ICS2601-RM.

1805 him
Fortier1 : importance of

programming
Prof. Maria Lourdes L. Edang
Instructor:Asst.
PROGRAMMING
consultation Hours: TBA
-it is a tool to get solution by carefully,
pushing the repetitive tasks the
to

computer and thereby achieving automation

COURSETOPICS meanwhile still requiring input from

programmers/ software developers

IP RE IIDNI:
1) Importance of
programming
2.) Flowcharting andPseudocode
Programming is a process
Quiz 1 3 importantphases:
3.)Sequential Imperative Program

4)Data types 1) Problem identification and

5.) Strings solving phase
6)Methods
QUi2 2 2) Implementation phase
7.) Operators
8) Condition statements
Maintenance
3) phase

#DDNAD: Reasons Programming

1.) Looping constructs. Break, andcontinue
Quiz 3
is important:
2.) Arrays
3) Introduction to object Oriented programming Quiz 4 to interactwith machines and

(C + +) -
17 computer
·
To harness the power of computing
in all human endeavor
GRADING SYSTEM
·
To automate tasks
PRELIM GRADE
30%. Machine Problem ·
To create intelligentmachines
30% long quizzes
40% Prelims exam
Importantterms to remember
FINAL GRADE
1) Programming language
301. Machine Problem

30% long quizzes -use write computer

to
401 Prelims exam instructions
ICS2602 GRADE -

examples:Visual basic, C#, ct,

Java
prelim grade x. So final grade 1 so

2)Syntax
CONVERSION GRADE
OF TO 75%
-
rules governing its word usage
andpunctuation
25/40 ·

(grade 60) -

75
+

3) computer memory
passing rate is 75% -

Computer's temporary internal

storage
-

volatile

4) storage
permanent devices
- nonvolatile

↑
 understanding
Program Development
5) compiler/Interpreter cycle
-

translates program code into

machine language (binanguage)
-checks for syntax errors

4) program executes/runs
~

Inputwill be accepted i
-
some processing will occur,
andresults will be output

7) program with syntaxerrors

cannotbe executed

3) Logical Errors

Errors in programming logic

produce incorrect outputas a result
Understanding the Problem
-

mostdifficult
aspects
a) logic ofComputer program One ofthe of programming
-

Users/end users (people for whom program is written

documentation (supporting paperwork for program)
sequence ofspecific instructions
-

in specific order
Planning the logic
10) variable
-

heart
of the programming process
-mostcommon
planning tools
-Namedmemory location whose Flowchart
·

value can vary

·
pseudocode

Parough
-

X +

9
a program's logic
number
On
paper before you actually
write
the
program
variable Coding the program
addition
sign

Program Development
cycle
-understand the problem
-plan the logic
-

code the program

Use software (compiler/interpreter) to software to translate the
-using
-

a
translate the program into machine into machine
program language
language
Testt he
program SyntaxError
-

into production
Translator Program
-putthe program compiler/interpreter -
misuse a
of
language's
-
Maintain the program -changes the
programmer's grammar rules programmer
english-like high-level corrects listedsyntaxerrors
programming language into the the
mightneed to recompile
low-level machine language code several times
 understanding the Evolution Programming
of

Models

-Major models or paradigms usedby programmers

procedural programming
-

the program into production

Putting -

Focuses on the procedures thatprogrammers create

-
objectoriented programming
Focuses on the objects, or "things", anddescribes their
-

features/attributes andtheir behaviors

-

Major Difference
-

Focus the programmers take the earliest planning

depends
-

process on program's purpose stages ofa

project
-may take several months

-conversion
-
entire seto factions an organization t ake
must

to switch over to using a new program or set

of

programs

Testing the Program

Logical Error
-

-Use a
syntactically
correct statementbutuse
context
current
the
wrong one for the
-

Test
-execute the program with some sample data to

see wether the resultare logically -

correct
flowcharting
pseudocode
programs should be testedwith many sets
-

data
of

ALGORITHM
setof instructions to perform a specific
-

Maintaing the Program task

-

Maintenance -

well-definedstep-by-stepsolution
-making changes after program is putinto Flowchart
production -

Graphical representation of an

algorithm
-common changes to existing programs
-

Repeatthe development cycle pseudocode

-

method of
describing algorithm
Understanding User Environments
unggembing programminganguage
-

Command line
-Location on your computer screen atwhich
communicate with
you type textentries to flowsharting symbol
operating system
the computer's

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

-Allows users interactwith
to a program in a
graphical environment
flowcharting symbol OUTPUT OPERATIONS
↳Flowchart

OUAPU Or Write
A, B.
A, B.

↳ pseudocode
OutputA;Or Write A;

STARTS END OPERATION Output B; Write;

↳ Flowchart SEQUENTIAL OPERATIONS
Start
signifies the startand ↳ sequential is very simple design
endof the flowchart
end
G itis notinvolve conditional
or iterative processing
↳ Pseudocode
StartProgram c design in type is normally
from tot right
bottom/leftto
End Program
Flowchart Pseudocode
VARIABLE DECLARATION start
Start
process I
process I
↳Flowchart
process 2 process 2
End
end

*3. 1416
EXAMPLE 1
Design Flowchart and pseudocode thatwill
↳> Pseudocode a
accept two numbers display
and the computed
sum and product
SetX to 11
SetPI to 3.1416 pseudocode Flowchart
start start

IPUT OPERATIONS SetA, B, sum, product 0

to =0, B 0
A
sum=0,
=

Product 0 =

inputA, B
FindATB an dassign to sum it
A,B
↳Flowchart product
FindAAB and assign to
Sum, product Sum A
=
+ B product-A*B
Display
end
Display sum, product

A, B.
IPUt Or
ARE End

↳ pseudocode
InputA;or Read A;
Input B; Read Bi
CONDITIONAL OPERATION Flowchart

e
-

a step where a decision be

must made
-ask
questions and choose actions basedon the
available options

EXAMPLE2

isret
a flowchartandpseudocode
to determine
Create
if the passwordis correct. The correctpassword
is 123

pseudocode

Start
Set PASSWORD to 0
Input PASSWORD
IFPASSWORD is equal to 123
EXAMPLE4
Display"PASSWORD
is correct"

end
Create a flowchartandpseudocode to

determine if number is less

a
than,
equal for
greater than 0

"itrary
Pseudocode

Start
Set NUM OO
InputNUM
NUM
IF is less than to 0
"
Display:NUM than 8
is less
in
else IF NUM IS
greater than to 0
Display "NUM IS greater than to 0
"

else

Display "NUM is equal to 0

"

End
EXAMPLE3
create a flowchartand Pseudocode to determine Flowchart
if a number is oddor even

Start
Pseudocode

Set NUM to 0
mirae
Nissant
InputNUM
NUM
IF mod (1.) 2 is equal to 0
Display "NUM is EVEn"

elsisplay "NUM is ODD"

End
 signment </3

8 Develop an algorithm squares a

that given number ③ the perimeter of a square is equat to the circumference
ofa circle. Developan algorithm that computes
Flowchart: pseudocode: the area of a circle given the side of the square

start start
setn B sq to
8
Pis C0
=

4s= 2Hr +=3.14

enter a number, n
/ n 0 =
W multiply to itself Ao=? Inputs

re
andstore the
69 0 outputA
result to sq
=

AHr2
=

W end
inputn

Flowchart: pseudocode:
sq n*
n=

Start start
Set s, Airto 0 and
↓
display sq 3.14
pi to

arein
input S
end anddivide
multiply 2 to 3

to
its 3.14 then store
the result to r
antimeter pinches
& Develop an algorithm thatadverts
multiply to itself and to 3
Flowchart: pseudocode: then store the result
toA
start
Nat in
set 3 cm to display I

En
in
convertc m to
an

e
multiply cm to 2.54
display in
end

↓
ed
MODULE 3: SEQUENTIAL JAVA PROGRAMMING
INTRODUCTION
• Computers have greatly affected our daily lives - helping us complete many tasks

• Computer Programs (software) are design specifically for each task

• Software is created with programming languages

• Java is an example of programming language

LANGUAGE OF A COMPUTER
• Machine Language: the most basic language of a computer

• A sequence of 0s and 1s

• Every computer directly understands its own machine language

• Bit = binary digit, 0, or 1

• Byte = sequence of 8 bits

EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

• Early computers programmed in a machine language

• Assembly languages were developed to make programmer’s job easier

• In assembly language, an instruction is an easy-to-remember form called mnemonic

• Assembler: translates assembly language instructions into machine language

• To run a Java program

1. Java instructions need to be translated into an

intermediate language called byte-code

2. Then the bytecode is interpreted into a particular machine language

• Compiler: a program that translates a program written in a high-level language into the
equivalent machine language

In the case of Java, this machine language is the bytecode

• Java Virtual Machine (JVM): hypothetical computer developed to make Java programs
machine independent

PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGIES
• 2 Basic Approach to programming design

- Structured Design

- Object - Oriented Design

STRUCTURED DESIGN
• A problem is divided into smaller subproblems

• Each subproblem is solved

• The solutions of all subproblems are the combined to solve the problem

OBJECT - ORIENTED DESIGN (OOD)

• A program is a collection of interacting objects

• Object - consists of date and operation

• Steps in OOD

1. Identify objects

2. Form the basis of the solution

3. Determine how these object interact

THE BASICS OF A JAVA PROGRAM

• Java program: collection of classes

• There is a main method in every Java application program

• Token: smallest individual unit of a program

FEATURES OF THE JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGAUGE

• Java

- Developed by Sun Microsystems

- An object-oriented language

- General-purpose

- Advantages

- Security features

- Architecturally neutral

- Can be run on a wide variety of computers

- Does not execute instructions on the computer directly

- Runs on a hypothetical computer known as a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

• Source code

- Programming statements written in high-level programming language

FEATURES OF THE JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGAUGE
• Development environment

- A set of tools used to write programs

• Byte code

- Statements saved in a file

- A binary program into which the Java compiler converts source code

• Java interpreter

- Checks bytecode and communicate with the operating system

- Executes bytecode instructions line by line within the Java Virtual Machine

• WORA

- Write once, run anywhere

• Console applications

- Support character output

• Windowed applications

- Menus

- Toolbars

- Dialog boxes

A JAVA PROGRAM
Public class ASimpleJavaProgram

public static void main (string [] args)

System.out.println(“My first Java Program.”);

System.out.println(“The sum of 5 and 3 = ” + 8);

?
System.out.println(“9 + 8 = ” + (9 + 8));

Sample Run:

My First Java Program.

The sum of 5 and 3 = 8

9 + 8 = 17
PROCESSING OF A JAVA PROGRAM
• Two types of Java programs: applications and applets

• Source program: written in a high-level language

• Loader: transfers the compiled code (bytecode) into main memory

• Interpreter: reads and translates each bytecode instruction into machine language
and then executes it

PROBLEM - SOLVING PROCESS

1. Analyze the problem: outline solution requirements and design an algorithm

2. Implement the algorithm in a programming language (Java) and verify that

the algorithm works

3. Maintain the program: use and modify if the problem domain changes

A JAVA PROGRAM
Public class First

public static void main (string [] args)

{ -

First
System.out.println(“First Java Application”);
Clas S
}

UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST CLASS

• Everything used within a Java program must be part of a class

• Define a Java class using any name or identifier

• Java Identifiers

- Names of things
·

- Consist of:

- Letters

- Digits

- The underscore character (_)

- The dollar sign ($)

RULES IN NAMING IDENTIFIERS
• Requirements for identifiers

1. Must begin with one of the following:

- Letter of the English alphabet

- Non-English letter (such as α or π)

- Underscore

- Dollar sign

2. Cannot begin with a digit

3. Can only contain:

- Letters

- Digits

- Underscores

- Dollar signs

4. Cannot be a Java reserved keyword

5. Cannot be true, false, or null

IDENTIFIERS
• Upper Camel casing (Pascal casing)

- Each word of an identifier begins with uppercase letter

- UnderGradStudent

- InventoryItem

• Access specifier
`
- Defines how a class can be accessed

JAVA RESERVED WORDS

 VARIABLES
• Variable (name, value, data type, size)

- Content may change during program execution

- Must be declared before it can be used

- May not be automatically initialized

- If new value is assigned, old one is destroyed

- Value can only be changed by an assignment statement or an input (read) statement

• Example

double amountDue;

int counter;

char ch;

int num1, num2;

CONSTANT DECLARATION
• Named constant

- Cannot be changed during program execution

- Declared by using the reserved word final

- Initialized when it is declared

• Example

final double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;

final int NO_OF_STUDENTS = 20;

final char BLANK = ' ';

final double PAY_RATE = 15.75;

CREATING A JAVA PROGRAM

• Syntax of a class

public class Classname

ClassMembers

• Syntax of the main-method

public static void main (String [] args)

Statement 1

Statement n

}
PARTS OF TYPICAL CLASS

THE main () METHOD

• Static

- reserved keyword

- Means the method is accessible and usable even though no objects of the class exist

• Void

- Use in the main() method header

- Does not indicate the main() method is empty

- Indicates the main() method does not return a value when called

- Does not mean that main() doesn’t produce output

INDENT STYLE
• Use whitespace to organize code and improve readability

• For every opening curly brace ( { ) in a Java program, there must be a corresponding closing
curly brace
(} )

• Placement of the opening and closing curly braces is not important to the compiler

• Allman style used in text

USING THE Scanner CLASS TO ACCEPT KEYBOARD INPUT

• Standard input stream object: System.in

• System.in object

• Standard input device

• Normally the keyboard

• AccessusingtheScannerclass

• Scannerobject

• Breaks input into units called tokens

• To read data:

1. Create an input stream object of the class Scanner

2. Use the methods such as next, nextLine, nextInt, and nextDouble

static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

• Example

static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

int feet;

int inches;

Suppose the input is

23 7

feet = console.nextInt(); //Line 1

inches = console.nextInt(); //Line 2

OUTPUT
Standard output subject : System.out

Methods :

print

println

Syntax:

System.out.print(StringExp);

System.out.println(StringExp);

System.out.print();

System.out.println(“Hello World”);

System.out.print(“Hello World”);

int x = 100;

System.out.println(“x”);

System.out.println (x);

System.out.println (“x = “ + x);

System.out.println (“5” + “10”);

System.out.println (5 + 10);

System.out.println (5 + 10 + “abc”);

System.out.println (“abc” + 5 + 10);

System.out.println (“abc” + (5 + 10));

ESCAPE SEQUENCE
• Begins with a backslash followed by a character

• Represents a single nonprinting character

char aNewLine = ‘\n’;

• To produce console output on multiple lines in the command window, use one of these
options:

- Use the newline escape sequence

- Use the println() method multiple times

Import STATEMENT
• Used to import the components of a package into a program

• Reserved word

• import java.io.*

• imports the components of the package java.io into the program

• Primitive data types and the class string

- Part of the Java Language

- Don’t need to be imported

THE ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT

Syntax: Variable = expression;

Example:

num1 = 13;

num2 = 5 * 5 - 11;

sale = 0.05 * 1000;

first = ‘A’;

Str = “It is a rany day.”;

ADDING COMMENTS
• Program comments

- Nonexecuting statements added to a program for documentation

- Use to leave notes for yourself or others

- Include the author, date, and class’s name or function

• Comment out a statement

- Turn it into a comment

- The compiler does not translate, and the JVM does not execute its command

TYPES OF COMMENTS
• Line comments

- Start with two forward slashes (//)

- Continue to the end of the current line

- Do not require an ending symbol

• Block comments

- Start with a forward slash and an asterisk (/*)

- End with an asterisk and a forward slash (*/)

• Javadoc comments

- A special case of block comments

- Begin with a slash and two asterisks (/**)

- End with an asterisk and a forward slash (*/)

- Use to generate documentation

Example

INDENT STYLE
• Use whitespace to organize code and improve readability

• For every opening curly brace ( { ) in a Java program, there must be a corresponding closing
curly brace (} )

• Placement of the opening and closing curly braces is not important to the compiler

• Allman style used in text

SAVING A JAVA APPLICATION

• Save the class in a file with exactly the same name and .java extension

• For public classes, class name and filename must match exactly

COMPILING A JAVA APPLICATION

• Compile the source code into bytecode

• Translate the bytecode into executable statements

• Using a Java interpreter

• Type javac First.java

• Compilation outcomes

• Javac is an unrecognized command

• Program language error messages

• No messages indicating successful completion

ERRORS IN JAVA PROGRAM

• Reasons for error messages

- Misspelled the command javac

- A misspelled filename

- Not within the correct subfolder or subdirectory on the command line

- Improper installation of Java

CORRECTING SYNTAX ERRORS
• The first line of the error message displays:

- The name of the file where the error was found

- The line number

-The nature of the error

• Next lines identify:

- The symbol

- The location

• Compile-time error

- The compiler detects a violation of language rules

- Refuses to translate the class to machine code

• Parsing

- Compiler divides source code into meaningful portions

OTHER LOGICAL ERRORS

• Logic error

- The syntax is correct but incorrect results were produced when executed

• Run-time error

- Not detected until execution

- Often difficult to find and resolve

RUNNING A JAVA APLLICATION
• Run the application from the command line

- Type javaFirst

• Shows the application’s output in the command window

• The class is stored in a folder named Java on the C drive

SAMPLE RUN

FINDING HELP
• Java API

- Also called the Java class library

- Provides prewritten information about Java classes

• FAQs on the Java Web site

• Java Development Kit (JDK)

- A software development kit (SDK) of programming tools

- Free to download

DON’T DO IT
• Don’t forget the file’s name must match the class name

• Don’t confuse these terms:

- Parentheses, braces, brackets, curly braces, square brackets, and angle brackets

• Don’t forget to end a block comment

• Don’t forget that Java is case sensitive

- Don’t forget to end every statement with a semicolon • Do not end class or method
headers with a semicolon

• Don’t forgot to recompile when making changes

• Don’t panic when you see a lot of compiler error messages

• Don’t assume your program is perfect when all compiler errors are eliminated.
MODULE 4:DATA TYPES
DATA TYPES
• set of values together with a set of operations

• A type of data that can be stored

• How much memory an item occupies

• What types of operations can be performed on data

JAVA DATA TYPES

• Primitive data types

- A simple data type

• Reference data types ( to be discussed next term )

- Also known as Non-Primitive Data Type

- More complex data types

PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES

• Integral

- byte, short, int, long

• Floating

- float, double

• Textual

- char

• Logical

- boolean
INTEGRAL

Examples:

byte myNum = 200;

System.out.println(myNum);

short myNum = 5000;

System.out.println(myNum);

int myNum = 100000;

System.out.println(myNum);

long myNum = 15000000000L;

System.out.println(myNum);

FLOATING POINT
float myNum = 5.75f;

System.out.println(myNum);

double myNum = 19.99d;

System.out.println(myNum);

float f1 = 35e3f;

double d1 = 12E4d;

System.out.println(f1);

System.out.println(d1);

TEXTUAL TYPE
• Can be represented in three ways:
TEXTUAL
Examples:

char myGrade = 'B’;

System.out.println(myGrade);

• You can use ASCII values to display certain characters

char a = 65, b = 66, c = 67;

System.out.println(a);

System.out.println(b);

System.out.println(c);

BOOLEAN
Example:

boolean isJavaFun = true;

boolean isFishSalty = false;

System.out.println(isJavaFun); // Outputs true

System.out.println(isFishTasty); // Outputs false

STRING
• used to store a sequence of characters (text).

• String values must be surrounded by double quotes

Example:

String greeting = “Mabuhay!";

System.out.println(greeting);

CONCATENATION
• A numeric variable is concatenated to a String using the plus sign ( + )

• The entire expression becomes a String

• The println() method can accept a number or String

PRIMITIVE AND NON-PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
The main difference between primitive and non-primitive data types are:

• Primitive types are predefined (already defined) in Java. Non-primitive types are created by
the programmer and is not defined by Java (except for String).

• Non-primitive types can be used to call methods to perform certain operations, while
primitive types cannot.

• A primitive type has always a value, while non-primitive types can be null.

• A primitive type starts with a lowercase letter, while non-primitive types starts with an
uppercase letter.

• The size of a primitive type depends on the data type, while non-primitive types have all the
same size.

TYPE OF CONVERSION (CASTING)

• Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive data type to another type.

• In Java, there are two types of casting:

• Widening Casting (automatically)

- converting a smaller type to a larger type size

byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double

• Narrowing Casting (manually)

- converting a larger type to a smaller size type

double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte

WIDENING CASTING
• done automatically when passing a smaller size type to a larger size type

public class MyClass {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int myInt = 13;

double myDouble = myInt; // Automatic casting:

int to double System.out.println(myInt); // Outputs 13 System.out.println(myDouble); //

Outputs 13.0
}}
NARROWING CASTING
• must be done manually by placing the type in parentheses in front of the value

public class MyClass {

public static void main(String[] args) {

double myDouble = 9.78;

int myInt = (int) myDouble; // Manual casting:

// double to int

System.out.println(myDouble); // Outputs 9.78

System.out.println(myInt); // Outputs 9
}
}

TYPE OF CONVERSION (CASTING)

• Used to avoid implicit type coercion

• Syntax

(dataTypeName) expression

• Expression evaluated first, then type converted to dataTypeName

• Examples

(int)(7.9 + 6.7) = 14

(int)(7.9) + (int)(6.7) = 13

• Convert String to int or double

- Use methods from the built-in Java classes Integer and Double

- Type-wrapper classes

- Each primitive type has a corresponding class contained in the java.lang package

- Include methods to process primitive type values

Integer.parseInt()

Double.parseDouble()