IMPORTANT FORMULAS FOR MATHEMATICS

Trigonometric Table:

Basic Equations:
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ 1 + cot2 θ = cosec 2 θ
Negative Angles:
sin(−θ) = −sin θ cos(−θ) = cos θ tan(−θ) = −tan θ
Sum & Difference:
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin(A − B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan 𝐴 +tan 𝐵 tan 𝐴 −tan 𝐵
tan(A + B) = 1 – tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan(A − B) = 1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Product:
2sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B) 2cos A sin B = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)
2cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) 2sin A sin B = cos(A − B)−cos(A + B)
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵
Factoring:
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
sin A + sin B = 2sin 2
cos 2
sin A − sin B = 2cos 2
sin 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
cos A + cos B = 2cos cos cos A − cos B = −2sin sin
2 2 2 2
Multiple Angles:
2 tan θ
sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ sin 2θ = 1 +tan2 θ

cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ cos 2θ = 2cos2 θ − 1

1 − tan2 θ
cos 2θ = 1 − 2sin2 θ cos 2θ =
1 + tan2 θ

1 + sin 2θ = (sin θ + cos θ)2 1 − sin 2θ = (sin θ − cos θ)2

2 tan θ 1 – cos 2𝜃
tan 2θ = tan2 θ =
1−tan2 θ 1 +cos 2𝜃

sin 3θ = 3sin θ − 4sin3 θ

cos 3θ = 4cos3 θ − 3cos θ
3 tan θ – tan3 𝜃
tan 3θ = 1 − 3 tan2 𝜃

Half Angle:

θ 1−cos θ θ 1+cos θ
sin = ±√ cos = ±√
2 2 2 2

θ 1−cos θ θ sin θ
tan 2 = sin θ
tan 2 = 1+cos θ

General Solutions:
sin θ = 0 → θ = nπ
cos θ = 0 → θ = (2n + 1)π/2
tan θ = 0 → θ = nπ
sin θ = sin α → θ = nπ + (−1)n.α
cos θ = cos α → θ = 2nπ ± α
tan θ = tan α → θ = nπ + α
sin2 θ = sin2 α
cos2 θ = cos2 α θ = nπ ± α
tan2 θ = tan2 α

Arbitrary Values:
√10+2√5 √5+1
tan 15° = 2 − √3 cos 18 ° = 4
cos 36° = 4

1 √5−1 √10−2√5
tan 22 2 ° = √2 − 1 sin 18° = 4
sin 36° = 4
 Inverse
Inverse Basic:
sin-1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ↔ sin 𝑦 = 𝑥
Reciprocal & Complimentary:
sin(sin-1 𝑥) = 𝑥 cos(cos-1 𝑥) = 𝑥
tan(tan-1 𝑥) = 𝑥 sin-1(sin θ) = θ
cos-1(cos θ) = θ tan-1(tan θ) = θ
1 1
sin-1 𝑥 = cosec-1 𝑥 cos-1 𝑥 = sec-1 𝑥
1 π
tan-1 𝑥 = cot-1 𝑥 sin-1 𝑥 + cos-1 𝑥 = 2
π π
tan-1 𝑥 + cot-1 𝑥 = sec-1 𝑥 + cosec-1 𝑥 =
2 2

sin(cos−1 𝑥) = cos(sin−1 𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 2
Sum & Difference:

sin-1 𝑥 ± sin-1 𝑦 = sin-1 (𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 ± 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 )

cos-1 𝑥 + cos-1 𝑦 = cos-1 (𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 )

cos-1 𝑥 − cos-1 𝑦 = cos-1 (𝑥𝑦 + √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 )

𝑥+𝑦
tan-1 𝑥 + tan-1 𝑦 = tan-1 (1 – 𝑥𝑦)

𝑥–𝑦
tan-1 𝑥 − tan-1 𝑦 = tan-1 (1 + 𝑥𝑦)

Double Functions:
2𝑥
2tan-1𝑥 = sin-1(1 + 𝑥 2)

1 – 𝑥2
2tan-1𝑥 = cos-1( )
1 + 𝑥2

2𝑥
2tan-1𝑥 = tan-1(1 – 𝑥 2)
1 1
2sin-1𝑥 = sin-1(2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ); − ≤𝑥≤
√2 √2
1
2cos-1𝑥 = sin-1(2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ); − ≤𝑥≤1
√2

2cos-1𝑥 = cos-1(2𝑥 2 − 1); 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Limits
Limits Formulas:
𝑥 𝑛 – 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑥 (1+𝑥)𝑛−1
lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 lim =1 lim =𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 – 𝑎 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
1
log(1+𝑥) 𝑒𝑥 – 1
lim 𝑥
=0 lim 𝑥
=1 lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Logic:
4. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists if:
𝑥→0

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎+0 𝑥→𝑎−0

i.e, if Right hand limit at (𝑥 = 𝑎) = Left hand limit at(𝑥 = 𝑎 )

2. The function 𝑓 (𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if:
lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎+0 𝑥→𝑎−0

3. The derivative (or differential coefficient) of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) w.r.t. 𝑥 at the point 𝑥 is:
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ ) − 𝑓 (𝑥)
[𝑜𝑟, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)] = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
4. The Right hand derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑥 = 𝑎 is :
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑅𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = lim
ℎ→0+ ℎ
and the left derivative at (𝑥 = 𝑎 ) is:
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓 (𝑎)
𝐿𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = lim
ℎ→0− ℎ
𝑓 ′ (𝑎 ) exists if 𝑅𝑓 ′ (𝑎) and 𝐿𝑓 ′ (𝑎 ) both exists and 𝑅𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝐿𝑓 ′ (𝑎)

Differentiation
Differential Equations:
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 0 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(log 𝑒 |𝑥|) = (log 𝑎 |𝑥|) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 log𝑒 𝑎

𝑑 𝑑
(sin 𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 ) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (cot 𝑥 ) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(sec 𝑥 ) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 (cosec 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Inverse:
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
(sin −1 𝑥) = (cos −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(tan −1 𝑥) = (sec −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2−1

𝑑 −1 𝑑 −1
(cosec −1 𝑥) = (cot −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2−1 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
Arithmetical Formulas:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(𝑢 ± 𝑣) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑣. + 𝑢.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣. 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

Integration
Integral Formulas:
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
(𝑛 ≠ −1)
1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥|
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚
↔ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑎 𝑚𝑥 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 log𝑒 𝑎
↔ ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log𝑒 𝑎
(𝑎 > 0)
cos 𝑚𝑥
∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑚
↔ ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥
sin 𝑚𝑥
∫ cos 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚
↔ ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
tan 𝑚𝑥
∫ sec 2 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚
↔ ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥
cot 𝑚𝑥
∫ cosec 2 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑚
↔ ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥
tan 𝑚𝑥
∫ sec 2 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚
↔ ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥
sec 𝑚𝑥
∫ sec 𝑚𝑥 tan 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚
↔ ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥
cosec 𝑚𝑥
∫ cosec 𝑚𝑥 cot 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑚
↔ ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥
sec 𝑚𝑥
∫ sec 𝑚𝑥 tan 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚
↔ ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥

Logarithmic Formulas:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = log |𝑓(𝑥)|

∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |sec 𝑥 |

∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |sin 𝑥 |
𝜋 𝑥
∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | = log |tan ( 4 + 2)|
𝑥
∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |cosec − cot 𝑥| = log |tan 2|
Rational Formulas:
1 1 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2+𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
∫ 𝑥 2−𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 . log |𝑥+𝑎|
1 1 𝑎+𝑥
∫ 𝑎2−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 . log |𝑎−𝑥 |
1
∫ √𝑥 2–𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 – 𝑎2 |
1 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2–𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 |
√𝑥 2 ±𝑎 2

1 1 𝑥
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2–𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
sec −1 𝑎

Integration by Parts:
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 2+𝑏 2
= √𝑎2
+𝑏 2
sin (𝑏𝑥 − tan−1 𝑎)
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
= √𝑎2
+𝑏 2
cos (𝑏𝑥 − tan−1 𝑎)

𝑥√𝑥 2+ 𝑎 2 𝑎2
∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
+
2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 |

𝑥√𝑥 2− 𝑎 2 𝑎2
∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
− 2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |

𝑥√𝑎 2− 𝑥 2 𝑎2 𝑥
∫ √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
+ 2
sin−1 𝑎

Integration with Limits:

𝑏 𝑛−1

𝟏. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ )
𝑎 ℎ→0
𝑟=0

or
𝑏 𝑛

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ ) where 𝑛ℎ = 𝑏 − 𝑎.

𝑎 ℎ→0
𝑟=1

1 𝑛

𝟐. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑟ℎ ) where 𝑛ℎ = 1.

0 ℎ→0
𝑟=1
Definite Integration:
𝑏
1.If 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝛷′ (𝑥) then, ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝛷(𝑏) − 𝛷(𝑎).
𝑎
𝟐. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
𝟑. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏
𝟒. ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 (𝑏 − 𝑎) where 𝑘 is a constant
𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝟓. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
𝟔. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑛𝑎 𝑎
𝟕. If 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) then, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
2𝑎 𝑎
𝟖. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥)
0 0

=0 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎
𝟗. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑎 0

=0 if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑏 𝑏
𝟏𝟎. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

Application of Calculus:
 The differential of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥). ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦
 1. represents the rate of change of 𝑦 w.r.t 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Geometrically,𝑑𝑥 represents the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at (𝑥, 𝑦);
thus, if Φ be the angle that the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) at the point(𝑥, 𝑦) makes
𝑑𝑦
with the positive 𝑥-axis then, tan Φ = 𝑑𝑥 .
 The equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) is:
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = [𝑑𝑥 ] (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).
(𝑥1, 𝑦1 )

 The straight line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the:

1. circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 if 𝑐 = ±𝑎√1 + 𝑚 2 ;
𝑎
2. parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 if 𝑐 = 𝑚;
 𝑥2 𝑦2
3. ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 if 𝑐 = ±√𝑎 2 𝑚 2 + 𝑏2 ;
𝑥2 𝑦2
4. hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 if 𝑐 = ±√𝑎2 𝑚 2 − 𝑏2 ;

 The equation of the normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) at the point (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) is:
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − [ ] (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥
1,𝑦1 )

 For all real 𝑚, the straight line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚 3 is always normal to the parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥; the foot of the normal is (𝑎𝑚 2 , −2𝑎𝑚 ).
 The length of the tangent drawn from the external point (𝑥1, 𝑦1 )to the circle:
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is √𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 𝑎 2
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is √𝑥12 +𝑦12 +2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐
 A function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing at 𝑥 = 𝑎 when 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) > 0, it is decreasing at 𝑥 = 𝑎 when
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) < 0
 If 𝑥 = 𝑐 be a point in the domain of definition of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) −
0 but 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) ≠ 0, then 𝑓 (𝑥) is said to have a local maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑐 when 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0 and
a local minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑐 when 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0.
 Geometrically, the area bounded by the curve:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the two ordinates 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is:
𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ;
𝑎 𝑎

2. 𝑥 = Φ(𝑦), the 𝑦-axis and the two horizontals 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑 is:

𝑑 𝑑
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ Φ(𝑦)𝑑𝑦.
𝑐 𝑐

Miscellaneous
−𝑏±√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐
Quadratic Formula: 𝑥 =
2𝑎
𝑛!
Permutation: nPr = (𝑛−𝑟)! = 𝑟! nCr
𝑛!
Combination: nCr = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

 nCr = nCn-r

 nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr

nCr 𝑛−𝑟+1
 nC(r−1)
= 𝑟

Statistics: 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 − 2𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛.

Binomial Theorem:
If 𝑛 is a positive integer then,
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑥 )𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑥 𝑟
𝑟=0