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Apa 7

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12/10/2022, 10:55 APA 7

 
Home > Library > Study > Referencing > APA 7

APA 7
Referencing guide

 APA 7 examples

 How to create in-text citations

 How to format a reference list

 Official manual and style blog

 How to print or save guide

 Ask the library

This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help
you format your in-text citations and reference list.

The American Psychological Association 7th edition (APA 7) is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations
(author, year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of
your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at
the end of your assignment.

Ne e d APA6?
APA6 has been superseded with APA7 and you are encouraged to transition to this edition. You can access the
APA6 referencing guide until end of February 2023 when it will be permanently retired. View our APA6
referencing guide.

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APA 7 EXAMPLES

In-text
Format
(Author, Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their
future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused
education and training" (p.171).

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Quick author summary

Parenthetical in- Narrative in-text

Autho rs Reference list
text citatio n citatio n

(Fetherston, 2007) Fetherston (2007)

Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... 1st citation: (World 1st citation: World

Health Organization Health Organisation
1 World Health Organisation. [WHO], 2021) (WHO, 2021)
(2021). Title...
Subsequent citations: Subsequent citations:
(WHO, 2021) WHO (2021)

Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). (Crossman & Mills, Crossman and Mills
2
Title... 2011) (2011)

Carter et al. (2020)

(Carter et al., 2020) states...

Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Carter, Brown, Murphy,
3+ Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). et al., 2020) et al. (2020) state...
Title... (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Carter, Brown, Murphy,
Harris, et al., 2020) Harris, et al. (2020)
state....

Notes on et al.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every
citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.

To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before
abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

AUTHOR, EDITOR, TRANSLATOR

One author 

In-text

The term "Author" refers to the author's last name (if an individual), or the name of the
organisation producing the work.

Record organisation names in full for the initial citation and include the abbreviation of the
organisation (if there is one) in a bracket. Use the abbreviation for any subsequent
citations, for example:
First citation: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2010)
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Subsequent citations: (WHO, 2010)

Format
Paraphrase
Author (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (Author, Year).

Quote
Author (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx).

"Direct quote from source" (Author, Year, p. xx).

Examples
Paraphrase
Rational-emotive therapy developed as a cognitive, positivist therapy (Ellis, 2004).

Health institutions have a key role to play in reducing the burden of violence in society (World
Health Organization [WHO], 2002).

Quote

Ellis (2004) claims that rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and
very active-directive" (p. 69).

The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) advises “the health sector has a key role to
play” (p. 1).

Reference list

The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Albert Ellis
becomes: Ellis, A.

Spell out in full the name of the organisation in the reference list entry followed by a full
stop: Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services.

Format
Book - print
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Book - chapter
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Book chapter
Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title:

Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx

Journal article
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,

Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx

Examples
Book - print
Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett

Learning.

Book - chapter
Ellis, A. (2004). Reflections on rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive

and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer.

http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Journal article
Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses. Journal of Research

in Music Education, 61(3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235

Two authors 

In-text

The term "Author" refers to the author's last name.

Add authors in the order listed on the source being cited.

F t
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Format
Paraphrase

FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor & SecondAuthor, Year).

Quote

FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)

"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor & SecondAuthor, Year, p. xx)

Examples
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is
relevant to their future profession (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000).

Quote

Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (Bohm &
Chaudhri, 2000, p. 171).

Reference list

The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Anthony
Bohm becomes: Bohm, A.

Format
Book - print
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Book - chapter
ChapterAuthor, A. A., & ChapterAuthor, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B.

Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx

Journal article
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,

Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx

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Examples
Book - print
Bohm, A., & Chaudhri, D. P. (2000). Securing Australia's future: An analysis of the international

education markets in India. IDP Education Australia.

Book - chapter
Haaga, D. A. F., & Davison, G. C. (2004). An appraisal of rational-emotive therapy. In M. J.

Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and

practice (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Journal article
Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2018). Beyond a doctorate of musical arts: Experiences of its

impacts on professional life. British Journal of Music Education, 35(3), 271-284.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051718000128

Three to twenty authors 

In-text

The term "Author" refers to the author's last name.

Add authors in the order listed on the source being cited.

For a work with three or more authors, include only the first author plus "et al." in every
citation, including the first citation.

To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary
before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Format
Paraphrase
FirstAuthor et al. (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor et al., Year).

Quote
FirstAuthor et al. (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)
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"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor et al., Year, p. xx)

Examples
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is
relevant to their future profession (Mahoney et al., 2004).

Quote

According to Mahoney et al. (2004) psychology in the 20th century was "a period of
sweeping conceptual changes and methodological developments" (p. 103).

Reference list

The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Anthony
Bohm becomes: Bohm, A.

Provide last names and initials for up to and including 20 authors.

When there are 2 to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author's name. For
example Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.

Format
Book - ele ctronic
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

https://doi.org/xxxx

Book - chapter
ChapterAuthor, A. A., ChapterAuthor, B. B., & ChapterAuthor, C. C. (Year). Title of chapter. In

A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

https://doi.org/xxxx

Journal article
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., & Author, F. F. (Year).

Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx

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Examples
Book - ele ctronic
Greig, A., Taylor, J., & MacKay, T. (2013). Doing research with children: A practical guide (3rd

ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402219

Book - chapter
Mahoney, M. J., Miller, H. M., & Arciero, G. (2004). Constructive metatheory and the nature

of mental representation. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive

psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 103-120). Springer.

http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Journal article
Bartleet, B.-L., Bennett, D., Bridgstock, R. S., Draper, P., Harrison, S., & Schippers, H. (2012).

Preparing for portfolio careers in Australian music: Setting a research agenda. Australian

Journal of Music Education, 1, 32-41. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1000243

Twenty-one or more authors 

Format
Paraphrase
FirstAuthor et al. (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor et al., Year).

Quote
FirstAuthor et al. (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)

"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor et al., Year, p. xx)

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Examples
Paraphrase
Students when preparing for exams enjoy listening to indie pop bands (Wiskunde et al.,
2019).

Quote

Wiskunde et al. (2019) state that "indie pop music is preferred by many university students"
(p. 1935).

Reference list

The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Anthony
Bohm becomes: Bohm, A.

When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis ...
(but no ampersand) and then add the final author's name.

Format
Journal article
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G.

G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author,

N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z.

Z. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx

Examples
Journal article
Nath, A. P., Ritchie, S. C., Grinberg, N. F., Tang, H. H., Huang, Q. Q., Teo, S. M., Ahola-Olli, A. V.,

Wurtz, P., Havulinna, A. S., Santalahti, K., Pitkanen, N., Lehtimaki, T., Kahonen, M.,

Lyytikainen, L. P., Raitoharju, E., Seppala, I., Sarin, A. P., Ripatti, S., Palotie, A., . . . Inouye, M.

(2019) M l i i
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(2019). Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of a cytokine network reveals

variants with widespread immune, haematological, and

cardiometabolic pleiotropy. American Journal of Human Genetics, 105(6), 1076-1090.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.001

Corporate/government authors 

In-text

The term "Author" refers to the name of the corporation, organisation, group or
government agency or department.

Spell out full Corporate name for first citation. Subsequent citations can use abbreviated
name. For example: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2019).

Format
Paraphrase
CorporateAuthor (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (CorporateAuthor., Year).

Quote
CorporateAuthor (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx).

"Direct quote from source" (CorporateAuthor Year, p. xx)

Examples
Paraphrase
Up to 22% of Australian children are in informal care (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS],
2019).

Subsequent citation
Up to 22% of Australian children are in informal care (ABS, 2019).

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Quote
The ABS (2019) state "data on the use of care back to 1996 shows little change in the use of
care" (para. 3).

Reference list

Spell out the full name of a corporate author in the reference list entry, followed by a full
stop. For example Griffith University.

Do not include the any corporate author abbreviation in the reference list.

Format
Book - print
CorporateAuthor. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Government pu blicat ion

GovernmentAuthor. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher.

https://xxxx

Indus try report

CorporateAuthor. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Book - print
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. (2009). Financial reporting handbook

2009: Incorporating all the standards as at 1 January 2009. Wiley.

Government pu blicat ion

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, July). Childhood education and care, Australia (No.

4402.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/education/childhood-education-

and-care-australia/latest-release

Indus try report

Euromonitor International. (2019). Tobacco in Greece.
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https://www.euromonitor.com/greece

Editors 

Format
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. Thomson Learning.

Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span:

Emerging methods and concepts. American Psychological Association.

Griffith, J. P., Posner, J., & Barker, G. R. (Eds). (2013). The textbook of pharmaceutical

medicine (7th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

Kryger, M. H., Roth, T., & Dement, W. C. (Eds.). (2005). Principles and practice of sleep

medicine (4th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders.

Translators and Classics 

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Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work

published Year)

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.; Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

(Original work published Year)

Example
Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manual therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.).

Churchill Livingstone. (Original work published 2002)

Rosenkranz, K. (2015). Aesthetics of ugliness: A critical edition (A. Pop & Widrich, M, Eds.;

Trans.). Bloomsbury Academic. (Original work published 1853)

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. (H. Weaver, Trans.; 2nd ed.).

Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)

Republished work
Shakespeare, W. (2005). Much ado about nothing (B. A. Mowat & P. Werstine, Eds.).

Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1623)

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Notes

When citing a translated or a republished work in-text use the following format.

Format
Author (Original publication year / translation year)

(Author, Original publication year / translation year)

Examples

(Ylinen, 2002/2008)

Rosenkranz (1853/2015)

(Shakespeare, 1623/1995)

No author 

Rule

A work is treated as having no author when its author is unknown or cannot be reasonably
be determined.

In this situation move the title of the work to the author position

Format
In-text
Book with no author
(Title, Year)

Article with no author

("Title", Year)

Example
In-text
Book with no author
(Higher Education in Australia: The Facts, 2004)

In Higher Education in Australia: The Facts (2004) it is stated that.....

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In Higher Education in Australia: The Facts (2004) it is stated that.....

Article with no author

("Understanding Sensory Memory", 2018)

In "Understanding Sensory Memory" (2018) it is stated that...

Notes

If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text
citation.

If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around
the title in the in-text citation.

Capitalize these titles in the text using title case. For example: Interpersonal Skills

When the author of the work is indicated as "Anonymous", then use Anonymous in place of
the author in the in-text citation. For example: (Anonymous, 2017)

Format
Reference lis t
Title. (Year). Publisher.

Article title. (Year). Title of source, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples
Higher education in Australia: The facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.

Lipitor. (2020). MIMS Online. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from

https://www.mimsonline.com.au/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?

ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=lipitor&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickS

earch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=37190001_2%22

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Abbreviations 

Abbreviatio n Element Abbreviatio n Element

ed. Edition p. (pp.) Page: p. 15; pp. 15-20

Rev. ed. Revised edition para. (paras.) Paragraph(s)

Volume (as in Vol. 4; Vols.

2nd ed. Second edition Vol. (Vols.)
1-4)

Third Australian
3rd Aust. ed. No. Number
edition

Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) Pt. Part

Trans. Translator(s) Tech. Rep. Technical report

Narr. (Narrs.) Narrator(s) Suppl. Supplement

Note: Abbreviations in references. Adapted from the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Associations (7th ed.), 2020, p. 306. Copyright 2020 by the American
Psychological Association.

QUOTE, CITE, MISSING DETAILS

Quoting from sources 

In-text

Use the following formats to create direct quotes from sources.

Example
Short quote les s t h an 40 words
Ellis (2004) claims that rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and
very active-directive" (p. 69).

Rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive"

(Ellis, 2004, p. 69).

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Notes

Enclose quoted text with quotation marks " ".

Example
Block quote 40 words or more
Ellis (2004) states:

As the first of today's cognitive-behavioural therapies, RET in 1955 was highly

cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive. Its ABC theory of human
disturbance held that people experience undesirable activating events, that they have
rational and irrational beliefs about these stimuli, and that they create appropriate
emotional and behavioral consequences with their rational beliefs or they create
inappropriate and dysfunctional consequences with their irrational beliefs. (p. 69)

Notes

Indent all lines of the block quote

Do not enclose block quote with quotation marks

Add page number after final full stop

See section 8.27 of the APA 7 manual for further information

Citing parts of a source - page number, paragraph, time stamp, section 

Rule

To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author-date citation for the work plus
information about the specific part.

Indicate the specific part when directly quoting from a source.

There are many possible parts to cite including: pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures,
supplemental materials, footnotes, chapters; forewords, time stamps of video and audio
book; slide numbers in powerpoints.

Format
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In-text
Page numbers
Author (Year, p. xx)

(Title, Year, p. xx)

Paragraphs
Author (Year, para. xx)

("Title", Year, para. xx)

Note

To obtain paragraph number count from the top of the source.

Time stamp
Author (Year, hh:mm:ss)

("Title", Year, hh:mm:ss)

Note

hh:mm:ss refers to hours:minutes:seconds.

Use time stamp to indicate specific time point in a video or audio source

Section
Author (Year, "Heading title" section)

("Title", Year, "Heading title" section)

Note

When citing webpages use the heading title of the section to show where in the source the
direct quote was taken from.

Example
In-text
Page numbers
Gillard (2020, p. 37)

(Higher Education in Australia: The Facts, 2004, p. 15)

Paragraphs
Hogan (2015, para. 7)

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012, para. 19)

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Time stamp
Griffith University (2020, 01:45:10)

("Top 10 music videos of 2017", 2020, 23:13)

Section
Griffith University (2020, "In-text citations" section)

(Downing, 2020, "For fitness junkies" section)

Sources citing other sources 

Format

...(Primary author, year, as cited in Secondary author, year)…

Example
In-text
The study (Sleajndro & Reid, 2002, as cited in Cowie, 2019) found that the….

Reference lis t
Cowie, S. (2019). Libraries are the best places. Griffith University Library.

Note

In the reference list only refer to the source where you found the information, not the
original source.

If the year of the publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text.

If year of the primary source publication is unknown omit from the in-text citation, for
example: (as cited in Cowie, 2019).

Multiple works by the same author published in the same year 

Rule

To differentiate references with the same author and year, place a lowercase letter after
the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry.

Example
In-text
Ramsden (1998a, 1998b) lists several reasons for what makes a university effective.
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Reference lis t
Ramsden, P. (1998a). Learning to lead in higher education. Routledge.

Ramsden, P. (1998b). What makes a university effective? Griffith University.

Notes

In the reference list order multiple works by the same author published in the same year
alphabetically by title, disregarding the words “A”, “An”, and “The”.

Multiple references in one citation 

Rule

List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons.

Example
In-text
Many agree that Australia has some of the best beaches in the world (Brown, 2006; Scott,
1976; Turner, 2019).

Australian beaches are the best in the world (Jones, 2012, 2016, 2018; Scott, 1976; Turner,
2019).

Notes

For two or more works by the same authors when citing in-text arrange them by year of
publication. For example (Jones, 2012, 2016, 2018).

No author 

Rule

A work is treated as having no author when its author is unknown or cannot be reasonably
be determined
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be determined.

In this situation move the title of the work to the author position

Format
In-text
Book with no author
(Title, Year)

Article with no author

("Title", Year)

Example
In-text
Book with no author
(Higher Education in Australia: The Facts, 2004)

In Higher Education in Australia: The Facts (2004) it is stated that.....

Article with no author

("Understanding Sensory Memory", 2018)

In "Understanding Sensory Memory" (2018) it is stated that...

Format
Reference lis t
Title. (Year). Publisher.

Article title. (Year). Title of source, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

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Examples
Higher education in Australia: The facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.

Lipitor. (2020). MIMS Online. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from

https://www.mimsonline.com.au/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?

ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=lipitor&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickS

earch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=37190001_2%22

No date 

Rule

For works without a date or year of publication use the abbreviation n.d.

Example
In-text
(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.)

Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.)

Reference lis t
Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Shaping the future: Careers in architecture.

http://ww.careersinarchitecture.net/

No title 

Rule

For works without a title, include a description of the work in square brackets instead.

Examples
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Examples
Reference lis t
Shakespeare, W. (2010). [Playscript for a 3 act play with 4 characters]. [Unpublished

manuscript].

FIRST PEOPLES MATERIALS

We respectfully advise that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware that this guide may
contain images or names of people who have passed away.

You are encouraged to use this guide when working with sources created by First Peoples. Refer to the
notes for further guidance on how to appropriately reference and acknowledge the creator(s) Nation,
Country and/or language group.

Notes for using this guide 

Terminology

Nation—refers to a culturally distinct group of people associated with a particular culturally
defined area of land or country.

Country—refers to First People's family origins and associations with particular parts of
Australia and the connections of blood-line back to Country.

Place of Country—refers to the geographic location of the Country. For example, the
Country of Yuggera is located in Queensland, Australia. Map of Indigenous Australia.

For more information refer to Griffith's Guidelines for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Terminology.

Cultural Information

Critically evaluate the work you wish to cite and reference to determine if including First
Peoples information about nation, country and language is right for you. If in doubt follow
standard APA7 formatting rules.

If an author's cultural information (nation, country and language) is not present in the
published work (the author's by-line or in text of the work), then there is no need to include
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it in the reference.

Work with what is in the published work or available in the archive/library catalogue record
for the author, document and/or object details. Do not guess this information. There is no
expectation for you to investigate the author to find this information.

AUTHOR TREATMENT IN THE REFERENCE LIST

One author 

Rule

Apply the author treatment to First Peoples materials references (artwork, designs, objects,
and images) to acknowledge the country and language of First Peoples authors and
creators.

If appropriate apply the author treatment to other First Peoples created resources such as
books, chapters, journal articles, and other types. Follow the standard APA7 formatting
rules for these resources.

Format
Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year).

Title...

Examples
Behrendt, L. (Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, North-Western New South Wales). (2012). Indigenous
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Behrendt, L. (Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, North Western New South Wales). (2012). Indigenous

Australia for dummies. Wiley. https://www.perlego.com/book/1013920/indigenous-

australia-for-dummies-pdf

Nganampa Health Council (Anangu Pitjantjatjara, North-Western South Australia). (1991).

Anangu way.

Notes

Omit cultural information if not known.

If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.

If the title is not known, use [Untitled] in place of the Title.

If no date is available, use (n.d.).

Omit the publisher if the author and publisher are the same.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Two authors 

Rule

Apply the author treatment to First Peoples materials references (artwork, designs, objects,
and images) to acknowledge the country and language of First Peoples authors and
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g 7 p
creators.

If appropriate apply the author treatment to other First Peoples created resources such as
books, chapters, journal articles, and other types. Follow the standard APA7 formatting
rules for these resources.

Format
Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country), & Author,

B. B. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title...

Examples
Timbery, E. (Bidjigal/Eora, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia), & Jones, J.

(Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi, New South Wales, Australia). (2015). Shell wall [Installation].

Barangaroo Delivery Authority, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

https://www.barangaroo.com/visit/art/shell-wall-2015

Murphy, J. (Wurundjeri, Melbourne, Victoria) & Kennedy, L. (Trawlwoolway, Tasmania).

(2016). Welcome to country. Blackdog Books.

Notes

Omit cultural information if not known.

If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.

If the title is not known, use [Untitled] in place of the Title.
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
If no date is available, use (n.d.).

Omit the publisher if the author and publisher are the same.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

First Peoples author(s) and non-Indigenous author(s) 

Format
Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of

Nation/Country). (Year). Title...

Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country), Author, B.

B., & Author, C. C. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country).

(Year). Title...

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Examples
Broadhust, H., & Watson, J. (Waanyi, North Queensland). (1996). [Untitled] [Public

sculpture, goanna]. Boundary St, West End, Brisbane, Queensland.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

No authors 

Rule

Apply the author treatment to First Peoples materials references (artwork, designs, objects,
and images) to acknowledge the country and language of First Peoples authors and
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g 7 p
creators.

If appropriate apply the author treatment to other First Peoples created resources such as
books, chapters, journal articles, and other types. Follow the standard APA7 formatting
rules for these resources.

Format
Unrecorded. (Year). Title [Medium]. Object’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of

Nation/Country. Museum name, Museum location.

Example
Unrecorded. (n.d.). Didgeridoo (TH2004.183) [Aboriginal musical instrument]. Tweed

Museum, Tweed, New South Wales, Australia.

https://ehive.com/collections/5051/objects/354323/didgeridoo


If the resource has both a DOI and URL, include only the DOI in the reference list. Use the
URL only if the resource has no DOI.

Use a URL that links directly to the cited work. Do not include a URL if the resource is from
a database or library-provided service where a login is required.
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For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

MATERIALS

Artwork, designs, objects or images - viewed online 

Format
Author/Creator/Artist, A. (Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year).

Title [Medium]. Source. https://xxxx

Examples
Whiskey, K. (Indulkana, APY Lands, South Australia). (2018). Kaylene TV [Painting]. Art Gallery

of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/prizes/sulman/2018/29987/

George, W. (APY Lands, South Australia), & Cooper, T. (APY Lands, South Australia ). (2018).

Piltati and Malara: A story of love and war [Painting]. APY Lands, South Australia.

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Hazelhurst Gallery, Gymea, New South Wales, Australia.

https://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Community/Hazelhurst/Exhibitions/Previous-

Exhibitions/2018/Weapons-For-The-Soldier

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Artwork, designs, objects or images - viewed in person 

Format
Author/Creator/Artist, A. (Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year).

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Title [Medium]. Museum name, Museum location.

Example
Broadhust, H., & Watson, J. (Waanyi, North Queensland). (1996). [Untitled] [Public sculpture,

goanna]. Boundary St, West End, Brisbane, Queensland.

In-text
Format
(Author, Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Paraphrase
…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

…a way of understanding cultural greetings (Murphy and Kennedy, 2016).

Quote
Behrendt (2012) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (p. 50).

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt, 2012, p. 50).

Quick author summary

Parenthetical
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Parenthetical
Narrative in-
Autho rs Reference list in-text
Parenthetical text citatioin-
Narrative n
Autho rs Reference list citatio
in-textn
text citatio n
citatio n
1 Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... (Fetherston, 2007) Fetherston (2007)

Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). (Crossman & Mills, Crossman and Mills
2
Title... 2011) (2011)

(Carter et al., Carter et al. (2020)

2020) states...

(Carter, Brown, Carter, Brown,

Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, Murphy, et al., Murphy, et al. (2020)
3+ C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. 2020) state...
(2009). Title...
(Carter, Brown, Carter, Brown,
Murphy, Harris, et Murphy, Harris, et al.
al., 2020) (2020) state....

Notes on et al.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al."
in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.

To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary
before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Oral history/Personal communication with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 

Rule

Personal communication is only included in the body of your work. It does not require a
matching entry in the reference list.

Format
A. Author (Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, personal

communication, Month Day, Year) OR

(A. Author, Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, personal

communication, Month Day, Year)

Examples
… in recent indigenous artworks (E. Timbery, Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, New South Wales,
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Australia, personal communication, April 23, 2015).

Notes

Can replace “personal communication” with “yarn” if appropriate. For example, if using a
yarning methodology.

Omit cultural information if not known.

If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.

If no date is available, use (n.d.).

If you are yourself a First Peoples author and are sharing your own experiences, you do not
need to provide any form of citation (either in-text or in the reference list). However, you
should describe yourself in the text to contextualise the information you are sharing (this
would include what nation you belong to and where you live).

BOOK, CHAPTER, ENCYCLOPEDIA

Book – electronic 

Format
With DOI
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

With URL
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Gunderman, R. B. (2011). Achieving excellence in medical education (2nd ed.). Springer.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-307-7

Mitleton Kelly E Paraskevas A & Day C (Eds ) (2018) Handbook of research methods in
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Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in

complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing.

https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

Kerr, A., Chekar, C. K., Ross, E., Swallow, J., & Cunningham-Burley, S. (2021). Personalised

cancer medicine: Future crafting in the genomic era. Manchester University Press.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567277/

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Book – print 

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Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Example
Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett

Learning.

Notes

Publisher location not required

Book chapter 

Format
Ele ctronic
Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title:

Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

Print
Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition,

pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

Examples
Kaur, V., Kare, P. K., & Madaan, H. (2018). Quality control in a clinical laboratory. In P. K. Kare

& R. Shrestha (Eds.), Advances in biochemistry & applications in medicine Vol. 4 (pp. 1-9).

Open Access eBooks. https://www.openaccessebooks.com/biochemistry-applications-

in-medicine-volume-4.html

Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher

education in Australia. In W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.), Sustainability in the Australasian

university context (pp. 11-32). Peter Lang.

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Notes

Use (Ed.). for a single editor or (Eds.). for multiple editors

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Book with editor 

Format
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.

Examples
Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. Thomson Learning.

Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span:

Emerging methods and concepts. American Psychological Association.

Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in

complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing.

https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

DOIs/URLs
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
Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.

Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Book review 

Format
Reviewer, A. A. (Year of review). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book, by A. A.

Author]. Journal Title, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Example
Brooks, T. A. (2002). The social life of information [Review of the book The social life of

information, by J. S. Brown, & P. Duguid]. The Journal of Academic Librarianship,

28(5), 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-1333(02)00334-8

Notes

Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television
program, etc.).

If the reviewed item is a book, include the author names after the title of the book,
separated by comma.

If the reviewed item is a film, DVD, or other media, include the year of release after the title
of work, separated by a comma.

DOIs/URLs

Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.
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Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.

Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Encyclopedia 

Format
Whole work
Author, A. A. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Encyclopedia title (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Entry
Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle

(Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

No author
Title of entry. (Year). In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition).

Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Wherry, F. F., & Schor, J. B. (Eds.). (2015). The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society.

Sage Publications.

Hanink, P. A. (2015). B movies. In F. F. Wherry & J. B. Schor (Eds.), The Sage encyclopedia of

economics and society. Sage Publications.

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Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online. Oxford University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200

Notes

When an online reference work is continually updated (and not archived), use (n.d.) as the
year of publication and include a retrieval date, for example: Retrieved December 18,
2019, from https://xxxx

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Dictionary 

Format
Whole work
Author A A (n d ) Dictionary title Retrieved Month Day Year from https://xxxx
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Author, A. A. (n.d.). Dictionary title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Entry
Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor, & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title:

Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples
Darvill, T. (2009). The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University

Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001

Darvill, T. (2009). Abacus. In T. Davill (Ed.), The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology

(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9 30
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For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

JOURNAL, NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Journal article – electronic 

Format
With DOI
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,

Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx

With URL
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Examples
Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses. Journal of Research

in Music Education 61(3) 334 352 https://doi org/10 1177/0022429413497235

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in Music Education, 61(3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235

Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change

and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(3),

563-569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020

Campos, J. J. (1983). The importance of affective communication in social referencing: A

commentary on Feinman. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29(1), 83–87.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/23086193

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Journal article – advance online publication and in press 

Format
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Advance
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal. Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/xxxx

In press
Author, A. A. (in press). Title of article. Title of Journal.

Examples
Fox, G., & Manley, M. (2009). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900623w

Fox, G., & Manley, M. (in press). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

Notes

Advance online publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works before they have gone
to print. It may not have had a final edit or be formatted for final production.

In press publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works that have been accepted for
publication in a future issue of a journal.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9 30
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For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Journal article – print 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages.

Example
Day, R. (2006). Two principles of perception revealed by geometrical illusions. Australian

Journal of Psychology, 58(3),123-128.

Newspaper article 

Format
Ele ctronic
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title. https://xxxx

Print
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title, Page.

No author
Article title. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper title, Page.

Examples
Apples for best teachers. (2007, October 26). The Sydney Morning Herald, 14.

Sykes, J. (2018, January 4). The good the bad and the incomprehensible. Sydney Morning

Herald.

Kenigsberg, B. (2020, January 13). Australian sisters honoured as pioneering filmmakers.

Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/culture/movies/australian-sisters-

honoured-as-pioneering-filmmakers-20200113-p53r05.html

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Notes

Print newspaper articles require page numbers. If an article continues across discontinuous
pages list them all, separated by a comma (e.g. pp. 21, 26, 28-29).

If no author of article is available use the title.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

News webpage 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). News webpage title. Publisher. https://xxxx

Example
Scott, S. (2019, December 19). After Australia’s hottest day the heatwave continues, so

what are the signs of heat stress and how can you avoid dehydration? ABC News.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-19/heatwave-health-effects-medical-

dangers-of-high-temperature/11811910

Notes

Use this format for news website such as ABC News, CNN, HuffPost, Reuters.

DOIs/URLs

M k DOI (di it l bj t id tifi

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
Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.
 Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718
 Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

REPORT, GOVERNMENT, THESIS

Government publication 

Format
Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher.

https://xxxx

Example
Queensland Government. (2020). Land Act 1994: Temporary closing of roads notice (No. 1).

Queensland Government Gazette: Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, 383(26),

103. https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/6e572ca6-bbeb-4a8d-9041-

b6f1748e188a/resource/3961f6f6-d956-4664-bb42-
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7615c914eea6/download/07.02.20-combined.pdf

Queensland Health. (2015). The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's

structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability.

https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-

report.pdf

Notes

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Report 

Format
Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report number) OR

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[Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Euromonitor. (2020, September 8). Tobacco in Greece [Country report]. Passport.

Johnson, S. (2019). House construction - Australia market research report (IBIS World

industry report OD5214). IBIS World. https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-

trends/market-research-reports/construction/building/house-construction.html

Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services. (2021). QANTAS annual report 2021.

https://investor.qantas.com/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/doLLG5ufYkCyEPjF1tpgy

w/file/annual-reports/2021-Annual-Report.pdf

Notes

Adjust date format to (YYYY, Month Day) if report content is likely to be updated.

Use the corporate author when no individual author is available, for example: Morningstar,
Economist Intelligence Unit, Griffith University.

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9 30
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For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Conference paper 

Format
Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution: Subtitle [Type of

contribution]. Conference name, Location of conference. https://xxxx

Examples
Chasman, J., & Kaplan, R. F. (2006, June 15-17). The effects of occupation on preserved

cognitive functioning in dementia [Poster presentation]. Excellence in clinical practice, 4th

Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Philadelphia,

USA.

Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2013, July 1-3). Artistic research training in music: Perspectives on

pedagogy, higher degrees and professional practice [Paper presentation]. EDULEARN13:

5th international conference on education and new learning technologies, Barcelona,

Spain. https://research-

repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/59583/87114_1.pdf

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Notes

Use the [types of contributions] to describe the conference presentation such as paper
presentations, poster presentations, keynote address, symposium.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Thesis or dissertation – from a database 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle (Publication number in database) [Doctoral

dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Database

Name.

Example
Donnelly, J. A. (2016). The relationship between physical fitness and school performance in

middle school girls (Publication No. 10003548) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden

University]. ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global.

Notes

The thesis publication number is listed in the ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses
Global database under the heading: Dissertation/thesis number
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Global database under the heading: Dissertation/thesis number

Thesis or dissertation – from a university or institutional repository 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of

institution awarding the Degree]. Publisher. DOI or URL

Example
Allard, T. (2005). Closed circuit television in prison [Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University].

Griffith Research Online. https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

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VIDEO, AUDIO, MUSIC, SCRIPTS

Video stream – database 

Format
Author, A. A. (Contribution). (Year). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Production company.

https://xxxx

Example
Barger, E., Jr. (Producer). (2013). First steps: Trips for young children [Streaming video]. Chip

Taylor Communications.

Notes
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
Credit people involved such as the director, producer and executive producer in place of
the author.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name.

https://xxxx

Uploader, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format].

Platform name. https://xxxx

Example
Griffith University (Producer). (2016, December 13). Griffith University Gold Coast campus

tour [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jBf-tSeiYk

Severin, A. (2016, September 13). Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis [Video]. Vimeo.

https://vimeo.com/182605222

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Notes

The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability,
even if they did not create the work.

Note the contributions of others who appear in the video in the text of your assignment.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Video physical – DVD or Blu-ray 

Format
Writer, A. A. (Writer), Director, D. D. (Director), & Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Year). Title:

Subtitle [Format]. Production company.

Example
Smith, S. (Producer). (2007). English language teaching [Film; educational DVD]. Sunburst

Media.

Notes

The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for
example: [Film], [Film; three disc special ed. on Blu-ray], [Film; educational DVD]

For additional information on when to credit directors, writers and producers see section
10.12 Audiovisual Works in the manual

A di
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Audio stream or podcast 

Format
Podcas t
Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Title of work: Subtitle [Format].

https://xxxx

Episode
Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (Episode number)

[Format]. In Podcast series title. https://xxxx

Examples
Allbury, A. (Executive Producer). (2019, October 9). Good game: How games play us. [Audio

podcast]. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-

us/

Yeo, A. (Presenter/Producer). (2019, October 9). Can a videogame get you high? (No. 1)

[Audio podcast episode]. In A. Allbury (Executive Producer), Good game: How games play

us. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/

Notes

List the host/presenter of the podcast as author and other people such as the executive
producer

Specify the type of podcast, for example: [Audio podcast], [Video podcast]
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
Provide the episode number, but omit if not available

If the URL of the podcast is unknown, for example if accessed via an app, omit the URL

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Audio physical – LP, CD, Tape 

Format
Al bum
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of album [Album recorded by xxxx]. Label.

Track
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Recorded by xxxx]. On Title of album [Album; Format].

Label. (Original work published Year).

Examples
Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Recorded by Staats-kapelle

Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published

1804)

Page, S. (2010). Hanukkah blessings [Recorded by Barenaked Ladies]. On Barenaked for the

h lid [Alb CD] R i i R

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holidays [Album; CD]. Raisin Records.

U2. (2000). All that you can't leave behind [Album; CD]. Island.

Notes

The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for
example: [Album], [Album; CD], [Album; extended edition LP]

Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieving the work, for
example: SoundCloud or artist's website

For additional information see section 10.13 Audio Works in the manual

In-text
When citing a track from an album include the track number in the in-text citation, for
example:

Lyrics from the song “From little things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10) were used in
recent television advertisements.

Music scores 

Format
ComposerLastName, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher.

Author, A. A. (Composer), & Author, B. B. (Lyricist). (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher.

https://xxxx (Original work published Year)

Examples
Bernstein, L. (1988). Facsimile: Choreographic essay for orchestra [Miniature score]. Boosey

& Hawkes.

Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975).

Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.

Gershwin, G. (Composer), & Campbell-Watson, F. (Ed.). (1987). Concerto in F for piano and

orchestra [Miniature score]. E. Eulenburg. (Original work published 1942)

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Lerch, L. (Compiler). (2001). Stepsister’s lament from Grease in The teen’s musical theatre

collection: Young women’s edition [Piano vocal score]. Hal Leonard.

Monteverdi, C. (Composer), Busenello, F. (Librettist), Leppard, R. (Arranger), & Kenny, C.

(Arranger). (1977). L'incoronazione di Poppea (The coronation of Poppea): Opera in two

acts and a prologue [Score]. (G. Dunn & K. R. Marz, Trans.). Faber.

Tchaikovsky, P. (ca. 1920). Serenade for string orchestra, Op. 48 [Score]. Breitkopf & Hartel.

http://imslp.org/wiki/Serenade_for_String_Orchestra,_Op.48_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr)

(Original work published 1880)

Notes

When you cite a republished work present the in-text citation with both the original
published date and republished date: For example: Gershwin (1942/1978) uses various
melodic components in his work.......

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Music scores - unpublished 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Format] [Unpublished manuscript].

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Example
Tidrow, T. (2014). [Piece pour Coline] [Music score] [Unpublished manuscript].

Notes

If there is uncertainty regarding the title of the unpublished score, then place the working
title inside square brackets.

Music encyclopedias and dictionaries 

Format
Has author
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of work: Subtitle. Publisher. https://xxxx

No author
Entry title. (Year). In Title of work: Subtitle. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online. Oxford University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200

Kelly, B. L. (2001). Ravel, (Joseph) Maurice. In Grove music online. Oxford University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52145

Kwakwa, P. A. (1997). Dance in communal life. In R. M. Stone (Ed.), Garland encyclopedia of

world music volume 1: Africa (pp. 301-308). Routledge.

Notes

If there is no author available use the title.

DOIs/URLs
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
Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.
 Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718
 Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Playscripts 

Format
Ele ctronic
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Print
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher.

Examples
Shakespeare, W., & Synder, S. (Ed.). (2008.). All's well that ends well [Playscript]. Oxford

University Press. (Originally published 1623)

Shakespeare, W. (n.d.). The tragedy of Macbeth [Playscript]. Project

Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1129/pg1129.html (Original work

published 1606)

DOIs/URLs

Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.

Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library
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Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

DATA, STATISTICS, STANDARD

Dataset 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dataset (Version Number) [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Queensland Health. (2017). Consumer perceptions of care survey outcomes [Dataset].

https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/your-experience-of-service-queensland-health-

mental-health-services

Passport. (2017). Company shares: Chocolate confectionery (2014-2019) [Data file].

Euromonitor.
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Notes

Usually statistical data may not have a proper title, in that case describe the dataset inside
square brackets.

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Statistics 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report No.). Publisher. https://xxxx

Example
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher

education organisations, Australia.

https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-

experimental-development-higher-education-organisations-australia/2016

Notes

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

Year is the publication year or the most recent revision

If a catalogue number is given, include it after the title, in parentheses, for example:
(Catalogue No 1304 2)
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(Catalogue No. 1304.2)

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Standard 

Format
Standards Organization. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Standards Australia, & Standards New Zealand. (2018). Bridge design: Scope and general

principles (AS 5100.1:2018).

Standards Australia. (2013). Gas installations. Part 1, general installations (AS/NZS

5601.1:2013).

Notes

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

DOIs/URLs

Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.
 Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718
Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
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 Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Patent 

Format
Inventor, A. A. (Year the patent issued). Title of patent: Subtitle (Patent number). Publisher.

https://xxxx

Examples
Hall, R. (2018). Mobile fuel delivery system (Australian Patent No. AU 2019904531). IP

Australia. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?

applicationNo=2019904531

Satoshi, Y., Yoshi, K., Kosuke, M., & Aiko, S. (2017). Water storage control method and water

storage control system (JP2018076764A). Espacenet.

https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/060570381/publication/JP201

8076764A?q=pn%3DJP2018076764A

Notes

Author is the name of the inventor to whom the patent was issued.
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
Year is the year the patent was issued not filed.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

WEBSITE, SOCIAL MEDIA, SOFTWARE

Web page 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of work. Site name. Retrieved Month Day, Year from

https://xxxx

Examples
Griffith University. (2021). Study smart. Retrieved November 8, 2021

from https://www.griffith.edu.au/library/study

SI News. (2019, June 27). Shaping the future of architecture. Study International. Retrieved

November 8, 2021 from https://www.studyinternational.com/news/shaping-the-

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future-of-architecture/

Notes

If a website does not have an obvious author, use the name of the website company as the
author.

If author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element.

Use the most specific date possible. (Year, Month Day) or (Year, Month) or (Year).

If no date is available, use n.d.

If the webpage content is designed to change over time add a retrieval date.

If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or
paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this
APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Web document 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document. Publisher. https://xxxx

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Examples
Radloff, A., & Coates, H. (2010). Doing more for learning: Enhancing engagement and

outcomes: Australasian survey of student engagement [Australasian student engagement

report]. Australian Council for Educational Research.

https://www.acer.org/files/AUSSE_Australasian-Student-Engagement-Report-ASER-

2009.pdf

Translink. (2019). Gold Coast line [Timetable]. Queensland Government.

https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/timetables/train/t/gold-coast-line

Notes

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

For unusual items, include the format in square brackets after the document title.

If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or
paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this
APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Blog post 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Site Name. https://xxxx

Example
Abram, S. (2019, December 14). This library is showing the way for reading spaces in the

digital age. Stephen's Lighthouse. https://stephenslighthouse.com/2019/12/14/this-

library-is-showing-the-way-for-reading-spaces-in-the-digital-age/

Notes

Do not italicise title of posts

If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or
paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this
APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9 30
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For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Social media 

Format
Facebook
Post
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx

Profile
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year,

from https://xxxx

Examples
Facebook
Post
Griffith University Library. (2019, August 6). New to Griffith [Status update]. Facebook.

https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary

Profile
Griffith University Library. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved August 6,

2019, from https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary

Format
Twitter / Ins t ag ram / Linke dIn
Post
Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx

Profile
Author, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day,

Year, from https://xxxx

Examples
Twitter
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Twitter
Post
Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6). First trimester student

[Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary

Profile
Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter.

Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://twitter.com/GriffithLibrary

Ins t ag ram
Post
Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (2019, April 16). Express your selfie [Instagram

photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/

Profile
Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (n.d.). Photographs [Instagram profile]. Instagram.

Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/

Linke dIn
Profile
Ardern, J. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from

https://nz.linkedin.com/in/jacindaardern?trk=people-guest_people_search-card

F f h i f i DOI d URL
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For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Computer software 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of software (Version Number) [Format or Description]. Publisher.

https://xxxx

Examples
Schlining, B., & Jinks, E. (2019). Mbari-media-management/vars-annotation: Vars-annotation

0.3.0 (Version 0.3.0) [Computer software]. Zenodo.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361742

Rovio Entertainment Corporation. (2019). Angry Birds Transformers (Version 1.49.4) [Mobile

app]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?

id=com.rovio.angrybirdstransformers&hl=en_US

DOIs/URLs

Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.

Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi org/10 25904/1912/718
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Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

CLINICAL, MEDICAL, LEGAL

Cochrane database systematic review 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of systematic review. Name of Database. http://doi.org/xxxx

Examples
Roaldsen, M. B., Lindekleiv, H., Mathiesen, E. B., & Berge, E. (2018). Recanalisation therapies

for wake-up stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010995.pub2

DOIs/URLs

Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.

Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi org/10 25904/1912/718
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Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

UpToDate 

Format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of entry. Title of source. Retrieved

Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples
Morey, M. C. (2019). Physical activity and exercise in older adults. UpToDate. Retrieved

August 22, 2019, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physical-activity-and-

exercise-in-older-adults

Amiloride: Drug information. (2020). UpToDate. Retrieved May 14, 2020

Notes
In-text

Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.

Add double quotation marks around the title.

“Amiloride” (2020)
(“Amiloride”, 2020)

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Reference lis t

Use the year of last update in the date element.

Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions
of the page are not archived.

Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

MIMS Online 

Format
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples
Lipitor. (2020). MIMS Online. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from

https://www.mimsonline.com.au/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?

ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=lipitor&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickS

earch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=37190001_2%22

Notes
In-text

Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.

Add double quotation marks around the title.
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“Lipitor” (2020)
(“Lipitor”, 2020)

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Australian Medicines Handbook 

Format
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples
Rivaroxaban. (2021). Australian Medicines Handbook. Retrieved November 03, 2021 from

https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/blood-electrolytes/anticoagulants/factor-xa-

inhibitors/rivaroxaban?menu=home

Notes
In-text

Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.

Add double quotation marks around the title
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Add double quotation marks around the title.

“Acarbose” (2020)
(“Acarbose”, 2020)

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

BMJ Best Practice 

Format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of entry. Title of source. Retrieved

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Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples
Passmore, P. (2021). Vascular dementia. BMJ Best Practice. Retrieved November 03, 2021

from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/319

Ischaemic stroke. (2021). BMJ Best Practice. Retrieved November 03, 2021 from

https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000114

Notes
In-text

Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.

Add double quotation marks around the title.

“Acne” (2020)
(“Acne”, 2020)

DOIs/URLs

Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.

Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718
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
Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

DynaMed Plus 

Format
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples
Melanoma. (2018). DynaMed. Retrieved November 03, 2021,

https://www.dynamed.com/condition/melanoma

Notes
In-text

Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.

Add double quotation marks around the title.

“Physical activity” (2020)

(“Physical activity”, 2020)

Reference lis t

DynaMed articles may have a named topic editor. For DynaMed Plus use the title in place of
the author.

Use the year of last update in the date element.

Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions
of the page are not archived.

Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.

DOIs/URLs

Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.
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
Format the DOI as a web link:https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
Example: https://www.griffith.edu.au/library

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Legislation 

Rule

The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform
system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.

Consult The Bluebook for further details about referencing Australian legal sources.

Format
Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number-if applicable (Country

abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx

Examples
Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 No 42 (NSW) s 36AA (Austl.).

https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1983/42/part2/div2/sec36aa

Lands Acquisition Act 1989 (Cth) pt V div 2 (Austl.).

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https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00827

Land Title Act 1994 (Qld) s 18A (Austl.). http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-

bin/viewdoc/au/legis/qld/consol_act/lta1994109/s18a.html

Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld) (Austl.).

https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/asmade/act-2017-008

Notes

When an act does not have a short title, the long title should be used.

Capitalise the names of Acts when referring to them in-text and in reference list.

If referring to the Act as a whole, or citing multiple sections in text, do not give section
numbers in the reference list.

Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between
them, for example: pt III div 2


Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

chapter(s) - ch, chs

section(s) - s, ss
schedule(s) - sch, schs
part(s) - pt, pts
division(s) - div, divs
subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs
paragraph(s) - para, paras


If the resource has both a DOI and URL, include only the DOI in the reference list. Use the
URL only if the resource has no DOI.

Use a URL that links directly to the cited work. Do not include a URL if the resource is from
a database or library-provided service where a login is required
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a database or library-provided service where a login is required.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

In-text
Example
According to part 4 of the Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act
2017 (Qld)...

... as outlined in the Victims of Crime Assistance Act 2017.

Bill 

Format
Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number - if applicable (Country

abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx

Examples
Marriage Act Amendment (Recognition of Foreign Marriages for Same-Sex Couples) Bill

2013 (Cth) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013B00115

University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld) ch 2 pt 3 (Austl.).

https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/bill.first/bill-2016-002#ch.2-pt.3

Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) (Austl.). LawOne.

Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic) (Austl.).

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Notes

Titles of bills are not italicized.

Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between
them, for example: pt III div 2


Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

chapter(s) - ch, chs

section(s) - s, ss
schedule(s) - sch, schs
part(s) - pt, pts
division(s) - div, divs
subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs
paragraph(s) - para, paras

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

In-text
Example
The Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic) aims to address...
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The Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) extends this to...

Case 

Format
First Named Plaintiff v First Named Defendant (Year) Volume Law Report Title Abbreviation

First page number, Pinpoint page number (if required) (Country abbreviation if not

evident from context).

Examples
Mabo v Queensland (1989) 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).

Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).

Minister for Immigration v Khawar (2002) 187 ALR 574 (Austl.).

Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017) 260 CLR 367 (Austl.).

DPP (Vic) v Stanojlovic and Another (2017) 53 VR 90 (Austl.). Lexis Advance Pacific

Research.

Notes

Only the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant should be cited.

Where there are multiple proceedings between same parties include the decision number in
square brackets.
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
All case names are in italics

The abbreviation "v" for "versus" is not followed by a full stop.

Where the Attorney-General and Department of Public Prosecutions are listed parties cite
as "A-G" and "DPP" followed by the relevant jurisdiction short abbreviations in parentheses,
for example: DPP (Vic)

The Crown is abbreviated as "R" except as a respondent, when it is cited as either "The
Queen" or "The King".

A pinpoint page number should be separated from the First page number by a comma for
example: Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).


Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

chapter(s) - ch, chs

section(s) - s, ss
schedule(s) - sch, schs
part(s) - pt, pts
division(s) - div, divs
subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs
paragraph(s) - para, paras

In-text
Example
According to the precedent set in Mabo v Queensland (1989), it is possible to claim...

...case such as Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017).

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FIGURE, TABLE, LECTURE NOTES, OTHER

Figure 

Format

Figure #

Title of Diagram/Map/Chart/Plot/Photo/Image

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From journal
Note. Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] “Title of
Article,” by A. Author and B. Author, Year, Title of Journal, Volume(issue), p. xx. (https://xxx).
Copyright [Year] by Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

From book
Note. Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] Title of
Book (Edition/Volume, p. xx), by A. Author and B. Author, Year, Publisher. (https://xxxx). In
the public domain.

From website
Note. Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] Title of
Web Document/Site/Image, by A. A. Author/Organisation, Year (https://xxxx). Creative
commons license abbreviation eg. CC BY-SA.

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Example

Figure 1

Map of Australia

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Note. This map highlights where the state of Queensland is within Australia. From Maps of
Australia, 2008, (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Australia). In the public
domain.

Notes

Figure # (bold) appears before the title. The figure number starts at 1 and increments for
each figure used.

Figure Title is italicized and uses headline case, for example: Mean Regression Slopes in
Experiment 1

Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the figure to describe content such as
copyright attribution, abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included in the legend or
defined anywhere else.

Figures can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the
reference list.

If figure is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.

Copyright attribution is required for a figure (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.

Use headline case for copyright attribution of the source title, for example: From: "Retrieval
Monitoring and Ansognosia in Alzheimer's Disease," by D. A. Gallo, & J. M. Chen,
2007, Neuropsychology, 21, p. 560.

Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce
the figure.

Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.22, p. 225) on
preparing figures for more detailed instructions.
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For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

In-text

Refer to a figure in the text of your assignment in the following ways:

As shown in Figure 2......

... the survey results (see Figure 4)....

Table 

Format

Table #

Title of Table

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Note. Brief description of the contents of the table. From "Title: Subtitle", by A. A. Author, & B.
B. Author, Year, Source Title, Page (https://xxxx). Copyright Year by the Publisher name.

Example

Note. Error rates shown for surveyed groups. From "Generations" by L. G. Elias and C. C. Bent,
2002, Journal of Geriatric Care, 5(4), 22. Copyright 2020 by Generation Publishing.

Notes
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
Table # (bold) appears before the title. The table number starts at 1 and increments for
each table used.

Table Title is italicized and uses headline case for example: Details of Experimental
Procedure

Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the table to describe content such as
abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included or defined anywhere else.

Tables can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the
reference list.

If table is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.

Copyright attribution is required for a table (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.

Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce
the table.

Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.8, p. 199) on
preparing tables for more detailed instructions.

This fictional example was adapted from Reingold, E. (2008). APA: Tables and figures.
Retrieved
from http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/resources/handouts_apa/TablesFigures

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

In-text

Refer to a table in the text of your assignment in the following ways:

As shown in Table 2......

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... the survey results (see Table 4)....

Image 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image [Format]. Name of site image was retrieved. https://xxxx

Examples
Center for Disease Control. (2016). Malaria lifecycle [Image].

https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/images/graphs/life_cycle/malaria_lifecycle.gif

Weston Arnold, K. (2018). [Bike short fashion] [Photograph]. Vogue.

https://assets.vogue.com/photos/59caa0b318ac15238b3290f0/master/w_1600%2C

c_limit/KIM_1101.jpg

Notes

Use this format to cite (but not reproduce). To reproduce a photograph permission or
copyright attribution may be necessary.

When citing idea or concept from an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo use an in-text
citation, for example: (Center for Disease Control, 2016).

For an untitled photograph include a description in square brackets in place of a title.

For including an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo in your writing see the "Figures"
section for details.


If the resource has both a DOI and URL, include only the DOI in the reference list. Use the
URL only if the resource has no DOI.
U URL th t li k di tl t th it d
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
Use a URL that links directly to the cited work. Do not include a URL if the resource is from
a database or library-provided service where a login is required.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Lecture notes 

Format
Lecturer, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples
Tiralongo, J. (2019). 3992NSC_Y1 & Y2 Science capstone: Science capstone structure

[Lecture recording]. Learning University. https://bblearn.griffith.edu.au/

Notes

If slides or lecture notes come from a classroom website or learning management system
(Learning@griffith) and you are writing for an audience with access to the resource,
provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL).

Personal correspondence 

Notes

Private letters, memos, emails, personal interviews, telephone conversations and the like
are cited in-text only, providing name of source, method of communication, place, date and
other pertinent information.

Details can be provided in running text or in parentheses.

They are not included in the reference list.

In-text
Examples
An email (A. Davis, personal communication, July 2, 2018) confirming that report has been
submitted...

Unpublished material 

Format
A th A A (Y ) Titl f i t [U
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Author, A. A. (Year). Title of manuscript. [Unpublished manuscript, or Manuscript submitted

for publication, or Manuscript in preparation]. University Name. https://xxxx

Example
Parker, T. (2002). Style notes for typescripts in the social sciences. [Unpublished manuscript].

Australian National University.

Notes

Unpublished work includes work that is in progress, has been submitted for publication, or
has been completed but not submitted for publication.

This includes work that has not been formally published but it is available on institutional
website.

If the work is available in an electronic archive, give this information at the end.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p.
296-301.

Archive material 

Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of material [Description of material]. Name of Collection

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(Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name of Repository, Location.

Example
Frank , T. (1997, February 14). Letter to Bordie M. Kubota [Letter]. Rockefeller Archive

Center (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 1287). Tarry town, NY.

Notes

Archived sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, in-house institutional or
corporate documents and other documents.

This general format maybe modified for collections requiring more or less specific
information to locate materials.

Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear on the document.

For interviews and oral histories, list the interviewers as the authors, include the
interviewer's name in the description.

CAN'T FIND IT?

Consult the official manual and style blog for more information.

Publication manual of the APA 

APA style blog 

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IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Acknowledge authors using the following formats:

Paraphrase:
Author (Year) expresses the idea....
....paraphrased idea sentence (Author, Year)
....paraphrased idea sentence (Author & Author, Year).

Examples:

Fetherston (2007) expresses the idea...

Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Fetherston, 2007).
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future
profession (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000).

Quote
Author (Year) "text of direct quote" (Page).
"text of direct quote" (Author & Author, Year, Page).

Examples:

Fetherston (2007) claims that teachers "suggest ways of looking at the new material" (p. 61).
Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2010, p.
171).

Notes:


When acknowledging multiple authors in the text of a sentence precede the final name with the word "and"

When acknowledging multiple authors in the parentheses and reference list precede the final name with an
ampersand "&"

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REFERENCE LIST

Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre and bold the heading
"References".

In your reference list:


add a reference for every source cited in your work.

sort references alphabetically (A-Z) by surname of the first author of the work, if no author sort under the
first significant word of the title

use a hanging indent the second line and subsequent lines of a reference are indented tabbed space or
1.27cm

double space references throughout the list

write titles using sentence case - capitalise the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash,
and proper names.

italicise titles of books, journals, films, videos, and web sites but not book chapters and journal article titles.

write journal titles and corporate authors' names out in full, no abbreviations

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Sample referencing list 

References

Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 No 42 (NSW) s 36AA (Austl.).

https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1983/42/part2/div2/sec36aa

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations,

Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-

experimental-development-higher-education-organisations-australia/2016

Bartleet, B.-L., Bennett, D., Bridgstock, R. S., Draper, P., Harrison, S., & Schippers, H. (2012). Preparing for

portfolio careers in Australian music: Setting a research agenda. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1, 32-

41. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1000243

Behrendt, L. (2012). Indigenous Australia for dummies. Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, North-Western New South Wales.

Wiley. https://www.perlego.com/book/1013920/indigenous-australia-for-dummies-pdf

Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975). Death in Venice: An opera

in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.

Ellis, A. (2004). Reflections on rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive

psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer.

http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Greig, A., Taylor, J., & MacKay, T. (2013). Doing research with children: A practical guide (3rd ed.). Sage.

https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402219

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6). First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. Retrieved

December 19, 2019, from https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary

Higher education in Australia: The facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.

Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses. Journal of Research in Music Education,

61(3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235

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12/10/2022, 10:55 APA 7

Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science:

Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

Nganampa Health Council. (1991). Anangu way. Anangu Pitjantjatjara, North-Western South Australia.

Queensland Health. (2015). The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance

arrangements and high level organisational capability.

https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf

Quinnan. T. (1997). Adult students "at-risk": Culture bias in higher education (2nd ed.). Bergin & Garvey.

http://www.netlibrary.com

Severin, A. (2016, September 13). Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis [Video]. Vimeo.

https://vimeo.com/182605222

Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia. In

W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.), Sustainability in the Australasian university context (pp. 11-32). Peter Lang.

Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents'

intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(3), 563-569.

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020

Vessenes, P. M. (2001). Delegation of authority. Journal of Financial Planning, 14(8), 42-45.

https://www.onefpa.org/journal/Pages/default.aspx

Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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OFFICIAL MANUAL AND STYLE BLOG

Consult the official manual and style blog for more information.

Publication manual of the APA 

APA style blog 

HOW TO PRINT OR SAVE A COPY OF THIS GUIDE

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Chrome 

1. In your browser menu, choose File > Print

2. Choose the destination: your printer or Save as PDF
3. Click the Save button
4. If you opted to Save as PDF you will need to enter a file name and click the Save button again

Firefox 

1. In your browser menu, choose File > Print

1. To print, choose PDF from the drop-down menu and click the Print button
2. To save, choose Save as PDF from the drop-down menu
1. Enter a file name and click the Save button again

Safari 

In your browser menu, choose File > Print

1. To print, choose PDF from the drop-down menu and click the Print button
2. To save, choose Save as PDF from the drop-down menu
1. Enter a file name and click the Save button again

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Edge 

We recommend you print or save using a different browser. Edge will not capture the whole guide (only the
open accordion).

1. File > Print

2. Save as PDF
3. Save As: enter a file name
4. Save
5. Cancel print window

iPhone 

1. In Safari, on your phone, tap the Share button

2. Tap Print and select your printer
3. To save PDF, tap on the page preview and zoom out (place two fingers on the screen and move them
away from each other)
4. Tap the Share button again
5. Choose Save to Files

Android 

1. In Chrome, on your phone, tap the Share button

2. Tap Menu (ellipsis or three dots in the upper right corner)
3. Tap Share
4. Tap Print
5. From the Select a printer drop-down, tap Save as PDF
6. Tap the blue circle to download the PDF

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DISCLAIMER

Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative
sources where available. You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual
directly for more information.

First Peoples materials information has been adapted from the University of Technology Sydney library APA
Interactive Guide and work originally developed by Danièle Hromek and Sophie Herbert and TAFE Queensland
Library Network guide to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Resources and Materials and the University of
Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander referencing guide under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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ASK THE LIBRARY

Common questions

 How do I reference lecture notes in-text and in my reference list in APA?

 How do I reference a music score in APA style?
 What does APA mean?
 How do I reference MIMS Online in APA?
 How do I cite treaties and international agreements in APA?

We are here to help!

Find us in the libraries or contact us by phone or online.

 Chat

Request form 

Visit 

 (07) 3735 5555

 [email protected]

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Workshops Smarthinking
We offer online workshops on researching, Get free online tutoring to improve your writing. You
referencing, structuring assignments and exam can submit your writing for detailed review, request an
preparation. Come along and improve your skills! appointment or submit questions online. A tutor will
respond within 24 hours. You can use this service for
up to 3 hours per trimester.

Peer assisted study sessions Griffith mentors study support

Attend a student facilitated group study session. Get study support by connecting with a Griffith
student mentor.

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