Ref

We learnt how to compute the area under a function

when it might be infinite

Type I a
sdx E fixidx
I fXdx 14 Ifixix
Type I afbfixldx E.ba tflxldx
as

affixidx Eft fixidx

Further if f x g x 20 for all x a

It a fix dx converges then xldx conv

If a g x dx div then a fix dx din

SequencesD
A sequence is a list of numbers in a
definited
a c anti
an or an z.az An

Sequences can be finite or infinite

we will deal with infinite sequences

formula for the nth term of the sequence

a a

g Fibonacci 8
e 1 1 2,3 5
a a as a as

an 2 An t t a title
g E

E
 termBehaviout
Long
We want to understand what it means
tf.sifor t
a sequence
to approach a fixed value for large n

Defa A sequence an has the limit 1 and we write

tis an L or an L as a

if for every 70 there is some integer N such

that if n N then Ian LICE

say that
the sequence a
If an exists we

converges to L Otherwise the sequree diverges

Theorem and a classicexample FF

S
pEs function

Theory It 4 4 1 1 and fin an for allintegers n 1

then Egan L
ie limit offunction limitofseq

Example In for some value of r o RER

similar to
say fix
so converges to 0 when v70
then follows
Consider two cases
theft
III an diverges when r co
II a
 nf
livedoor.quere.info
A sequence an has the limit 1 and we write
tis an L or an L as a

if for every 70 there is some integer N such

that if n N then Ian LICE

say that
the sequence a
If 2 an exists we

converges to L Otherwise the sequree diverges

if ieiiii

I
n.ie

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
app=desktop&v=cTnlHZD5ss4

f finding let f x1

E
Squeezetheorentorsequff
Let an bn on be sequences and let ME I

If an bn cn for all n Ned Egan Es en

then bn L

4 i

Note on oscillating behaviour

It an 0 then an 0

e.g

I I E I O

I 0
by the theorem
e.g 1in 1 1 1

really apply formulas

can't or
squeeze we
must use the definition
 We know the sequence doesn't diverge to infinity but
does the sequence comerge as n 8
say to L
E o IN s t Ian L LE Hu N
when n is odd 1 1 21
means EC 1 LC l ELL I E

n een 1 L1 C E
E l L L E I E C L Ll E

Both these conditions can't hold at once

There alternative explanation using

is an

proof by contradiction isen lecture

continuityfconegencetea.LI
If Ling an L and f is
continuous function
a
at the point I fix eis
contaround

then
Efflant f L fusan
NOTE 2491M 1413914

e.g find Eso si II

let an I and feel s.mx then 93 s.nl l E su an

Thus sin Esd 1 sin 101 0

Terminology
Increasing iff ant an v21
Decreasing iff ant can Hn 71

A sequence an is Monotonic if it is either increasing

or
decreasing

A sequence Bounded Above

is if there is a number
C s t an EC n 1
A sequence is Bounded Below if there is a number
D s t an D n 1

If a sequence is bounded both above and below then

the sequence is Bounded

Monotonicsequeternh
Every bounded monotonic sequence is convergent

l
Series
In general if there is a sequence an and you add all
the terms in the sequence together it looks like

a 92 as tayt ant

This usuallyinfinite sum is called a series We use

the followingnotation
an o
Ian or
Ian

Furthermore especially with infinite sums if becoms

handy to think about partial sums

So 2 an 1221

a it a a 3
e.g
5 52 5

So 2 an Sr
Given a series Ian let sa denote the nth partial sum
Sn a
taz t an

If the sequence of partial sums and sn is convergent

Iim s S as he exists as a real number then
the series Ian is called convergent and we write

9 az tag t an t an S
or

an S

The number S is called the sum of the series

If the sequence Sn
dirges then the series is called
divergent i

Is 2 an
Notice the owlaps
atfscldx E
aftfexld TheGeonetiiser.es
Whee start with value and
we a a we multiply
if by at every step
a a an an
Sequence

series EE ar a 0
Let's try find general equation for ark
a
EES

k
r
Sa Sa ar a
a sum of geometric
a series
S at point R

E S 1 now Esr
1 1 1
so Essa
trial

Theores
The geometric series at is convergent if
2
In 21 and its sum is

E arm fr if that

It 41 1 then the geometric series diverges

e.g 5
4ft
5 1
an

Su Is 3
 when 1 141 IF
Averynicetheorennegadiy.sn
Partial sums in a sequence get closer and closer to a
fixed value as you include more terms It also means
that the terms at the end contribute only a small amour

Thus this
HI
If the series 2 an is convergent then negan 0

And contrapositively we get a test for divergence

If I 3 an does not exist or if 1 an 0

convergene
then the series
IF an is divergent Test

TheHarmonicser.ie

The series In is called the harmonic series Closely

related to flat and set Is it convergent
or divergent

2 7 ft Clearlynotgeometric series
So look at partial sums
S I
1 1 2
52
I 12 1 3
53
54 I t le t le t ly it should
syzylike
But it actually is in sets ptatial
divergently
There is a proof where Su to
skies sum

Moreexample e.ge
IF i is conu or die

First find i to stay to

i By the divergency test the series is divergent

Theoremre.Seri.es
an and I bn
If are convergent series then so is

it a an can
ii bn an an bn
iii Ilan bn Ian Ibu
 TheIntegraltest
Reca.lt that every bounded monotonic sequence
converges

If we
only worry about series where each term in
the sum an is positive then the sequence of
must be monotonic
partial sums son increasing
Then we just have to figure out if that sequence
is bonded and we can use the theorem

Motivating Examples
Determine if 2 conerges or not

If we first represent the series as a function fix

The b itinitisent the

series sum area ude

We can see that 5 is conergent ad

A I will add only 1

i series is conv
What about

is
div.by p test
EH
As area
of boxes integral
Then series must be divergent

Thus monoton

Suppose f is a continuous positive decreasing

tuition.nu
n Then the series Ian is convergent
iff the improper integral is convergent ie

1 It J fix is conergent then II an is conn

2
It 171 1 is divergent then II an is div

This is useful if we can't get a good

understanding of the limit of partial sums easily