ECSS-E-HB-32-23A

16 April 2010

Annex A
Recommended Starting Values for Seating
Torque

A.1 Recommended values

Table A-1 - Recommended torques for unlubricated fasteners
Fastener Nut/Insert Washer Size Recommended Preload
Torque (Nm) (N)
Titanium Steel Nut Steel (1.4944.4) M4 2.4 2920
(3.7164) LN 29950 – (1.4944.4) LN ENN 399 M5 6.0 6050
ox blank, 9161 – ox silver-
M6 11.0 8799
Ref. 16.1 plated
M8 30.0 18100
Titanium Steel Insert Steel (1.4944.4) M4 3.0 1950
(3.7164) LN 29950 – (1.4301) ENN 399 M5 7.3 4330
ox blank, LN 9499 M6 14.0 6080
Ref. 16.1
M8 36.0 13700
Titanium Steel Captive Steel (1.4944.4) M4 2.7 1830
(3.7164) LN 29950 – Nut ENN 399 M5 6.0 3850
ox blank, (1.4301)
M6 11.0 5480
Ref. 16.1 LN 9499
M8 - -
Steel (1.4944.6) Steel Insert Steel MJ4 - -
EN 3328, (1.4301) (1.4944.4) MJ5 - -
Ref. 16.2 LN 9499 Silver ENN 399 MJ6 12.5 7700
Plated
MJ8 33.5 15900
Steel - - M4 1.7 2970
(A2-70), M5 3.4 4850
Ref. 16.3 M6 5.9 6850
M8 12.6 14500

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Fastener Nut/Insert Washer Size Recommended Preload

Torque (Nm) (N)
Steel - - M4 2.3 3960
(A2-80), M5 4.6 6470
Ref. 16.3 M6 8.0 9130
M8 19.3 16700
NOTE 1: The appropriate seating torque depends on the requirements of the particular joint.
NOTE 2: Table A-1 shows recommended seating torque values (do not consider self-locking torque) for the most
frequently used aerospace fastener materials; Ti6Al4V, A286, A2-70/80.
NOTE 3: The data cover the most common metric sizes from M4 to M8.
NOTE 4: The values in the table are only provided as an initial estimate of the required torques, and are only
intended for use at the beginning of the design process. All relevant analyses should still be performed for the
final design.
NOTE 5: The data show unlubricated fasteners. If lubrication is used, attention should be given to the increased
preload since often the preload will be too high. In such cases, the applied torque should be reduced and all
relevant analyses should be performed.
NOTE 6: It is advised to use the minimum possible torque that can satisfy the critical MoS (for gapping,
separation, etc) since this will improve fatigue life of the fastener.
NOTE 7: Some specifications limit the maximum pretension for Ti6Al4V fasteners due to creep. When such
specifications apply, the values taken from Table A-1 should be adjusted accordingly.
NOTE 8: Inconel 718 and MP35N are sometimes used as high strength fasteners but no recommendations are
given for initial torque values, rather the analysis methods should be used from the beginning of the design
process.

A.2 References
A.1 MBB ERNO EURECA Project, Doc: ERC-12124-HB-ER-001, 1986.

A.2 Daimler-Benz COLUMBUS Project, Doc: HB 1213800 002, 1997.

Aerospace

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Annex B
Measured Friction Coefficients of Fasteners

Table B-1 - Friction Coefficients of Fasteners used in European Space Industry -

Unlubricated Fasteners
Fastener Type of nut or threaded hole mth,max m th,min m uh,max muh,min [
[4] 4]

M4, Anchor nut (floating), LN 29693 - - - -

LN 29949 Helicoil, bronze CuSn6, LN 9499[1] - - - -
(A-286)
Nut, LN 9161 - - - -
M5, Anchor nut (floating), LN 29693 0.199 0.129 0.294 0.226
LN 29949 Helicoil, bronze CuSn6, LN 9499 [1] 0.176 0.118 0.335 0.222
(A-286) Nut, LN 9161 0.112 0.046 0.120 0.081
M6 , Anchor nut (floating), LN 29693 0.176 0.086 0.296 0.179
LN 29949 Helicoil, bronze CuSn6, LN 9499 [1] 0.119 0.062 0.302 0.222
(A-286) Nut, LN 9161 0.140 0.074 0.140 0.069
M8, Anchor nut (floating), LN 29693 - - - -
LN 29949 Helicoil, bronze CuSn6, LN 9499 [1] 0.162 0.131 0.335 0.268
(A-286) Nut, LN 9161 - - - -
Ti (3.7164) Steel Nut (1.4944.4), ox silver-plated, LN 0.26 0.10 -[3] -
LN 29950, ox 9161
blank[2] Steel Insert (1.4301), LN 9499 0.34 0.18 - -
Steel Captive Nut (1.4301), LN 9499 0.34 0.18 - -
NOTE 1: LN 9499 is only applicable for CRES helicoils. For aerospace joints DIN 65536-1 should be used
NOTE 2: Steel (1.4944.4) ENN 399 washer was used with this fastener
NOTE 3: No data available
NOTE 4:Flange material AA 7075 T7351

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Annex C
Typical Friction Coefficients for Joint
Materials

Table C-1 - Typical thread and Underhead Friction Coefficients

Friction Range for Selection of typical examples
coefficient µth and µuh
class Material surfaces Lubricants
A 0.04 to 0.10 metallically bright solid lubricants, such as
black oxide MoS2, graphite, PTFE, PA, PE,
phosphated PI

galvanic coatings such as in lubricating varnishes, as top

coats
Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni
or in pastes;
Zinc laminated coatings
liquefied wax
wax dispersions
B 0.08 to 0.16 metallically bright solid lubricants, such as
black oxide MoS2, graphite, PTFE, PA, PE,
phosphated PI

galvanic coatings such as in lubricating varnishes, as top

coats
Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni
or in pastes;
Zinc laminated coatings
LIQUEFIED WAX;
Al and Mg alloys
wax dispersions, greases;
oils; delivery state
hot-galvanized MoS2; graphite;
wax dispersions
organic coatings with integrated solid lubricant
or wax dispersion
austenitic steel solid lubricants or waxes; pastes

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Friction Range for Selection of typical examples

coefficient µth and µuh
class Material surfaces Lubricants
C 0.14 to 0.24 austenitic steel wax dispersions, pastes

metallically bright delivery state (lightly oiled)

phosphated
galvanic coatings such as none
Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni
Zinc laminated coatings
D 0.20 to 0.35 austenitic steel oil

galvanic coatings such as none

Zn, Zn/Fe;
hot-galvanized
E ≥ 0.30 galvanic coatings such as none
Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni
austenitic steel
Al, Mg alloys
NOTE: Table taken from Reference VDI

Table C-2 - Friction Coefficients for Common Joint Materials (from Reference 8.3)
Material combination Static friction coefficient
Dry Lubricated
Steel – steel/cast steel 0,1 to 0,23 0,07 to 0,12
Steel – gray cast iron 0,12 to 0,24 0,06 to 0,1
Gray cast iron – gray cast iron 0,15 to 0,3 0,2
Bronze – steel 0,12 to 0,28 0,18
Gray cast iron – bronze 0,28 0,15 to 0,2
Steel – copper alloy 0,07 -
Steel – aluminum alloy 0,1 to 0,28 0,05 to 0,18
Aluminum – aluminum 0,21 -
NOTE: Table taken from Reference VDI

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Annex D
Material Data of Fasteners Typically Used in
Aerospace Industry

D.1 Overview
A short compendium of material data needed for bolt analyses of the most common fastener materials in
space industry is given in the tables below.

D.2 Stainless Steel

Table D-1- Stainless steel A 286
Material Specification A 286
Alternative notations for this material 1.4944 AISI 660
Temperature Room temperature
Property Reference Source German Aviation Material Handbook
Condition 1.4944.4 1.4944.6
Material Basis A B S A B S
tensile yield [N/mm²] - - 660 - - 950
strength s y
tensile ultimate [N/mm²] - - 960 - - 1100
strength s u
shear yield [N/mm²] - - - - - 548
strength t y

shear ultimate [N/mm²] - - 595 - - 655

strength t u
E (Young’s [N/mm²] 201 000
modulus)
n (Poisson ratio) [-] 0.31
r (density [g/cm³] [g/cm³] 7.95
Fastener types made of this material LN 29 949

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Table D-2 - Stainless steel A2-70 and A2-80

Material Specification A2
Alternative notations for this material 1.4301, 1.4541 AISI301-304, AISI 321
Temperature Room temperature
Property Reference Source DIN 267 Teil 11
Condition A2-70 A2-80
Material Basis A B S A B S
tensile yield [N/mm²] - - 450 - - 600
strength s y
tensile ultimate [N/mm²] - - 700 - - 800
strength s u
shear ultimate [N/mm²] - - 420 - - 480
strength t u
E (Young’s [N/mm²] 193 000 – 200 000
modulus)
n (Poisson ratio) [-] 0.29
r (density [g/cm³] ) [g/cm³] 8.00
Fastener types made of this material DIN 912, DIN 7991

Table D-3 - Stainless steel custom 455

Material Specification custom 455
Alternative notations for this material -
Temperature Room temperature
Property Reference Source MIL-HDBK-5H
Condition H1000
Material Basis A B S A B S
tensile yield [N/mm²] 1345 - - - - -
strength s y
tensile ultimate [N/mm²] 1413 - - - - -
strength s u
shear ultimate [N/mm²] 850 - - - - -
strength t u
E (Young’s modulus) [N/mm²] 200 000
n (Poisson ratio) [-] 0.30
r (density [g/cm³] ) [g/cm³] 7.76
Fastener types made of this material

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Table D-4 - Stainless steel PH 13-8 Mo

Material Specification PH 13-8 Mo
lternative notations for this material 1.4534
Temperature Room temperature

Property Reference Source MIL-HDBK-5H

Condition H 950 H 1000
Material Basis A B S A B S

tensile yield [N/mm²] 1365 1413 - 1310 1379 -

strength s y

tensile ultimate [N/mm²] 1496 1524 - 1386 1434 -

strength s u
shear ultimate [N/mm²] 900 915 - 807 841 -
strength t u
E (Young’s [N/mm²] 195000
modulus)

n (Poisson ratio) [-] 0.28

r (density [g/cm³] [g/cm³] 7.72

Fastener types made of this material

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D.3 Nickel and Nickel/Cobalt Based Alloys

Table D-5 - Inconel 718
Material Specification Inconel 718
Alternative notations for this material 2.4668
Temperature Room temperature
Property Reference Source German Aviation Material Handbook and MIL-
HDBK-5H
Condition 2.4668.7 2.4668.9
Material Basis A B S A B S
tensile yield strength [N/mm²] - - 1040 - - 1440
sy
tensile ultimate [N/mm²] - - 1240 - - 1550
strength s u
shear ultimate [N/mm²] - - 785 - - 885
strength t u
E (Young’s [N/mm²] 203 000
modulus)
n (Poisson ratio) [-] 0.29
r (density [g/cm³] [g/cm³] 8.19
Fastener types made of this material

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Table D-6 - MP35N

Material Specification MP35N
Temperature Room temperature
Property Reference Source MIL-HDBK-5H
Condition Solution treated, cold drawn and aged
Material Basis A B S A B S
tensile yield strength [N/mm²] 1586 - - - -
sy
tensile ultimate [N/mm²] 1793 - - - -
strength s u
shear ultimate [N/mm²] 1000 - - - -
strength t u
E (Young’s [N/mm²] 234 500
modulus)
n (Poisson ratio) [-]
r (density [g/cm³] ) [g/cm³] 8.26
Fastener types made of this material -

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D.4 Titanium Alloys

Table D-7 - Ti6Al4V
Material Specification Ti 6Al 4V
Alternative notations for this material 3.7164
Temperature Room temperature
Property Reference Source German Aviation Material Handbook
Condition 3.7164.1
Material Basis A B S
tensile yield [N/mm²] 830 925 -
strength s y
tensile ultimate [N/mm²] 900 980 -
strength s u
shear ultimate [N/mm²] 570 600 570
strength t u
E (Young’s modulus) [N/mm²] 113 800
n (Poisson ratio) [-] 0.342
r (density [g/cm³] ) [g/cm³] 4.43
Fastener types made of this material LN 29 950

D.5 References
D.1 German Aviation Material
Handbook

D.2 DIN 267 Teil 11

D.3 MIL-HDBK-5H

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