Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

MCEN3000
Lecture Notes: Radiation Heat Transfer
by
Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Curtin University

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 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
The energy exchange by electromagnetic waves due to temperature difference
between two bodies (or surfaces) placed in a vacuum is known as thermal radiation.
(Conduction or convection is not possible without a medium)

Examples:
Transmission of solar energy through outer-space (vacuum)
Heating felt in front of a furnace or a flame (BBQ)

• Thermal radiation propagates at speed of light 3x108 m/s

• No attenuation of radiation in a vacuum (non-participating medium)
• Any media would absorb some radiation (participating medium)

𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Radiation Intensity at a point in space depends on:
Wave length of radiation source, Direction of propagation and Distance from source.

𝑛 𝐼𝜆 = Streaming radiative energy

per unit area (perpendicular to Ω , per unit time
Ω per unit solid angle (about Ω), per unit wave length (about 𝜆)
𝑑Ω 𝐼𝜆
𝐼𝜆 = Spectral Radiation Intensity (dependant on wave length)
𝑟
Radiative energy within 𝑑Ω at wave length  per unit area,
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐸𝜆 = 𝐼𝜆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 . 𝑑Ω

𝑛 Integrating over the (imaginary) hemispherical surface,

Ω
𝐸𝜆 = 𝐼𝜆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 . 𝑑Ω ( 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 ∡ 2𝜋 )
𝜃
𝐸𝜆 = Spectral Emissive Power (of surface 𝑑𝐴)
Radiation energy flux
𝑑𝐴 (per unit area, per unit time at wave length 𝜆)
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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

𝐸𝜆 (𝑊 𝑚2 . 𝜇𝑚) 𝐸𝜆𝑏 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 A (real) surface exhibiting a peak Spectral

Emissive Power only at certain wave lengths
𝐸𝜆𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 is called a “selective surface”.
- Spectral emissive power 𝐸𝜆

𝐸𝜆 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙)
An idealised surface exhibiting the highest
possible Spectral Emissive Power at all wave
lengths is called a “blackbody”.
- Spectral blackbody emissive power 𝐸𝜆𝑏

𝜆 (𝜇𝑚) An ideal surface exhibiting peak (less than

Spectral Emissive Power vs Wave length the highest) Spectral Emissive Power at all
wave lengths is called a “ gray surface”.
Using Quantum Theory (Physics), - Spectral graybody emissive power 𝐸𝜆𝑔
Planck and Boltzmann have derived
𝐸𝜆𝑏 to be,
2𝜋ℎ𝐶 2 ℎ = 6.6256 x 10-34 J.s - Planck Constant
𝐸𝜆𝑏 = 5 ℎ𝐶 𝜆𝑘𝑇 𝑘 = 1.38054 x 10-23 J.K - Boltzmann Constant
𝜆 𝑒 −1 𝐶 = 3 x 108 m/s - Speed of light

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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Total Emissive Power, 𝐸 of a surface:
𝐸𝜆 (𝑊 𝑚2 . 𝜇𝑚) 𝐸𝜆𝑏 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 (Integrate 𝐸𝜆 over the entire spectrum w.r.t )
∞
𝐸𝜆𝑏 𝐸= 𝐸𝜆 . 𝑑𝜆
0

𝐸𝜆 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙) Blackbody Emissive Power, 𝐸𝑏 of a surface:

𝐸𝜆
(Integrate 𝐸𝜆𝑏 over the entire spectrum w.r.t )
∞ 2𝜋ℎ𝐶 2
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸𝜆𝑏 . 𝑑𝜆 𝐸𝜆𝑏 =
0
𝜆5 𝑒 ℎ𝐶 𝜆𝑘𝑇 −1

𝑑𝜆 𝜆 (𝜇𝑚) 𝜎 = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/m2.K4

𝐸𝑏 = 𝜎𝑇 4
Spectral Emissive Power vs Wave length Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
Radiative Temperature
𝐸𝑏 𝐸 heat flux (must be in)
W/m2 K
Perfect emitter
Less than 𝐸𝑏
𝑇 𝑇 𝐸
𝜖= = Emissivity (of real surface) 0 ≤ 𝜖 ≤ 1.0
𝐸𝑏
Blackbody Real surface
[Note: Graybody has constant emissivity]
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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Radiation Properties at a surface
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Reflectivity 𝜌=
Incidence
Reflection
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Absorptivity 𝛼=
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
Absorption
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Transmissivity 𝜏=
Transmission 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

From energy conservation 𝛼+𝜌+𝜏 =1 𝛼+𝜌=1

For an opaque surface
𝜏 = 0 (practical case)
Kirchhoff’s Law of Radiation

𝜖=𝛼 𝜖+𝜌=1 𝜌 = (1 − 𝜖)
Emissivity Absorptivity

Blackbody is a :
(i) perfect emitter (𝜖 = 1), (ii) perfect absorber (𝛼 = 1) and (iii) most imperfect reflector (𝜌 = 0)

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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Exchange of Radiation between two blackbody surfaces

Thermal radiation emitted by 𝐴1 (in all directions):

𝑄12
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝐸𝑏1 = 𝐴1 𝜎𝑇1 4
𝐸𝑏1 𝐸𝑏2
𝐴2
Thermal radiation emitted by 𝐴2 (in all directions):
𝑄21 𝑇2
𝑇1 𝐴1 𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝐸𝑏2 = 𝐴2 𝜎𝑇2 4

Thermal radiation from 𝐴1 incident on 𝐴2 : Thermal radiation from 𝐴2 incident on 𝐴1 :

𝑄12 = 𝐹12 𝐴1 𝐸𝑏1 = 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐸𝑏1 𝜎𝑇1 4 𝑄21 = 𝐹21 𝐴2 𝐸𝑏2 = 𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐸𝑏2 𝜎𝑇2 4
Fraction of energy leaving 𝐴1 Fraction of energy leaving 𝐴2
and reaching 𝐴2 and reaching 𝐴1
Shape Factor 𝐹12 (geometrical property) Shape Factor 𝐹21 (geometrical property)

 Thermal radiation exchange between “black” surfaces 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 :

𝑄1−2 = (𝑄12 − 𝑄21 ) = 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐸𝑏2
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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Exchange of Radiation between two blackbody surfaces
Thermal radiation exchange between 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 :

𝑄12 𝑄1−2 = 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐸𝑏2

𝐸𝑏1 𝐸𝑏2
Reciprocity Relationship
𝐴2
𝑄21 𝑇2
(geometrical Property):
𝑇1 𝐴1
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
Thermal radiation exchange between 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 :
1
𝑄1−2 = 𝐴1 𝐹12 (𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐸𝑏2 ) (𝐸𝑏1 −𝐸𝑏2 ) = 𝑄1−2
𝐴1 𝐹12
Ohms Law
THERMAL RESISTANCE CONCEPT (Radiation) 𝑉=𝐼𝑅 Electrical circuits
𝑄1−2
𝐸𝑏1 𝐸𝑏2 Note: Emissive Power, NOT temperature is used
𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐸𝑏2 Cannot be combined with
𝑄1−2 = conduction/convection network
1 𝑅
𝑅=
𝐴1 𝐹12
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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Shape Factors and Relationships (or Algebra)
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1 1

(a) Geometrically-deduced:
𝐹11 = 0 𝐹11 = 0 𝐹11 ≠ 0
Flat surface Convex surface Concave surface

(b) Reciprocity Relationship: 𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21

(Surfaces “see” each other) 2 𝐴1 𝜋𝐷1
1 𝐹21 = 𝐹 𝐹21 = 𝐹
𝐹12 = 1
𝐴2 12 𝜋𝐷2 12
1 2 𝐹11 = 0 (Convex surface)
𝜋𝐷1 2
𝐹22 ≠ 0 (Concave surface) For spheres
𝜋𝐷2 2
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21

𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
Imaginary surface 2 𝐴1
𝐹12 = 1 𝐹21 = 𝐹 0 (𝐴2 ≫ 𝐴1 )
representing ambient
1
𝐴2 12
(shape irrelevant)
𝐹11 = 0 (Flat surface)

(c) Enclosure Principle:

𝐹11 + 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 + 𝐹14 + 𝐹15 + 𝐹16 = 1
5 4 𝑗=𝑛
6 𝐹21 + 𝐹22 + 𝐹23 + 𝐹24 + 𝐹25 + 𝐹26 = 1
3 𝐹𝑖𝑗 = 1 (General form)
1 (6 Equations)
2 𝑗=1
𝐹61 + 𝐹62 + 𝐹63 + 𝐹64 + 𝐹65 + 𝐹66 = 1
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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Shape Factors and Relationships (or Algebra)

(d) Superposition:

3 3+2
2 3
2

= (-)

1 1
𝐹12 = 𝐹1(3+2) − 𝐹13 (Known case) 1 (Known case)

1 3 = 1 3+2 (-) 1 3 𝐹12 = 𝐹1(3+2) − 𝐹13

(Known case)
(Known case)

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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Useful Shape Factors:

𝑟=𝑏
𝑟=𝑎
𝐿

F
 
2
1  B 2  C 2  1  B 2  C 2  4 B 2C 2 B
a
C
b
L L
2B 2

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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Examples of Radiation Thermal Network
𝑄1−2
(a) Two infinite parallel plates: 𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐸𝑏1 𝐸𝑏2

𝐹12 = 𝐹21 = 1 𝑄1 𝑄2
1
1
2 𝐹11 = 𝐹22 = 0 (Flat surface) 𝑅= =1
𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 1
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1 (2 equations)
(No radiation leakage from sides)
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 0
(b) Two finite parallel plates: 𝑄3
1
𝑅13 =
𝐴1 𝐹13 𝐸𝑏3
3 1 3 𝐹12 ( Known from chart , and < 1 )
𝐸𝑏1
2 𝐹13 = 𝐹23 (Symmetry) 𝐹11 = 𝐹22 = 0 1
𝑅23 =
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1 (3 equations) 𝑄1 𝐴2 𝐹23

𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 0 1
(c) Triangular enclosure: 𝑅12 = 𝐸𝑏2
𝐴1 𝐹12

𝐹12 = 𝐹13 = 𝐹23 ( Known from chart and symmetry) 𝑄2

𝐹11 = 𝐹22 = 𝐹33 = 0
3 2
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1 (3 equations)
1
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 0
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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University
 THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Examples of Radiation Thermal Network
(d) Two concentric cylinders: (e) Two concentric cylinders (2’ exposed to ambient):

𝑄1−2 𝑄1−2 𝑄2′ −3

1 𝐸𝑏1 𝐸𝑏2 𝐸𝑏2′ 𝐸𝑏3
1 𝐸𝑏1 𝐸𝑏2

1 1 1
𝑅= 2 𝑅= 𝑅′ =
2 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴2′ 𝐹2′ 3
2′ (Conduction
𝐹12 = 1 𝐹12 = 1 Through wall) 𝐹2′ 3 = 1
𝐴1 = 𝜋𝐷1 𝐴1 = 𝜋𝐷1 𝐴2′ = 𝜋𝐷2′

(f) Two concentric cylinders (convection & radiation at 2’ ): 𝑄2′ −3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

𝑇2′ 𝑇3

1
3 (𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝑅 ′′ =
ℎ𝐴2′
𝑄1−2 𝑄2′ −3 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1 𝐸𝑏1 𝐸𝑏2 𝐸𝑏2′ 𝐸𝑏3

1 1
𝑅= 𝑅′ =
𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴2′ 𝐹2′ 3
2 (Conduction
𝐹12 = 1 Through wall) 𝐹2′ 3 = 1
2′ (convection & radiation) 𝐴1 = 𝜋𝐷1 𝐴2′ = 𝜋𝐷2′

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MCEN300 Lecture Notes by Prof. Tilak Chandratilleke, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University