1 .
−𝑆 2
e−St } − ∫0
−𝑆 2
e−St n(n − 1)t n−2 𝑑𝑡
0
∞ 1
= 0 + ∫0 e−St n(n − 1)t n−2 𝑑𝑡
−𝑆 2
1
u = n(n − 1)t n−2 , 𝑑𝑣 = e−St
−𝑆 2
1
𝑑𝑢 = n(n − 1)(n − 2)t n−3 , 𝑣 = e−St
−𝑆 3
1 ∞ ∞ 1
F(S) = n(n − 1)(n − 2)t n−3 . 3
e−St ] − ∫0 e−St n(n − 1)(n − 2)t n−3 𝑑𝑡
−𝑆 0 −𝑆 3
∞ 1
= 0 + ∫0 e−St n(n − 1)(n − 2)t n−3 𝑑𝑡
𝑆3
∞
𝑛! ∞ −St 𝑛! e−St
= 𝑛 ∫ e 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑛
[ ]
𝑆 0 𝑆 −𝑆 0
𝑛!
F(S) =
𝑆 𝑛+1

Example: find the Laplace transform of the f(t) = 𝑡 3

𝑛=3
3! 6
F(S) = =
𝑆 3+1 𝑆4

2
Electrical Engineering Techniques Lecture notes by Dr. Sarah Mahdi Obaid Technical College of Al-
Department Mussaib

c. 𝐟(𝐭) = 𝐭 𝛒 𝛒 > −𝟏
Gamma function or genderized factorial function, defined by the equation
∞
Γ(𝜌) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡𝜌−1 𝑑𝑡 (1)
𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑡𝜌−1
𝑡𝜌
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑣 =
𝜌

∞
𝑡 𝜌 𝑒 −𝑡 1 ∞
Γ( 𝜌 ) = ] + ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡𝜌 𝑑𝑡 (2)
𝜌 0 𝜌

1 ∞
Γ(𝜌) = 0 + + ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡𝜌 𝑑𝑡
𝜌

Compare with the equation (1)

𝜌Γ(𝜌) = Γ(𝜌 + 1)

Example: find Γ(1)

∞
Γ(𝜌) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡𝜌−1 𝑑𝑡
∞
Γ(1) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑡 1
Γ( 1 ) = [ ] =0− =1
−1 0 −1

From the definition of Laplace transform

∞
F(S) = ℒ (𝑡𝜌 ) = ∫0 𝑡𝜌 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑍 𝑑𝑍
Let 𝑍 = 𝑆𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = , 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑆 𝑆

∞ 𝑍 𝜌 𝑑𝑍
F(S) = ∫0 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑍
𝑆 𝑆

1 ∞
F(S) =
𝑆 𝜌+1
∫0 𝑍𝜌 𝑒 −𝑍 𝑑𝑍

Γ(𝜌+1)
F(S) =
𝑆 𝜌+1

3
Electrical Engineering Techniques Lecture notes by Dr. Sarah Mahdi Obaid Technical College of Al-
Department Mussaib

Note: Γ(𝜌 + 1) = 𝜌Γ(𝜌)

Example: Find Laplace transform of f(t) = 𝑡 1⁄2

f(t) = 𝑡 1⁄2 , 𝜌 = 1⁄2

1
Γ(1/2+1) Γ(1/2) √𝜋
F(S) = = 2
= 3
𝑆 1/2+1 𝑆 1/2+1 2𝑆 2

d. 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
∞
F(S) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞ −(𝑎−𝑆)𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒−(𝑎−𝑆)𝑡 1
= )
] =0−
−(𝑎−𝑆 0 −(𝑎−𝑆)

1
F(S) = , 𝑆 − 𝑎 > 0, 𝑆 > 𝑎
𝑆−𝑎

Example: Find Laplace transform of f(t) = 𝑒 −3𝑡

𝑎 = −3
1
F(S) =
𝑆+3

e. 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕
∞ ∞
F(S) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡
cos 𝜔𝑡 =
2
1 ∞ 𝑖𝜔𝑡
F( S ) = ∫ (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 )𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0
1 ∞
= ∫0 (𝑒 −(𝑆−𝑖𝜔)𝑡 + 𝑒 −(𝑆+𝑖𝜔)𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
2

∞ ∞
1 𝑒 −(𝑆−𝑖𝜔)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑆+𝑖𝜔)𝑡
= {[ ] +[ ] }
2 −(𝑆−𝑖𝜔) 0 −(𝑆+𝑖𝜔) 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
= [0 − +0− ] = [(𝑆−𝑖𝜔) + (𝑆+𝑖𝜔)]
2 −(𝑆−𝑖𝜔) −(𝑆+𝑖𝜔) 2
1 𝑆+𝑖𝜔+𝑆−𝑖𝜔 𝑆
= [(𝑆−𝑖𝜔)(𝑆+𝑖𝜔)] =
2 𝑆 2 +𝜔2

4
Electrical Engineering Techniques Lecture notes by Dr. Sarah Mahdi Obaid Technical College of Al-
Department Mussaib

Example: find the Laplace transform of

𝑓 (𝑡) = cos 10𝑡

𝜔 = 10
𝑆
𝐹(𝑆) =
𝑆 2 +𝜔2
𝑆
𝐹(𝑆) =
𝑆 2 +100
f. 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
∞ ∞
F(S) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡
sin 𝜔𝑡 =
2𝑖
∞ 𝑖𝜔𝑡1
F(S) = ∫0 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 )𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝑖
1 ∞ −(𝑆−𝑖𝜔)𝑡
= ∫0 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −(𝑆+𝑖𝜔)𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
2𝑖
∞ ∞
1 𝑒 −(𝑆−𝑖𝜔)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑆+𝑖𝜔)𝑡
= {[ ] +[ ] }
2𝑖 −(𝑆−𝑖𝜔) 0 −(𝑆+𝑖𝜔) 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
= [(0 − ) + (0 − )] = [ − (𝑆+𝑖𝜔)]
2𝑖 −(𝑆−𝑖𝜔) −(𝑆+𝑖𝜔) 2𝑖 (𝑆−𝑖𝜔)
1 𝑆+𝑖𝜔−𝑆+𝑖𝜔 𝜔
= [(𝑆−𝑖𝜔)(𝑆+𝑖𝜔)] =
2𝑖 𝑆 2 +𝜔2
g. 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜶𝒕
∞ ∞
F(S) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 cosh 𝛼𝑡 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 𝛼𝑡 +𝑒 −𝛼𝑡
cosh 𝛼𝑡 =
2
1 ∞ 𝛼𝑡
F( S ) = ∫ (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 )𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0
1 ∞
= ∫0 (𝑒 −(𝑆−𝛼)𝑡 + 𝑒 −(𝑆+𝛼)𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
2

∞ ∞
1 𝑒 −(𝑆−𝛼)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑆+𝛼)𝑡
= {[ ] +[ ] }
2 −(𝑆−𝛼) 0 −(𝑆+𝛼) 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
= [(0 − ) + (0 − )] = [(𝑆−𝛼) + ]
2 −(𝑆−𝛼) −(𝑆+𝛼) 2 −(𝑆+𝛼)
1 𝑆+𝛼+𝑆−𝛼 𝑆
= [(𝑆−𝛼)(𝑆+𝛼)] = 2 2
2 𝑆 −𝛼

5
Electrical Engineering Techniques Lecture notes by Dr. Sarah Mahdi Obaid Technical College of Al-
Department Mussaib

Example: Find the Laplace transform

𝑓 (𝑡) = cosh 7𝑡
𝛼=7
𝑆
𝐹(𝑆) =
𝑆 2 −49
h. 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝜶𝒕
∞ ∞
F(S) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 sinh 𝛼𝑡 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 𝛼𝑡 −𝑒 −𝛼𝑡
cosh 𝛼𝑡 =
2
1 ∞ 𝛼𝑡
F( S ) = ∫ (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 )𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0
1 ∞
= ∫0 (𝑒 −(𝑆−𝛼)𝑡 − 𝑒 −(𝑆+𝛼)𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
2
𝛼
𝐹(𝑆) =
𝑆 2 −𝛼2

Linearity of Laplace transform

ℒ {𝐶1 𝑓1 (𝑡) ± 𝐶2 𝑓2 (𝑡)} = 𝐶1 ℒ {𝑓1 (𝑡)} ± 𝐶2 ℒ {𝑓2 (𝑡)}

𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are constant

Provided that both ℒ {𝑓1 (𝑡)} and ℒ {𝑓2 (𝑡)} exist. There is a linear combination of
more two functions is immediate. Then the Laplace transformation is a linear
operator.

Example: Find the Laplace transform

𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 + 1)2
𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1
𝐹 (𝑆) = ℒ (𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1 ) = ℒ (𝑡 2 ) + ℒ (2𝑡) + ℒ (1)

2! 1 1
𝐹 (𝑆 ) = 3
+2 2
+
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆

Inverse Laplace transform

If ℒ {𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑆), then we call 𝑓(𝑡) the inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑆)
and write
ℒ −1 𝐹 (𝑆) = 𝑓(𝑡)

6
Electrical Engineering Techniques Lecture notes by Dr. Sarah Mahdi Obaid Technical College of Al-
Department Mussaib

1
Example: ℒ {𝑓(𝑡)} =
𝑆2
1
𝑓 (𝑡) = ℒ −1 ( 2 ) = 𝑡
𝑆

∞
a. 𝐹 (𝑆) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Differential with respect to 𝑆
dF(S) 𝑑 ∞
= F́(S) = ∫0
𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆

∞ 𝜕
= ∫0 (𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡)
𝜕𝑆
∞
= − ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −𝑆𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝐅́(𝐒) = −𝓛{𝒕𝒇(𝒕)}
𝐝𝐅(𝐒)
𝓛{𝒕𝒇(𝒕)} = − = −𝐅́(𝐒)
𝒅𝑺