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Quantum Mechanics Lecture Notes 2

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20 views7 pages

Quantum Mechanics Lecture Notes 2

Uploaded by

Kusum Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
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LECTURE 2

This topic is mapped with CO2 and CO3 of the course

de BROGLIE WAVES

2.1 de BROGLIE HYPHOTHESIS

According to de-Broglie, in the universe, whole of energy appears in the form of


radiation and matter. Since nature loves symmetry, if radiation which normally
behaves as a wave can behave as a particle, then one can even expect that, entities
like electrons, protons etc, which ordinarily behave as particle also exhibits
properties of waves under appropriate circumstances. These waves associated
with the matter are known as matter waves.

de BROGLIE WAVLENGTH

The waves associated with a moving particle are called matter waves or de-
Broglie waves. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a particle with mass
‘m’ and moving with certain velocity ‘v’ and momentum ‘p’ is given by,

2.2 PROPERTIES OF MATTER WAVES:

1. Matter waves are the waves associated with matter in motion. Wavelength of the
matter waves is given by λ=h/p.
2. Matter waves are not progressive waves. They are localized waves.
3. Matter waves are not single waves. They are group of waves (wave packet)
assumed formed due to the superposition of two or more progressive waves.
4. Matter waves called pilot waves and they represent the direction of propagation
of matter.
5. Unlike electromagnetic waves, matter waves will not have constant speed. The
speed of matter waves depends on the mass of the particle.

2.3 de-Broglie wavelength of matter waves

As a photon travels with a velocity c, we can express its momentum as


Thus

A particle of mass ′m′ moving with a velocity v carries a momentum p = mv and


it must be associated with the wave of wavelength

The above relation is known as de-Broglie equation and the wavelength λ is


known as de-Broglie wavelength.

2.3.1 de-Broglie wavelength associated with an accelerated particle

If a charged particle, say an electron is accelerated by a potential difference


of V volts, then its kinetic energy is given by

Then the electron wavelength is given by

2.3.2 de-Broglie wavelength expressed in term of kinetic energy

If a particle has kinetic energy K.E., then


2.3.4 de-Broglie wavelength associated with particle in thermal equilibrium

If the particle is in thermal equilibrium at temperature T, then their kinetic energy


is given by

Where K = 1.38 X 10-23 J/K

For an electron

m = 9.1X 10-31 Kg; e = 1.6 X 10-19 C; h = 6.62 X 10-34 J.s

Therefore

2.4 NUMERICALS

1. Calculate the wavelength associated with an electron with energy 2000


eV.

Sol: E = 2000 eV = 2000 × 1.6 × 10–19 J


2. Calculate the velocity and kinetic energy of an electron of wavelength
1.66 × 10 –10 m.

Sol: Wavelength of an electron (λ) = 1.66 × 10–10 m

To calculate KE:

3. An electron is moving under a potential field of 15 kV. Calculate the


wavelength of the electron waves.

Sol: V = 15 × 103 V λ = ?
4. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of neutron whose kinetic energy is
two times the rest mass of electron (given mn = 1.676 × 10–27 kg, me = 9.1 ×
10–31 kg, C = 3 × 10 8 m/s and h = 6.63 × 10–34 J.S).

Sol: Kinetic energy of neutron,

where mn = mass of neutron

me = mass of an electron

de Broglie wavelength of neutron, λn = ?

5.Calculate the wavelength associated with an electron raised to a potential


1600 V.

Sol: Potential (V) = 1600 V

Wavelength (λ) =?

SUMMARY

• De Broglie waves are also known as matter waves.


• Their wavelength inversely proportional to mass and velocity.

Practice questions

1. Calculate the wavelength associated with an electron raised to a potential 100 V


2. Define DE Broglie Hypothesis.
3. Discuss properties of matter waves.

References

1. https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/122101002/downloads/lec-26.pdf
2. https://www.coursera.org/lecture/black-holes-astro-101/07-02-introduction-to-
quantum-mechanics-CqW9Q

Video link

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIGI-eXK0tg
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/102/115102023/

Books

1. Concepts of Modern Physics, (Fifth Edition) A Beiser, McGraw Hill


International.

2. Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker,


Wileyplus

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