outer layer - made up of`the sclera and cornea [called the fibrous tunic] middle layer --
made up of the uvea [called the vascular tunic] inner layer -made up of the retina [called
the neural tunic]1.The fibrous layer, which consists of the sclera and cornea. The sclera is
an opaque layer which surrounds the posterior five-sixths of the eyeball. The cornea is a
transparent layer that is anteriorly continuous with the sclera,occupying the anterior one-
sixth of the eyeball.2The vascular layer, also known as the uvea or uveal tract, It consists of
three parts that are continuous with eachother. From posterior to anterior, they are the
choroid, ciliary body, and iris.3The nervous layer, also known as the retina, which is the
innermost layer of the eyeball. The retina itself is divided into two layers; an outer,
pigmented layer, and an inner neurosensory layer.-These three layers comprise the circular
outline of the eyeball. 'The inside of the eye contains the two refractive structures of the
eye called the lens and vitreous body, Together with the cornea and aqueous humor, the
vitreous body and lens belong to the refractive media of the eyeball. The role of refractive
structures to bend the direction of the light that falls onto the eye and focus it onto the
retina. The out flow path of aqueous humor- -in uveoscleral outflow, aqueous humor
enters the ciliary muscle-Then exits through the supraciliary space and across the anterior
or posterior sclera, through the emissarial canals around the vortex veins, or into the
choroidal vessels.-The relative preportion of aqueous humor entering each site is
controversial. Until recently, the uveoscleral outflow pathway was largely considered a
passive and minor route for aqueous humor outflow.
The cornea has five histological layers:1.Epithelium: The outermost layer, it is composed
of stratified squamous epithelial cells. This layer serves as a barrier against infection and
injury and contributes to the smoothness of the corneal surface.2.Bowman's layer: This
layer lies beneath the epithelium and consists of collagen fibers. It provides structural
support to the cornea.3.Stroma: The stroma is the thickest layer of the cornea and
comprises collagen fibrils arranged in a highly organized manner. It gives the cornea its
strength, transparency, and refractive properties.4.Descemet's membrane: Situated
between the stroma and the endothelium, Descemet's membrane is a thin layer
composed of collagen and other proteins. It acts as a barrier and helps maintain the
shape of the cornea.5.Endothelium: The innermost layer of the cornea, it is a single
layer of cells that regulate fluid and nutrient exchange between the cornea and the
aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye. The endothelium also plays a crucial
role in maintaining corneal transparency by controlling corneal hydration.-
Physiologically, these layers work together to maintain the transparency and shape of
the cornea, allowing light to pass through and focus properly on the retina for clear
vision. Additionally, the epithelium serves as a protective barrier, while the endothelium
regulates fluid balance to prevent corneal edema, which can impair vision. The stroma's
highly organized collagen fibrils contribute to the cornea's strength and optical clarity.
