REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN – MODULE 9

Subject: CE414c- Reinforced Concrete Design

1. Title of the Module

Doubly Reinforced Beam
2. Introduction
These are the reasons for providing compression reinforcement in beams.
1. IT REDUCES, SUSTAINED - LOAD DEFLECTION

The addition of compression reinforcement causes the creep of the concrete in the
compression zone to transfer load from the concrete to the compression steel thus
reducing the stress in the concrete. Because the lower compression stress in the
concrete, it creeps less, leading to a reduction in sustained load deflections.

2. IT INCREASES DUCTILITY.

The additional of the compression reinforcement causes a reduction in the depth

of the compression stress block. As the depth of the compression block decreases
the strain in the tension reinforcement at the failure increases, the resulting in
more ductile behavior. The ductility increases significantly when reinforcement is
used.

3. IT CHANGES THE MODE OF FAILURE FROM COMPRESSION TO TENSION.

When ρmax < ρ, the beam will fail in a brittle manner through crushing of the
compression zone before the steel yields. With the additional of compression steel
to such a beam, the compression zone is strengthening sufficiently to allow the
tension steel to yield before the concrete crushes.
*For beams reinforced for tension and compression:
*Effects of compression reinforcement on the strain distribution in two beams with same area of
tension reinforcement.

NOTE:
The neutral axis becomes nearer at the top of compression fiber of concrete when it is
reinforced for compression.

3. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
a. Analyze doubly reinforced beams with speed and accuracy and
b. Be familiar with the NSCP 2015 provisions regarding the same and apply them correctly.

4. Learning Content
ANALYSIS FOR BEAMS REINFORCED FOR TENSION AND COMPRESSION
The factor β shall be taken as follows:
a) β1 = 0.85 if f`c ≤ 28MPa

0.05
b) β1 = 0.85 - (f`c-28) but not less than 0.65
7

c) β1 = 0.65 if f`c ≤ 56MPa

Reduction factor Ø
a. Ø = 0.9 if ℇ s ≥ 0.005
250
b. Ø = 0.65 - (ℇ s - 0.002) if 0.002≤ ℇ s ≤ 0.005
3
 c. Ø = 0.65 if ℇ s ≤ 0.002

M1 = As1 fy (d-a/2)
As1 = ρbd
To obtain a reduction factor of 0.9, let the maximum reinforcement ratio corresponding to a net
tensile strain of the extreme layer of tensile stress be equal to 0.005.
0.85 f cβ (0.003)
Assume value of ρ1 =
( 0.008 ) fy
DERIVATION BY RATIO AND PROPORTION
0.003 0.008
=
c d
c 0.003
=
d 0.008

C=T
0.85fc`ab = As fy
ρ= As / bd
0.85f `c ab = ρ bd fy
a = βc
0.85 f cβc
ρ=
bd fy
c 0.003
=
d 0.008
 0.85 f cβ 0.003
ρ= ( )
fy 0.008
0.85 f cβ 3
ρ= ( )
fy 8
By similar triangles
ℇs 0.003
=
(c−d ) c
0.003( c−d )
ℇs=
c
ℇ s = fs’ / Es
Es = 200,000 MPa
fs' 0.003(c−d )
=
2000000 c
600(c−d )
fs`=
c

ℇs 0.003
=
(d −c) c
0.003(d−c )
ℇ s=
c
ℇ s = fs/ Es
Es = 200,000 MPa
fs 0.003(d −c)
=
2000000 c
600(d −c)
fs =
c

∑Fx = 0
C 1 + C2 = T
0.85f `c ab + As’fy = Asfy
∑MT = 0
a
Mn = C1(d - ¿ + C2(d – d’)
2
a
Mn = 0.85f `c ab(d - ¿ + As’fy(d – d’)
2
Mu = ØMn

Method 1
A. If compression bars will yield:
1. ℇ s` > ℇ y = fy / Es
0.85 fcd β (600)
2. ρ - ρ` >
fy d (600−fy)
3. fy = fs`
4. ρ = As / bd
fy
0.003+
ρ max 200000 ρ b
¿
0.008
ρ > ρmax (compression bars are needed)
ρ < ρ max (compression bars are not needed)

5. f `c=28MPa or less use value of β, if it is greater than 28MPa

0.05 ( f c−28 )
β=0.85-
7

B. If compression bars will not yield:

1. ℇ s < ℇ y = fy / Es
0.85 fcd β (600)
2. ρ - ρ ` <
fy d (600−fy)
600(c−d ) 600(d −c)
3. fs`= ; fs=
c c
4. ρ = As / bd

fy
0.003+ '
0.85 f c β 3
ρ max = 200000 ρb or ρmax= ( )
fy 8
0.008
ρ > ρ max (compression bars are needed)
ρ < ρ max (compression bars are not needed)
Method 2
1. Check if compression bars are needed
ρ > ρ max
2. Assume steel yields
C 1 + C2 = T
3. Check assumption
a. If fs > fy ; tension steel yields
b. If fs’ > fy ; compression steel yields
4. a. Correct assumption
Mu = ØMn
b. Incorrect assumption
- Make appropriate corrections then back to step 2
NOTE:
Adjustment for the concrete area replaced by the compression reinforcement is
disregarded as being insignificant for practical design purposes.
BALANCED STEEL RATIO OF THE BEAMS REINFORCEMENT FOT BOTH
TENSION AND COMPRESSION
A. When compression bars will yield

ρ b = ρb + ῥ

B. When compression bars will not yield

ρb = ρb + ρ`(fs`/fy)

Maximum steel area

Asmax =ρmax bd

NOTE:
Maximum steel ratio
1. For beam reinforced for tension
fy
0.003+
a. ρmax = 200000 ρb
0.008
'
0.85 f c β 3
b. ρmax= ( )
fy 8
2. For beam reinforced for both tension and compression

a. ρb = ρb + ρ`
 b. ρb = ρb + ρ` (fs`/fy)

EXAMPLE
PROBLEM 1 (Steel Yield)
A rectangular beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth to the centroid of the tension
reinforcement of 600mm. The tension reinforcement consists of 6-32mm diameter bars placed in
two rows. Compression reinforcement consisting of 2-25mm diameter bars is placed 62.5mm
from the compression face of the beam. f c = 34.6MPa, fy = 414.7MPa.
a) Determine the depth of compression block (a).
b) Determine the maximum steel ratio (ρmax).
c) Determine the design moment capacity of the beam (Mu).

SOLUTION: (Method 1)
1. Depth of compression block
(a) Check whether compression bars are really needed
2
π (32 )(6)
As= = 4825.486 mm2
4

4825.486
ρ= = 0.02681
300(600)
fy
0.003+
ρmax= 200000 ρb
0.008
0.85 fc β (600)
ρb =
fy (600+ fy)
β= 0.85-0.05/7 (34.5-28) = 0.803
0.85 (34.6)(0.803)(600)
ρb =
414.7(600+ 414.7)
ρb =0.03355

414.7
0.003+
ρmax= 200000 (0.03355)
0.008
ρmax= 0.02128
Compression Bars are needed
ρ > ρmax
Check if compression bars will yield
2
0.85 fcd β (600) π 25 (2)
ρ-ρ`> , ρ`= = 0.00545
fy d (600−fy) 4 (300)(600)
0.85 ( 34.6 ) ( 0.8 ) ( 62.5 ) ( 600 )
0.02681-0.00545 > ( ) = 0.01954
fy ( 600 ) ( 600−414.7 )
0.02136 > 0.01954 fs` = fy (steel in compression yields)

T = C 1 + C2
As fy = 0.85 f c ab + As` fy
4825.486(414.7) = 0.85(34.6)(a)(300) + (981.748)(414.7)
a = 180.664mm (Depth of compression block)
2. Maximum steel ratio (ρmax).

fy
0.003+
ρmax= 200000 ρb + ρ`)
¿
0.008
414.7
0.003+
ρmax= 200000 (0.03355 + 0.00545)
0.008
ρmax= 0.02473

3. Design moment capacity of the beam (Mu).

 a = βc
180.64 = 0.817c
c = 221.1mm
ℇs 0.003
= ℇ s= 0.00514 > ℇ y fs = fy use ∅ =0.90
600−221.10 221.10

NOTE:When ℇ s < 0.005, and > 0.002

250
Value of ∅ =0.65+( ℇ s−0.002)( )
3

a
Mu = ∅ C1(d − ) + ∅ C2 (d-d`)
2
180 .664
Mu =0.90 [0.85(34.6)(180.664)(300)(600− ) + 981.748(414.7) (600-62.5)]
2
Mu = 928.119 kN.m

(Method 2)
1. Depth of compression block
(a) Check whether compression bars are really needed
2
π (32 )(6)
ρ=
4 (300)(600)
ρ = 0.02681
'
0.85 f c β 3
ρmax= ( )
fy 8
β = 0.85-0.05/7 (34.6-28) = 0.803
0.85(34.6)(0.803) 3
ρmax= ( )
414.7 8
ρmax= 0.02136
ρ > ρmax
Therefore Compression bars are needed

(b) Assume Steel Yields

 C 1 + C2 = T
0.85 f c ab + As’fy = As fy
0.85 (34.6) (a) (300) + π ¿ ¿ (414.7) = π ¿ ¿ (414.7)
a = 180.664 mm
a = βc
180.664 = 0.803 c
c = 224.986 mm

(c) Check assumption

600(224.986−62.6)
fs = = 433.323 MPa
224.986
fs’ > fy compression bars will yield
600(d −c) 600(600−224.986)
fs = = = 1000.097MPa
c 224.986
fs > fy tension steel yields
fs > 1000 MPa Therefore use Ø = 0.9
a = 180.664 mm

2. Ultimate moment capacity

a
Mu = ∅ C1(d − ) + ∅ C2 (d-d`)
2
180 .664
Mu = 0.90 [0.85(34.6)(180.664)(300)(600− ) + π ¿ ¿ (414.7) (600-62.5)]
2
Mu = 928.119 kN.m

PROBLEM 2 (COMPRESSION BARS ARE NOT NEEDED)

A doubly reinforced rectangular beam has a base of 400 mm and an effective depth of 700 mm,
and the distance between the centroids of the compression and tension bars is 620 mm, As =
4820 mm2 and As’ = 1850 mm2. fy = 415 MPa and f’c = 34.5 MPa
1. Determine the depth of compression block.
2. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION:
1. Depth of compression block
0.05 0.05
β1 = 0.85 - (f`c-28) = 0.85 - (34.5-28)
7 7
β = 0.80357

(a) Check whether compression bars are really needed

As= 4820 mm2
ρ = 4820/400(700) = 0.01721
'
0.85 f c β 3
ρmax= ( )
fy 8
0.85(34.5)(0.80357) 3
ρmax= ( )
415 8
ρmax= 0.02129
ρ < ρmax
Therefore Compression bars are not needed

(b) Assume steel yields

C= T
0.85 f c ab = Asfy
0.85 (34.5) (a) (400) = 4820(415)
a= 170.529 mm
a = βc
170.529 = 0.80357c
c = 212.214 mm
(c) Check assumption
600(d −c) 600(700−212.214)
fs = =
c 212.214
fs = 1379.13711 MPa > fy steel yields
fs > 1000 MPa Therefore use Ø = 0.9
Therefore a = 170.529 mm
 2. Ultimate moment capacity of the beam
Mu = ØMn
Mu = Ø[ 0.85 f`c ab (d-a/2)]
Mu = 0.9[ 0.85(34.5)(170.529)(400)(700-170.529/2)]
Mu = 1106.69 kN-m
or
Mu = Ø[Asfy(d-a/2)]
Mu = 0.9[4820(415)(700-170.529/2)]
Mu = 1106.69 kN-m

PROBLEM 3 (COMPRESSION BAR DOES NOT YIELD)

A simply supported beam is reinforced with 4896 mm 2 at the bottom and 1530 mm2 at the top of
the beam. Steel covering to the centroid of reinforced is 62.5 mm at the top and bottom of the
beam. The beam has a total depth of 625mm and a width of 350 mm . f c= 34.6 MPa, fy = 414.7
MPa. Balanced steel ratio ρb = 0.03353.
1. Determine the depth of compression block (a).
2. Determine the design strength.
3. Determine the live load at the mid-span in additional to a DL = 100 KN/m including
the weight of the beam if it has a span of 6m.
SOLUTION:
1. Depth of compression block
(a) Check whether compression bars are really needed
As= 4896 mm2
4896
ρ= = 0.02487
350(562.5)
As`=1530 mm2
1530
ρ`= = 0.00777
350(562.5)
fy
0.003+
ρmax= 200000 ρb
0.008
414.7
0.003+
ρmax= 200000 (0.03353)
0.008
 ρmax= 0.02126
SINCE ρ= 0.02487 ¿ ρmax = 0.02126,
Therefore, compression bars are needed.

(b) Assume steel yields

C 1 + C2 = T
0.85 f c ab + As’fy = Asfy
0.85 (34.6) (a) (350) + 1530 (414.7) = 4896(414.7)
a= 135.608 mm
a = βc
β = 0.85-0.05/7 (34.6-28) = 0.803
135.608 = 0.803c
c = 168.877 mm

(c) Check assumption

600(d −c) 600(562.5−168.877)
fs = =
c 168.877
fs = 1398.5 MPa > fy steel yields
600(c−d ') 600(168.877−62.5)
fs’ = =
c 168.877
fs = 377.945 MPa < fy compression steel does not yield

(d) Make appropriate corrections

fs‘=ℇ s’Es
600(c−d ')
fs’ =
c
a = βc
C 1 + C2 = T
0.85 f c βc b + As’fs’ = Asfy
 600(c−62.5)
0.85 (34.6) (0.803c) (350) + 1530 ( ) = 4896(414.7)
c
c = 174.382 mm
a = βc = 0.803(174.382)
a = 140.029 mm

2. Design strength
600(d −c) 600(562.5−174.382)
fs = =
c 174.382
fs = 1335.406 MPa > fy steel yields
fs > 1000 MPa Therefore use Ø = 0.9
600(c−d ') 600(174.382−62.5)
fs’ = =
c 174.382
fs‘= 384.955 MPa < fy compression steel does not yield

a
Mu = Ø[ 0.85 f c ab (d- ) + As’fs’(d-d’)]
2
140.029
Mu = 0.90(0.85) (34.6)(140.029)(350) (562.5 - )+0.90(1530)(384.955)(562.5-62.5)
2
Mu = 903.918 kN.m

3. Concentrated live load at mid-span

2
100(6 ) P (6)
903.918 =1.2 +1.6
8 4
P = 151.633 KN

PROBLEM 4 (BALANCE CONDITION)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 250mm and an effective depth 625 mm. It is
reinforced for compression having a steel area As’= 1250mm 2 with a steel covering of 62.5 mm
measured from the center of the steel reinforcement to the top most fibers of the beam. f c =
20.68 MPa, fy = 400 MPa, Es=200,000 MPa.
 1. Determine the depth of compression block for a balanced condition.
2. Determine the area of balanced steel Asb for the given cross section.
3. Determine the maximum area of flexural steel in tension permitted in the given cross
section as section as required by the NSCP Specification.

SOLUTION:
1. Depth of compression block for a balanced condition.
fy 400
ℇ y= = = 0.002
E s 200000
0.003 0.002
= , c = 375 mm
C 650−c
a= βc= (0.85)(375)
a = 318.75 mm

2. Area of balanced steel (Asb)

C 1 + C2 = T
0.85 f c ab + As` fy = Asb fy
0.85 (20.68) (318.75) (250) + 1250 (400) = Asb (400)
Asb = 4751.867 mm2

3. Maximum amount of tensile steel permitted:

fy
0.003+
ρmax = 200000 ( ρb + ρ’)
0.008
0.85 f c β (600)
ρb =
fy (600+ fy)
0.85 (20.68)(0.85)(600)
ρb =
400(600+ 400)
ρb = 0.02241

ρ ' = As’/bd = 1250/250(625) = 0.008

 400
0.003+
ρmax = 200000 (0.02241+0.008)
0.008
ρmax = 0.01901

Max. As =0.01901(625)(250)
Max. As = 2969.917 mm2
Or
fy
0.003+
Max. As = 200000 Asb
0.008
400
0.003+
Max. As = 200000 (4751.867)
0.008
Max. As = 2969.917 mm2
Max steel area permitted = 2969.917 mm2

PROBLEM 5 (STEEL DOES NOT YIELD)

A simply supported beam is reinforced with 2463 mm 2 at the bottom and 1231.5 mm2 at the top
of the beam. Steel covering to the centroid of reinforced is 70 mm at the top and bottom of the
beam. The beam has a total depth of 400mm and a width of 300 mm. f c = 30 MPa, fy = 415
MPa.
1. Determine the depth of compression block.
2. Determine the design strength.
3. Design moment capacity of the beam using exact method.
SOLUTION:
1. Depth of compression block
d = 400-70 = 330 mm
β = 0.85-0.05/7 (30-28) = 0.84
(a) Check whether compression bars are really needed
As= 2463mm2
ρ = 2463/330(300) = 0.02488
'
0.85 f c β 3
ρmax= ( )
fy 8
 0.85(30)(0.84 ) 3
ρmax= ( )
415 8
ρmax= 0.01936
ρ > ρmax
Therefore Compression bars are needed

(b) Assume steel yields

C 1 + C2 = T
0.85 f c ab + As’fy = Asfy
0.85 (30) (a) (300) + 1231.5 (415) = 2463(415)
a= 66.807 mm
a = βc
66.807 = 0.84c
c = 79.532 mm

(c) Check assumption

600(d −c) 600(330−79.532)
fs = =
c 79.532
fs = 1889.563 MPa > fy steel yields
600(c−d ') 600(79.532−70)
fs’ = =
c 79.532
fs = 71.91 MPa < fy compression steel does not yield

(d) Make appropriate corrections

fs‘=ℇ sEs
600(c−d ')
fs’ =
c
a = βc
C 1 + C2 = T
 0.85 f c βc b + As’fs’ = Asfy
600(c−70)
0.85 (30) (0.84c) (300) + 1231.5 ( ) = 2463(415)
c
c = 114.422 mm
a = βc = 0.84(114.422)
a = 96.115 mm

3. Design strength
600(d −c) 600(330−114.422)
fs = =
c 114.422
fs = 1130.436 MPa > fy steel yields
fs > 1000 MPa Therefore use Ø = 0.9
600(c−d ') 600(114.422−70)
fs’ = =
c 114.422
fs‘= 232.938 MPa < fy compression steel does not yield
a
Mu = Ø[ 0.85 f c ab (d- )+ Ø As’fs’(d-d’)]
2
96.115
Mu = 0.90(0.85) (30)(96.115)(300) (330 - )+0.90(1231.5)(232.938)(330-70)
2
Mu = 253.702 KN-m

4. Moment capacity (using exact method)

 600(c−70)
2463(415) = 0.85(30)(0.84c)(300) + 1231.5[ – 0.85(30)]
c
c = 117.479 mm
a = βc
a = 98.863 mm
600(117.479−70)
fs =
117.479
fs = 242.49 MPa < fy
fs < 1000 MPa therefore use Ø = 0.65
600(117.479−70)
Mu =0.65[0.85(30)(98.863)(300)(330-98.863/2) + 1231.5[ – 0.85(30)]
117.479
(330-70)]
Mu = 183.087 KN.m

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

Solve the following problems for mastery of the procedures and specifications:
PROBLEM 1
A rectangular beam has a width of 400mm and Effective depth is 600mm. The tension
reinforcement consists of 3-32mm and 3-32mm diameter bars placed in two rows. Compression
reinforcement consisting of 3-25mm diameter bars is placed 62.5mm from the compression face
of the beam. f c = 20.7MPa, fy = 415MPa.
a) Determine the depth of compression block (a).
b) Determine the maximum steel ratio (ρmax).
c) Determine the design moment capacity of the beam (Mu).

PROBLEM 2
A simply supported beam is reinforced with 4896 mm 2 at the bottom and 2 – 32 mm at
the top of the beam. Steel covering to the centroid of reinforced is 62.5 mm at the top and bottom
of the beam. The beam has a total depth of 500 and a width of 300 mm. f c = 27 MPa, fy = 276
MPa.
 1. Determine the depth of compression block (a).
2. Determine the design strength.

PROBLEM 3
A 6 meter long simply supported reinforced concrete beam has a width of 350 mm and an overall
depth of 470 mm. The beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars on top and 4-28 mm
tension bars at the bottom, each located 70 mm from the concrete fiber. . Concrete strength f’c =
20. 7 MPa and steel strength fy = 415 Mpa. Determine the following:
a. Depths of compression block assuming both tension and compression steel yields.
b. What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in KN-m?
c. Determine the additional concentrated live load that can be applied at midspan if the dead
load including the weight of the beam is 20 KN/m.

PROBLEM 4
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth 600 mm. It is
reinforced for compression having a steel area As`= 1200mm 2 with a steel covering of 62.5 mm
measured from the center of the steel reinforcement to the top most fibers of the beam. f c = 30
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Es=200,000 MPa.
1. Determine the depth of compression block for a balanced condition.
2. Determine the area of balanced steel Asb for the given cross section.
3. Determine the maximum area of flexural steel in tension permitted in the given cross
section as section as required by the NSCP Specification.

PROBLEM 5
A rectangular beam reinforced for both tension and compression bars has an area of 1250
mm for compression bars and 4032 mm2 for tension bars. The tension bars are placed at a
2

distance of 75 mm from the bottom of the beam while the compression bars are placed 62.5 mm
from the top the beam f c = 20 MPa, fy = 416.6MPa. Width of the beam is 350 mm with a total
depth of 675mm.
1. Determine the depth of compression block.
2. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
3. Determine the safe live concentrated load that the beam could support at its mid-span if it
has a span of 6 m. Assume weight of concrete to be 23.5kN/m3.
PROBLEM 6
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a max. effective depth of 630mm and is subjected
to a factored moment of 1062 kn-m (including its own weight). f c = 27.58 MPa, fy = 413.4 MPa.
Use 62.5 mm steel covering.
1. Determine the width of the beam.
2. Determine the reinforcement for compression.
3. Determine the reinforcement for tension.

RC2 Project : Your design of footings may already be started by this time. They maybe
isolated or combined depending on the foundation plan. You may assume 120 to150KPa for the
allowable soil bearing capacity or you may refer to the research, Analysis of Geotechical Data in
the Province of Isabela” for the qa depending on the town that the structure may be built.

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.

Reinforced Concrete Design by Gillesania,
Design of Concrete Structures by Nilson et. al.
YouTube links video lectures for Doubly Reinforced Beams:
https://youtube.com/watch?v=lQHDYZABjK4&feature=share
https://youtube.com/watch?v=DKBHP9PZkwY&feature=share
https://youtube.com/watch?v=8ItLe5WkOcY&feature=share
https://youtu.be/mATM2AscKD0
https://youtu.be/RACpnp3_h8o

7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Remote
Asynchronous (modules, exercises, problem sets, etc…)

8. Assessment Task
In this part, students are given Self-assessment Questions (SAQs) and asked to consider
broader aspects of the different topics taken up. Quizzes have been prepared for this part and can
be found in the original module of the author.
9. References
Besavilla, V., Reinforced Concrete Design, 2016
Esplana, Dindo Civil Engineering Review Manual, 2015
Gillesania, DIT Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd Edition, 2015
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
Nilson, W. Reinforced Concrete Design, 2010