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Basics of Biology Assignment2

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15 views4 pages

Basics of Biology Assignment2

Uploaded by

deverapallydurgesh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basics of Biology Assignment-2

Medical equipment plays an important role in healthcare delivery. It ranges


from small and simple devices such as sphygmomanometer to complex and big
devices such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines. This ranking is
as a result of differences in utilised technologies and intended applications.
It is, therefore, of vital importance that healthcare organisations manage their
assets to keep their expenditures under control as well as ensure the quality of
healthcare delivery.

X-rays
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light. Unlike
light, however, x-rays have higher energy and can pass through most objects,
including the body. Medical x-rays are used to generate images of tissues and
structures inside the body. If x-rays traveling through the body also pass
through an x-ray detector on the other side of the patient, an image will be
formed that represents the “shadows” formed by the objects inside of the body.
One type of x-ray detector is photographic film, but there are many other types
of detectors that are used to produce digital images. The x-ray images that result
from this process are called radiographs.
To create a radiograph, a patient is positioned so that the part of the body being
imaged is located between an x-ray source and an x-ray detector. When the
machine is turned on, x-rays travel through the body and are absorbed in
different amounts by different tissues, depending on the radiological density of
the tissues they pass through. Radiological density is determined by both the
density and the atomic number (the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus) of
the material being imaged. For example, our bones contain calcium, which has a
higher atomic number than most other tissues. Because of this property, bones
readily absorb x-rays and therefore produce high contrast on the x-ray detector.
As a result, bony structures appear whiter than other tissues against the black
background of a radiograph. Conversely, x-rays travel more easily through less
radiologically dense tissues, such as fat, muscle, and air-filled cavities such as
the lungs. These structures are displayed in shades of gray on a radiograph.
Brands available are Agfa CR 3.5 0x , Allengers 100 mA x-ray, HF Mars 15 to
80 fixed x-ray, Mars series 3.5/6/6R, BPL, GE HF Advance 300 mA, Siemens
Heliophos D, Fuji film FCR Profect, Konika Regius 190 CR system, Regius
110 CR system, Shimadzu, Skanray Skanmobile, Stallion and others.
Defibrillators
Defibrillation is a treatment for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, specifically
ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) and non-perfusing ventricular tachycardia (V-
Tach). A defibrillator delivers a dose of electric current (often called a counter-
shock) to the heart. Although not fully understood, this process depolarizes a
large amount of the heart muscle, ending the arrhythmia. Subsequently, the
body's natural pacemaker in the sinoatrial node of the heart is able to re-
establish normal sinus rhythm. A heart which is in asystole (flatline) cannot be
restarted by a defibrillator but would be treated by cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR).

In contrast to defibrillation, synchronized electrical cardioversion is an electrical


shock delivered in synchrony to the cardiac cycle. Although the person may still
be critically ill, cardioversion normally aims to end poorly perfusing cardiac
arrhythmias, such as supraventricular tachycardia.

Defibrillators can be external, transvenous, or implanted (implantable


cardioverter-defibrillator), depending on the type of device used or needed.
Some external units, known as automated external defibrillators (AEDs),
automate the diagnosis of treatable rhythms, meaning that lay responders or
bystanders are able to use them successfully with little or no training.
The defibrillation device that is usually available out of the medical centers is
the automated external defibrillator (AED), a portable machine that can be used
even by users with no previous training. That is possible because the machine
produces pre-recorded voice instructions that guide to the user, and
automatically checks the patient's condition and applies the correct electric
shocks. Anyway, there also exist written instructions of defibrillators that
explain the procedure step-by-step.
Infusion Pump:
An external infusion pump is a medical device used to deliver fluids into a
patient’s body in a controlled manner. There are many different types of
infusion pumps, which are used for a variety of purposes and in a variety of
environments.

Infusion pumps may be capable of delivering fluids in large or small amounts,


and may be used to deliver nutrients or medications – such as insulin or other
hormones, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and pain relievers.

Some infusion pumps are designed mainly for stationary use at a patient’s
bedside. Others, called ambulatory infusion pumps, are designed to be portable
or wearable.

A number of commonly used infusion pumps are designed for specialized


purposes. These include:

 Enteral pump - A pump used to deliver liquid nutrients and medications


to a patient’s digestive tract.
 Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump - A pump used to deliver pain
medication, which is equipped with a feature that allows patients to self-
administer a controlled amount of medication, as needed.
 Insulin pump - A pump typically used to deliver insulin to patients with
diabetes. Insulin pumps are frequently used in the home.

Infusion pumps may be powered electrically or mechanically. Different pumps


operate in different ways. For example:

 In a syringe pump, fluid is held in the reservoir of a syringe, and a


moveable piston controls fluid delivery.
 In an elastomeric pump, fluid is held in a stretchable balloon reservoir,
and pressure from the elastic walls of the balloon drives fluid delivery.
 In a peristaltic pump, a set of rollers pinches down on a length of flexible
tubing, pushing fluid forward.
 In a multi-channel pump, fluids can be delivered from multiple reservoirs
at multiple rates.
 A "smart pump" is equipped with safety features, such as user-alerts that
activate when there is a risk of an adverse drug interaction, or when the
user sets the pump's parameters outside of specified safety limits.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound imaging (sonography) uses high-frequency sound waves to view
inside the body. Because ultrasound images are captured in real-time, they can
also show movement of the body's internal organs as well as blood flowing
through the blood vessels. Unlike X-ray imaging, there is no ionizing radiation
exposure associated with ultrasound imaging.

In an ultrasound exam, a transducer (probe) is placed directly on the skin or


inside a body opening. A thin layer of gel is applied to the skin so that the
ultrasound waves are transmitted from the transducer through the gel into the
body.

Uses of Ultrasound
Ultrasound imaging is a medical tool that can help a physician evaluate,
diagnose and treat medical conditions. Common ultrasound imaging procedures
include:

 Abdominal ultrasound (to visualize abdominal tissues and organs)


 Bone sonometry (to assess bone fragility)
 Breast ultrasound (to visualize breast tissue)
 Doppler fetal heart rate monitors (to listen to the fatal heart beat)
 Doppler ultrasound (to visualize blood flow through a blood vessel,
organs, or other structures)
 Echocardiogram (to view the heart)
 Foetal ultrasound (to view the foetus in pregnancy)
 Ultrasound-guided biopsies (to collect a sample of tissue)
 Ophthalmic ultrasound (to visualize ocular structures
 Ultrasound-guided needle placement (in blood vessels or other tissues of
interest)

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