What is computer?

• Computer is an electronic device used to solves different

problem according to set up instructions given to it.
• A computer an accept data, process that data in to
useful information and store it for later use.
• The word computer comes from Greek word “compute”
that means calculation.
• It can also the used for other purpose.
• It comes the Latin word “computare” which means
calculate. So computer is a calculating machine.
• It can process both numerical and non-numerical data.
• It is an electronic data processing device. Which
a. Accept and store data
b. Process the data
c. Generate the output as a
require format
• The word computer starts for “common operated
machine particularly used for technical and educational
research”

Data
 • It comes from the Latin word “datum”, which means fact.
• A collection of raw fact and figures is called data.
• The word raw means that fact have not been processed
to get their exact meaning.
• Data can be a word, number, symbol, graphics etc.

Information
• Information is organized or classified data which as
some meaningful values for the receiver (user).
• It is a data which has been converter in to a meaningful
output or result.

Characteristics of computer
Advantage
✓ High speed

• Computer is a very fast device.

• It is capable of performing calculation of very
large amount of data.
• The computer has units of speed in micro
second, Nano second and even the Pico
second. ( 10 )
-12

• It can perform millions of calculations in a few

second as compared to man.
✓ Accuracy
 • In addition being very fast, very accurate.
• The calculations are 100% error free.
✓ Storage

• Memory is an important characteristics of

computers.
• A computer has much more storage capacity
than human beings.
• It can store large amount of data.
• It can store any type of data such as images,
videos, text, audios, many more. (electronics
data)
✓ Diligence

• A computer is a freeform monotony, tiredness

and lack of concentration.
• It can work continuously without any error and
boredom.
• It can do repeated work with same speed and
accuracy.
✓ Versatility

• A computer is a very versatile machine.

• This machine can be used to solve the
problems related to various field.
 • It may be solving a complex scientific problem
and the very next movement it may be playing
a card game.
✓ Reliable

• A computer is a reliable machine.

• Modern electronic components have long lives.
• Computer are designed to make maintenance
easy.
✓ Automation
• Automation means ability to perform the given
task automatically.
✓ Reduce paper work
• As data in electronic files can be retribed as
and when required the problem of
maintenance of large number of paper files
gets reduced.

Disadvantage
✓ No IQ (intelligence quotient)
• Computer is a machine that has no intelligence to
perform any task.
• Each instruction has to the given to computer.
• A computer can’t take any decision on it’s own.
✓ Dependency
 • It function as per a user instruction, so it is fully
dependent to human being.
✓ Environment
• The operating environment of computer should
be dust free and suitable.
✓ No feeling
• Computer have no feeling or emotions.
• It can’t make judgement based on feeling, teste,
experience and knowledge unlike a human being.
 GENERATION OF COMPUTER

HARDWARE SOFTWARE
GENERATION PERIOD ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

• Vacuum tube • Unreliable

technology. • Generate a
• Supported lot of heat
machine • Slow input
Vacuum Low label
1942- language only. and output
1st tube language
1955 Example: ENIAC, device
EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM • Huge size,
701, IBM650. very costly
• Need to ac

• Use of • Similar size

transistor. as compare
• Reliable in to first
comparison to generation
first generation computer.
of computer
• Generated less
heat as
compared to
Low label
first generation
language,
1955- computer.
high label
2nd 1964 TRANSISTOR • Consumed less
language
electricity to
(FORTAN,
compared first
COBOL)
generation
computer.
• Faster than fast
generation
computer.
Example: IBM1620,
IBM7094, CDC1604,
CDC3600, UNIVAC1108.

3rd High label • IC used, more

language- reliable in
IC
1964- fortan-1 to compare to
(integrated
1975 numeric to previous
circuit)
iv, COBOL, generation
PASCAL etc. computer.
 • Similar size,
generated less
heat.
• Faster than
previous
generation
computer.
• Consumed less
electricity, as
needed.
• Supported high
label language.
Example: IBM360
SERIES, HONEY WELL
6000 SERIES,
IBM370/168, IDC316,
PDP (PERSONAL DATA
PROCESSOR).
4th • VLI, VLSI
technology use,
very cheap,
portable and
reliable.
• Use of pcs.
VLSI • Very small size,
High label,
1975- (very pipeline
C, C++, data
1989 largescale processing, no
base.
inti ac needed.
generation) • Concept of
internet watch
inter device.
• Development
in the fields of
networks.
• Example: DEC
10, STAR 1000,
C-RAY1, C-RAY
XMP ETC.
 • ULSI
technology
used.
• Development
of true artificial
5th intelligence.
• Natural
language
processing,
development in
parallel
processing,
ULSI (ultra-
super
1989- large-scale High label
conductor
upto integration) (C, C++, java,
technology.
dotnet etc.)
• Interface with
multimedia
features.
• Example:
desktop,
laptop,
notebook,
chrome book,
ultra-book.

History of computer
ABACUS:

• Th his was the first mechanical device. Developed about

3500 BC by the chines.
• An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an
individual in performing mathematical calculation.
 • It consists row and bits that slide on a stick.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operation.
• Abacus comes a Greek word that means
calculation.

PASCALINE MACHINE OR ADDING MACHINE:

• In 1942 BLAISE PASCAL designed a device named

Pascaline machine to assist his father who is a, for the
France governor tax collector.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• In adding machine consists long row and columns.

ANALYTICAL ENGINE:

• In 1833 on English mathematician CHARL’S BABBAGE

developed a device named analytical engine.
• This machine could perform arithmetic operation for any
mathematical problems.
• It is the first electronic device was comparable to any
modern computer, so CHARL’S BABBAGE is known as
father of computer.

MARK-I:

• This was very first automatic calculating machine

invented by HOWARD H AIKEN in 1933.
• It is the first electronic calculator.
ATANA SOFT BERRY COMPUTER: (ABC)

• This computer was developed by Dr. ATANA SOFT and

Dr. BERRY to solves certain mathematical equation.
• It used to 450 vacuum tube for internal logic and
capacitor used for storage.

ENIAC:

• It is stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer.
• It was the first electronic general computer, completed in
1942.
• It was very heavy, and huge size.
• It consumed 140 electricity per second.
kw

• It was developed by JOHN’S PRESPER ECKERT and

JOHN W MAUCHLY.

EDVAC:

• It is stands for Electronic Desecrate Variable Automatic

Computer.
• The first stored program computer, designed by JOHN
VON NEUMAN.
• It has a memory to hold both a store program as well a
data.

EDSAC:
 • Professor MAURIAC WILKS developed the electronic dell
storage automatic calculator by addition, multiplication
operation.

UNIVAC:

• It is stands for Universal Automatic Computer.

• It was the first commercial computer.
• Designed by ECKERT and JOHN MAUCHLY in 1947.
• This computer could be used for scientific and business
purpose.
• It is first designed computer.
 Computer
Analog Digital Hybrid

Embedded Micro Mini Main frame Super

computer computer computer computer computer

Desktop Portable Handheld

Laptop Videogame

Notebook Cellphone
❖ A computer differs based on their general data processing
abolition.
❖ They are classified according to purpose and data
handling, functionality.
❖ According to functionality computers are classified three
types: -
a. Analog
b. Digital
c. Hybrid
a. Analog
 The earliest computer was analog computer.
 Analog signals are continuous.
 They may value between to extremes such as 15 and +15
volts.
 An analog signal may be voltage constant or very with
time.
 Analog computers are used for measuring of parameters
such as temperature, pressure, voltage, weather etc.
b. Digital
 Information’s are represented using the 0 and 1.
 The computer that use at our homes and office.
 Digital signals have to states on or off.
 The off states on usually 0 volts and the high states
typically 5 volts.
 Prepare mathematical calculation compare values and
store results.
  The clock speed determines the computer overall speed.
 This computer is used for data processing purpose.
 The computer is classified by: -
A. Embedded computer
B. Micro computer
C. Mini computer
D. Main frame computer
E. Super computer
A. Embedded computer
 Very small size, these are computer fixed in side various
electronics equipment’s and control their working.
Ex: - Use their routine.
Timer is a washing machine, set heating level in microwave,
auto mode in AC and refrigerator.
B. Micro computer
 A microcomputer is the smallest general-purpose
processing system.
 They are designed to be used by one person at a time.
 Its CPU is microprocessor, has separate components
(keyboard, mouse etc.)
 It is mainly used for data processing and calculating
purpose.
 Micro computer can be classified: -
a. Desktop
b. Portables
 c. Handhelds
a. Desktop
 Hard disk a floppy disk drives are used to enter and store
data and program.
 A visual screen, printer is used to get the output (hard
copy).
b. Portable
Laptop
 This computer is similar to a desktop computer but the
size in smaller.
 They are expensive than desktop, the weight of laptop is
around 3kg to 5kg.
Notebook
 This computer is power full as desktop but size of this
computers is comparable smaller than laptop and desktop.
 They are more costly than laptop, the weight of is around
2kg to 3kg.
c. Handheld
 They are also called as personal digital assistant.
 These computers are smaller in size; they can have held in
hands.
 It is capable of doing ward processing spread sheet, hand
writing recognisation, game playing.
 These computers are not having powerful as desktop,
laptop.
C. Mini computer
 It is a class of multiuser computer and the smallest
microcomputer or personal computer.
 Those computers are provided multi program facility to
user.
 It is used in as personal computer.
D. Main frame computer
 Main frame computer can support 100 or 1000 of users,
handling big amounts input, output and storage.
 The computer is used to in large organization where many
users need access to shared data and programs.
 It is also used as E-comer’s server to handling the transfer
data over the internet.
E. Super computer
 Super computer is those computers which designed pre-
scientific job like weather for costing and artificial
intelligent.
 They are faster and expensive.
 A super computer contains a number of CPU which
operated in parallel connections to make it faster.
 It also known as grandfather of computer.
 Those computers are mainly used for scientific problems
and research work purpose.
C. Hybrid
 It combination of computer those are capable of inputting
and outputting in both digital and analog signals.
  A hybrid computer system set up offers a cost-effective
method of programming complex simulations.
Ex: - Use in petrol pump, speedometer etc.

FUNCTION OF COMPUTER
CPU
CPU

ALU
INPUT CU OUTPUT
MU

• A computer can process data, sound and graphics.

• It can solve complicate problems quickly and accurately.
• Computer can perform 5 major operation.
• It accepts data or instructions by input device.
• It stores data through memory unit.
• It can process data as require by the user.
• It gives result or information in output device.
 INPUT DEVICE

INPUT

KEYBOARD POINTER SCANNER SOUND VISION

GENERAL SCROOL MICRO

SCAN WEB CAMERA
KEYBOARD MOUSE PHONE

SPECIAL OPTICAL DIGITAL

MICR
KEYBOARD MOUSE CAMERA

CORD LESS
OCR
MOUSE

MECHANICAL
OBR
MOUSE

TOPO MOUSE OMR

3D MOUSE
INPUT DEVICE: -
• An input device is a hardware of peripheral device used
to send data to a computer.
• An input device allowed to communicate and
instructions, data to a computer for processing, storage
or instruction.
• Input devices are used to transfer user data and
instructions to the computer.
• It can classify as different type.
Keyboard: -
• keyboard device allows input data the computer system
by processing set up keys.
• keyboard is composed bottoms that create numbers and
symbols as well as perform other functions.
• keyboard stands for key electronic yet board operate A
to Z respond directly.
• It classified as two types: -General purpose keyboard
Special purpose keyboard
General purpose keyboard
• The most entering information in to a computer
through a type writer and keyboard that allows a person
to enter alphabet, numeric, graphics, symbol etc.
• It is 5 types of key: -
i. Typing key (A to Z)
 ii. Numeric key (0 to 9, +, -, *, /)
iii. Function key (F1
iv.Control key
v. Special purpose key
Typing key: - These keys inputs the latter A to Z and
digits 0 to 9
Numeric key: - Used to enter numeric data or cursor
movement it contains a setup 17 keys, 0 to 9, +, -, *, /, enter,
numlock, delete.
Function key: - The 12 function keys are present on the
keyboard which are arrange in a row at the keyboard.
Function key has unique meaning and used for some specify
purpose.
Control key: - Control keys are a signed to control cursor
like top, bottom, left, right arrow key.
Special purpose key: - Special purpose keys are a
signed to enter, caps lock, numlock, space, print screen, tab,
Esc, Alt, Ctrl, insert etc.

Special purpose keyboard

These are stands along. It used for computer application this
is typically have special purpose keyboard to enable to faster
data entry.
Ex: - ATM office, railway reservation center etc.

Pointer / Mouse
• In 1968 Daugless Angle Bart designed an input device
named mouse.
• It stands for manually operate utility search for
equipment.
• It is most popular pointing device.
• It is a cursor control device, used to move the cursor on
a computer screen to give instruction to the computer.
• It can be used to select menu, move, I con, size, control,
start program, open windows, close windows etc.
• The mouse was widely used as input device for the apple
computer system.

Types of mouse
Scroll mouse
A mouse with a rubber or plastic while locate between the left
and right buttons also known as while mouse, rubber mouse
or scroll mouse. When the ball is moved back and front the
active window is scroll.
Optical mouse
Optical mouse is an advance computer pointing device that
use a light emitting diode. An optical screener and digital
signal processing in place of the traditional mouse ball.
Cordless mouse
A cordless mouse free you from cord problem. It connects to
your computer with a radio signal power by to a battery.
Mechanical mouse
A mechanical mouse is a computer mouse that contains a
metal or rubber ball on its under when the ball is roll in any
direction, sensor in its, pointer move that direction or motion
(move same direction)
Scan device
Scanning is an input device used for direct data entry from
the source document in to the computer.
Scanner
It is an input device which works more like a photography
machine, it is used when some information is available on a
paper and it is to be transfer to the hard disk of the
computer.
It captures images from the source which are then
converted into the digital form that can be stored on the disk.
The images can be edit before they are printed.
MICR (MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER (CARD) READER)
MICR input device is generally used in bank of a large
number of cheques to processed every day. The banks code
number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with
a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic
material that are machine readable. The reading process is
called MICR.
OCR (OPTICAL CHARACTER READER)
Is an input device used to printed text, it scans text optically
character by character, converts them in to a machine-
readable code and stores the text on the system memory?
OBR (OPTICAL BARCORD READER)
It is a device used for reading bar cord data, bar cord data is
generally used in labeling goods. Bar cord readers scan a bar
cord image, convert in to alphanumeric value which is then
fed to the computer.
OMR (OPTICAL MARK READER)
It is special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type
of mark made by pen or pencil. It is generally used for
checking the answer sheet an examination having multiple
choice question.

VOICE RECOGNISATION DEVICE (SOUND DEVICE)

It is a computer software program or hardware device ability
to diode the human voice in to digital speech. It is commonly
used to operate a device perform by a command.
Ex: - Microphone
Microphone
A microphone converts a sound in to an electrical signal. It
used in many application screens as telephone, taprecorder
and computer, headphone, mouth for reading voice.
Vision device
Is an input device allow data input in the form of image it is
usually consists of a digital camera which focus on the object
and picture to be taken? The camera creates the image of the
objects in digital format which can be more with in
computer.
 CPU

ALU
CU
MU

Primary Secondary
Cache memory
memory memory

RAM ROM Optical Magnetical

SRAM PROM CD HDD

DRAM EPROM DVD FDD

BLUE RAY ZDD

TDD
  CPU (central processing unit)
• CPU is considered as the basic of the computer.
• It is performing all types of data processing operations.
• It stores data intermediate results and instructions.
• It controls all parts of the computer (internal and external
part).
• It has 3 components: -
1. ALU (Arithmetic logical unit)
2. CU (Control unit)
3. MU (Memory unit)
1. Arithmetic logical unit: - The unit consist of two subsection
namely arithmetic section and logical section.
Arithmetic section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operation
such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Logical section
Function of logical section is to perform logical operation such as
compare, select, match, merge, decision etc.

2. Control unit: - This unit controls the operation of all parts of

the computer but doesn’t carry out any actual data processing
operation.
Function of CU
• It responsible for controlling the transfer of data and
instruction among other units of a computer.
• It manages and coordinates all unit of the computer.
 • It obtains the instructions from the memory inter prints them
and direct the operation of computer.
• It communicates with input and output device for transfer of
data or results from storage.
3. Memory unit: -
• This unit can store instruction data and intermediate results.
• This unit supplies information to the other units of the
computer.
• It stores all data and the instruction required for processing.
• It stores intermediate results of processing.
• It stores final results of processing before these results are
relised to an output device.
• An input and output are intermitting through main memory.
• Memory is primarily three types: -
a. Cache memory
b. Primary memory /main
memory
c. Secondary memory /
external memory
a. Cache memory
• Cache memory is very high-speed semiconductor memory
which can speed of CPU.
• It acts as a perform between CPU and main memory.
• It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are
most recently used by CPU.
Advantage
• Cache memory faster than main memory.
• It consumes less access time as compare to main memory.
 • It stores the program that can be execute with in short period
of time.
• It stores data for temporary used.
Disadvantage
• Cache memory has limited capacity.
• It is very expansible.
b. Primary memory
• Primary memory holds those data and instruction which
computers is currently working.
• It is limited capacity and data is, when power is switched off
data is lost.
• It is generally maid of semiconductor device.
Characteristics
• These are semiconductor memory.
• It is known as main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost incase power is switched off.
• It working main memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• There are two types: -
✓ RAM
✓ ROM
✓ RAM (Random access memory)
• Random access memory is the internal memory of CPU for
storing data program results.
• It is read and write memory which store data until
machine is working.
• It is machine is switched off data erased from the RAM.
 • It is two types: -
✓ S RAM
✓ D RAM
✓ S RAM
• The word static indicates the memory retains its content as
long as power is being supplied.
• Data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature.
• S RAM chips use a matrix of six transistors and no capacitors.
• It has long life, no need to refresh.
• Faster, used as cache memory.
• Large size and expensive, high, power consumption.
✓ D RAM
• D RAM unlike S RAM, must be continually refreshed in order
to maintain the data.
• It is used for system memory because it is cheap and small.
• All D RAMs are made of memory cells which are composed of
one capacitor and one transistor.
• It has short data life time, need to refreshed continuously.
• Slower as compared to S RAM, used as RAM lesser in size, less
expensive and less power consumption.
✓ ROM (read only memory)
• The memory from which we can only read but can’t write on
it.
• This type of memory is non-volatile.
• It stores instructions that are required to start a computer,
this operation is referred to as bootstrap.
• ROM chips are not only used in computer but also in other
like washing machine, AC, microwave, oven etc.
 • It is many types: -
✓ P-ROM (programmable read only memory)
✓ EP-ROM (erasable programmable read only
memory)
✓ P-ROM
PROM is read only memory that can be modified only once by a
user. This is also nonvolatile in nature and can be write one using
special electronic requirement.

✓ EP-ROM
The EPROM can be erased installed data and filled fresh
information in by the user any number of times.
c. Secondary memory
• This type of memory is known as external memory or non-
volatile memory.
• It is slower than main memory. These are used for storage data
and information permanently.
• CPU directly doesn’t access these memories they are access via-
input output routines.
• Secondary first transfer data to main memory than CPU can
access.
Advantage and disadvantage
• It is known as backup memory.
• It is non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored, if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Less speed than main memory.
• These are two types: -
✓ Optical memory
✓ Magnetically memory
✓ Optical memory
• An optical device as a type of storage medium that stores
content in digital from which is written and read by a low
intensity leaser.
• The leaser reads data from the reflective surface on an
optical disk.
CD ROM
• Cd rom stands for compact disk read only memory.
• It is particularly used for distribute computers software,
games and multimedia application.
• CDROM holds 650mb to 750mb of storage data.
DVDROM
• A device that reads information and store data.
• DVDROM stands for digitals versatile disk read only
memory.
• It is similar in save to CDROM.
• It can store a lot more information and data, its storage
capacity 4.78 Gb to 16 Gb.
Blue ray
• It is another high-density optical storage media format.
• It is mainly used for high definition video and store data.
• The storage capacity of blue ray disk 50 Gb and more.
✓ Magnetical device
• Magnetical device are magnetized to store media on
which digital or analog information.
• It stores the data as electric magnetic signal over the
track.
• They are non-volatile memory.
 • Magnetic device consists four types: -
✓ HDD
✓ FDD
✓ ZDD
✓ TDD
✓ HDD (hard disk drive)
• It is a device store data in the computer.
• It is also called hard device or fixed device.
• It locates inside the computer cabinets and it is magnetically
story data of rotating disk which is called platters.
• It can save time because access fine on hold almost 20 times
faster.
• They came in various interface and specification.
Ex: - sata, sata-2, pata

✓ FDD (flappy disk drive)

• If used for home and personal computer to distribute small
software and text data transfer between one computer to
another and it create small back up.
• There are two standard size for disk 3.5 inch to 5.25 inch.
✓ ZDD (zip disk drive)
• The zip drive was introduced the overcome-up limitation of
other flappy drive and replace it with high capacity and faster
media.
• The disk size range for 100mb to 750mb.
✓ TDD (tab disk drive)
• TDD represents the sequential access method of storage and
retrieval data only a sequential manner.
• It is wildly used in 1982 to 1990 as a backup device.
• Due to their slow speed and sequential read and write access
they have now stop.

Output device
LED

LCD
MONITOR
DISPLAY CRT
PROJECTOR
SPEAKER TFT

OUTPUT
LINE
IMPACT
CHARACTER
PRINTER
INKJET
NON
IMPACT
LASER

▪ An output device is any peripheral device that receives data from

a computer usually for display projection or physical reproduction.
▪ It is device three types: -
i. display
 ii. Printer
iii. Speaker
Display
• A display is a computer output surface and projecting machine
that shows task and graphic images to the computer user.
• It is two types
1. Monitor
2. Projector

Monitor
• computer monitor is an output device that display A
information in picturial format.
• It is many types
o LED (light emitting diode)
o LCD (liquid crystal display)
o CRT (cathode ray tube)
o TFT (thin film transistor)

Projector
A multimedia projector in an output device which is used to project
information from the computer in to a large screen.

Use of projector
Project a power point presentation as a business meeting.
Project a computer screen to teach a class in school.
Project a TV or computer with movie playing a large screen.

Printer
 • Printer is an output device which is used to print information on
paper.
• These are two types
i. Impact printer
ii. Non-impact printer
i. Impact printer
• The impact printers print the character by striking them on the
ribbon which is then pressed on the paper.
• The printers are two types
❖ Character printer
❖ Line printer

Character printer
Character printers are the printers which print one character at a
time.
• Dot matrix printer
• Daisy wheel

Line printer
Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.
Ex: - Drum printer, chain printer
ii. Non-impact printer
Non-impact printers point the characters without using ribbon.
These printers print a complete page at a time. So, they also
called page printers.
These printers are two types: -
• Laser printer
• Inkjet printer
 Laser printer
These are non-impact Page printers they use laser lights two
produce the dots needed to from the character to be printed on
a page.
Inkjet printer
They print character by spraying small drops of ink to paper.
Speaker
It is output device which produce to sound from the computer.

Networking
• A network consists of two or more computers that are linked
in order to share research, exchange files or allow electronic
commutations.
• The computer or a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, set light or infrared light
beams.
Different type of networking –
Depending upon the geographical area converted by a network
classified as –
I. Local area network (LAN)
II. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
III. Wide area network (WAN)
IV. Personal area network (PAN)
1. Local area network –
• A LAN is a network that is used for commutating among
computer devices, usually with in an office building, home,
small village.
• It enables the sharing of recourse such as files or hard ware
devices that maybe needed by multiple user.
• It is limited in size typically spanning few 100 meters and no
more than 5 Km.
• Is fast with spears 10 MBPS to 10GBPS.
• Requires little warning, typically a single cable connecting to
each device.
• Has lower cost compered to man or once.
• LAN are lining together with a creation topology these
topologies in cloud bus, ring.
✓ Advantage of LAN –
Speed, cost, security, E-mail, reasons, sharing.
✓ Dish advantage (LAN) –
• Expensive to install, requires administrative time, file server
may fail.
• Cable may break.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) –
• MAN is a large computer network that usually spans a city or
a large campus.
• A MAN is optioned for a large geographical area than a LAN,
raining from several blocks of building to inter cities.
• It might be owned and operated by a single organization.
• Its high-speed network that allow to share or regional
resource.
• It is typically covering an area between 5-50 k.m.
Wide area network –
• Multiple leans can be connected together using device such
as bridges, routes which enable then to share data.
• The world most popular wan is the internet.
• It covers a large geographic area such as country connect or
even whole of world.
• A wan is two or more large connected together to cover
grate distance, it may trance me data over leased high-
speed fun lines or wide less ling such as set lights.
Personal area network (PAN) –
• A personal area network is a computer network used for
communication among computer devices include
telephones and personal digital assistance information to an
individual body.
• The device may or may not belong to the person in
question.
• The reach or pan is typically few masters.