Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cebu
City of Talisay
TALISAY CITY COLLEGE
Poblacion, Talisay City, Cebu
2nd Semester, Academic Year 2021-2022

PHYS: ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, HEAT, SOUND AND LIGHT

(LEC AND LAB)
Module Writer ENGR. RACHIEL R. CAL Department Information Technology
Module Reviewer ENGR. RACHIEL R. CAL

Course Facilitator Contact No.

E-mail Address
Program & Year Credit Units 3.0
Physics is an introduction to mechanics that covers electricity, magnetism, heat energy, sound
Course Description
waves and optics.
Culminating Display and develop an appropriate knowledge in physics and apply concepts, principles and laws
Outcome to the problem and solution in real life world situations in IT industry and other related fields.
Final Unit
Solve problems on the principles of light.
Outcome

Student’s Name Curricular Yr.& Sec.

Contact No. Time Allotment
Residence Inclusive Date/s

Course Material 5 : LIGHT

CONTENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Light At the end of this course material, you will:
 Nature and Behavior of Light  identify the concepts of light;
 Sources of Light  solve and perform the application of the speed of light,
 Propagation of Light Intensity of illumination and the reflection of light; and,
 Measuring the Speed of Light  solve problem about the refraction and speed of light.
 Intensity of Illumination
 Reflection of Light
 Refraction of Light

ENGAGE
Read and Reflect!

Can you imagine if there was no light on

Earth? Do you think the environment will be
colorful without light? Do you think Christmas will
be as colorful as it was before without light? Do
you know also why shadow is formed?
Moreover, do you think plants grow without
light specifically sunlight? Lastly, do you think
“life” would exist without light? (Sunlight)

In this module you will learn about the light,

its meaning and importance in life. You will also
learn about the reflection of light and the factors
affecting the types of reflection and you will also
get to know how shadow is formed.

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 1 of 10
EXPLORE
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT
Mechanics and optics, the science which deals with the study of light, are much older sciences than
electricity and magnetism. Early peoples were familiar with the fact that when a ray of light is reflected, the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. They were also familiar with the fact that light bends when passing
obliquely from water into air. Aristotle described the apparent bending of oars when dipped in water. A book in
optics was written by the Arabian scholar Alhazen as early as the eleventh century, but his book was only about the
behavior of light. Light was a mysterious phenomenon to scientists and philosophers alike up to the seventeenth
century. Some of the questions which challenged them were: What is the exact nature of light? How does it originate
and how is it propagated in space? How and why does it finally disappear? How fast does it travel?
Two rival theories regarding the nature of light emerged during the seventeenth century: the particle or
corpuscular theory and the wave theory. Newton proposed the former. This theory holds that light is made up of a
very fine particles, or corpuscles, which are emitted from sources at high temperatures. These particles travel in straight
lines from the source to the observer at an enormous velocity. The formation of shadows was given as a proof that the
streams of particles travelled in straight lines. This theory was widely accepted for more than a century because the
corpuscular model proved satisfactory for all the phenomena then observed. Another reason for the wide
acceptance of the particle theory was Newton’s great reputation as a scientist among his colleagues. Newton had
formulated the basic laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation, and what he said commanded respect.
Newton’s contemporary, Christian Huygens, Dutch physicist and mathematician, developed a rival theory,
the wave theory. According to Huygens’s theory, light is a form of wave disturbance which starts from a vibrating
body and is transmitted through space at great speed. This theory was supported by the observation that light beams
cross each other without affecting them, a phenomenon that cannot be explained by the particle theory. With the
help of Huygens’s principle, earlier explained here in the chapter on wave motion, the wave theory satisfactorily
accounted for the phenomena of reflection and refraction.
However, the wave theory received little attention at that time. It was revived near the beginning of the
nineteenth century after a very important discovery. An Englishman, Thomas Young, discovered that two light waves
could meet in such a manner that they completely cancel each other. Instead of producing a brighter region, the two
interfering waves result in complete darkness. The cancellation of two interfering beams of light is something which
could not be explained by the particle theory.
After the discoveries and the experiments of Faraday in the nineteenth century, a British physicist, James
Clerk Maxwell, set out to continue Faraday’s work. Considered by many as the greatest mathematical physicist after
Newton, Maxwell proposed what is known as the electromagnetic theory of light. He introduced the idea that a
changing electric field produces a magnetic field. It will be recalled that in principle, this idea is the converse of
Faraday’s discovery. Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field near a conductor induces a current in the
conductor. This current is due to an electric field which has been produced by the changing magnetic field. Thus
Maxwell’s theory is the inverse of Faraday’s discovery. Maxwell then set up a set of mathematical equations which
enabled him to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves due to a set of changing electric and magnetic fields
which are transverse. An electromagnetic disturbance is propagated by these changing fields at a speed of about
300,000 kilometers per second in empty space. According to this theory, light is similar to other electromagnetic waves
such as heat waves and radio waves. The classification of the wave depends on the wavelength, but all of these
waves are of exactly the same nature.
The electromagnetic theory received
experimental confirmation in 1887 when the
German physicist, Heinrich Hertz succeeded in
producing and detecting electromagnetic waves.
Figure on the right side shows the setup Hertz used.
The two rods with metallic spheres A and B at their
ends are connected to the secondary of an
induction coil. The rods and the spheres serve as a
capacitor, the capacitance of which can be varied by
adjusting the positions of sliding spheres M and M’
along the rods. If the intermittent voltage across the secondary of the induction coil is strong enough, sparks jump
across the gap AB. This oscillatory discharge across the gap sends out electromagnetic waves. To detect the
electromagnetic waves, Hertz used for an antenna a simple loop with a polished sphere at each end of this receiver.
If the electromagnetic waves are being sent out and detected, a current will be induced in the loop which will then
cause a spark to jump across the gap ab. Thus Hertz had a system of transmitter and receiver.
Hertz succeeded in producing sparks across the receiver gap even when his receiver was several meters
away from the transmitter. He showed that the electromagnetic waves he generated could be focused, reflected,
and refracted like light waves. He therefore concluded that light is also an electromagnetic wave.

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 2 of 10
SOURCES OF LIGHT
The sun is our most important source of light, its surface temperature being 6,000 °C. Most artificial sources
of light are hot bodies which also give off infrared radiation. In the modern light bulb, the tungsten filament in it
contains an inert gas operating at about 3,000 °C without vaporizing. Carbon arc lamps used in movie projectors,
and search lights also use the heating effect of an electric current. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapor at low
pressure. An electric current passes through the mercury vapor. Ultraviolet radiation from the glowing discharge is
absorbed by a fluorescent substance, or phosphor, at the inner wall of the glass tube and is given out as visible
radiant energy. The color of the light depends on the phosphorescence used – neon for red, calcium tungstate for
blue, zinc silicate for green.
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
Light traveling in straight lines is commonly and easily observed. The formation of shadows or dark areas in
front of opaque bodies which cut off light from the source is explained by the straight-line propagation of light. This
property of light is made use of in aiming a gun or in a pinhole camera. Unlike sound waves, like cannot bend around
corners. There is little spreading of light obstacles on account of their very short wavelengths.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves similar to light, radio waves, and X-rays. They travel with the same
velocity as these radiations. Microwaves are found between radio and light waves and exhibit characteristics of
both. Microwaves can be made to focus, beam, and reflect light. But they can be generated and can be used to send
messages like the radio waves. Because of their shorter wavelength, a single beam can carry several telephone
conversations at the same time. During World War II, early microwave power was used in the radar detection
system.
MEASURING THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Before the seventeenth century, it was believed that light travelled with infinite speed. But Galileo suggested
that the speed of light was finite and made some efforts to measure the speed of light by means of signals from
mountaintops. A contemporary of Galileo, the Danish astronomer Olaus Romer, obtained the first evidence that light
travels with a finite speed. In this time it was known that the planet Jupiter has several satellites, or moons, which go
around the Jupiter with constant frequency. A satellite going behind the planet goes through a eclipse. Romer noted
the exact time when one of Jupiter’s moons passed into the planet’s shadow – when the earth was nearest the
planet. Six months later when the earth was farthest from Jupiter, Romer noted a delay in the eclipse of the
particular satellite. Romer attributed the delay of about 16 minutes to the additional distance travelled by light to the
earth. By dividing this additional distance, which is equal to the diameter of the earth’s orbit, by the time of the
delay, he obtained a velocity close to 300,000 kilometers per second.
The person most prominently associated
with measurements on the speed of light was the
American physicist, Albert Michelson. He started
measuring the speed of light in 1876. In 1926, or
half a century later, he was still measuring the
speed of light but with more accurate results.
Figure on the right side shows the essentials of
one of the Michelson’s last methods of
determining the speed of light, the so-called
rotating-mirror method. He had an octagonal
mirror, with 8 equally inclined sides, which could
be rotated at well-controlled speed about its axis.
Michelson had this mirror installed at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California. At another mountaintop about 37
kilometers away, concave mirror was placed, with a plane mirror at its focus. A ray of light from the source hit face 1
at 45° and was reflected to the concave mirror which reflected it to the plane mirror, back to the concave mirror,
and then back to the octagonal mirror did not move, the ray would hit the third face at 45°, and the observer saw
the ray reflected from the mirror through the telescope.
Michelson rotated the mirror at such a speed that the time required by the light to travel to and from over a
total distance of 74 kilometers was exactly equal to the time for one-eight revolution of the octagonal mirror. This
means that the time taken by the ray of light to travel 74 km is the time needed by surface 2 to exactly replace
surface 3. If T is the period of the rotating mirror, the time for 1/8 revolution is 1/8 T second. The velocity of light,
v = distance / time v = 2D / (T/8) = 16 D / T
Let f be the frequency of rotation. Then f = 1 / T and the velocity v = 16 fD
The last expression gives the velocity of light in terms of two quantities which can be precisely measured.
The mirror was rotated at 506 rev/sec. Substituting this value for f and 37 kilometers for D, Michelson obtained a
value of approximately 300,000 km/sec for the velocity of light. In 1931 Michelson constructed a tube 1.6 km long. He
reduced the distance D to 1.6 kilometers but obtained a longer path by reflecting the ray of light back and forth
several times through the tube. The speed of light in a vacuum was obtained by removing the air from the tube. The
tube could also be filled with water and the velocity of light through water could then be measured.
The speed of light is probably the most important physical constant in physics. It enters many calculations in
relativity and in atomic physics. The speed of light in a vacuum does not depend on the motion of the source nor on the
motion of the observer. If a source of light is approaching an observer with a velocity close to the speed of light, the
THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 3 of 10
speed of light measured by the observer will still be the same. The present accepted value of the speed of light is
c = 299,792.5 km / sec
Where c is the universal symbol for the speed of light. It is sufficient to take c as equal to 300,000 km/sec.
INTENSITY OF ILLUMINATION
The branch of optics dealing with the measurement of the brightness of light sources and the brightness on
surfaces is called photometry. The brightness – or luminous intensity of light source – is commonly expressed in candles
or candle power internationally called candela (cd). The candle was originally
used as a basis for measuring light intensities, but it is little difficult to exactly
reproduce the standard candle. Now the standard candle is defined in terms
of quantities which can be easily reproduced in any standard laboratory. The
candela is the intensity of light coming out of 1/60 cm2 of a black body (or
perfect radiator) kept at the temperature of melting platinum (or 1773° C).
Electric lamps have been calibrated in terms of this definition of the candela.
A 100-watt tungsten filament lamp gives about 130 candelas, and a 40-watt
fluorescent lamp gives about 200 candelas. Some of the energy coming out a
light source is not visible. That part which is visible is known as light flux or
luminous flux, and the unit of luminous flux is the lumen.
Consider a one-candela point source as shown in figure on the right
side, which is at the center of a sphere of radius 1 meter. Light from the point
source is streaming out uniformly in all directions. This luminous flux is spread
uniformly over the surface of the sphere. The luminous flux on 1 square meter of the unit sphere is 1 lumen. Since the
area of the unit spherical surface is 4π m2, the luminous flux from one candela is 4π lumens. If the point source has an
intensity of I candelas, the total luminous flux from this source is 4π I lumens. Thus, for the 100-watt tungsten filament
incandescent lamp which has a brightness of 130 candelas, the total luminous flux emitted by the lamp is 130 (4π) =
1630 lumens.
The lumen may therefore be defined as the luminous
flux on a unit area of a spherical surface of unit radius if there is
a 1 candela source at the center. Suppose the spherical surface
has a radius of more than 1 meter. With the same 1 candela at
the center, the luminous flux on every square meter of the
bigger surface will now be less than one lumen. When one
goes farther from a point source, the same luminous flux is
being spread over a larger area as shown in figure on the
right side. The intensity of illumination on a surface is defined
as the amount of luminous flux on a unit area of the surface.
The intensity of illumination is often called just illumination or
brightness on the surface. The quantity is our present concern.
The figure shows that the area on which the same flux is
spread increases as the square of the distance from the source. The area is increased to 4 times if one goes twice as
far. Therefore, the brightness on the surface is reduced to one-fourth if the distance is doubled, and the brightness
or illumination on the surface is reduced to one-ninth of its original value if the distance is increased to three times.
The illumination on a surface varies inversely as the square of the distance from a point source. It is here assumed that
the surface is perpendicular to the direction of the ray of light.
To find the illumination on a plane surface, we can assume that the unit
area around a point is a part of a spherical surface. In figure on the right side, we
have a source of intensity I a candelas which is placed at a distance d above the
table top. It has been shown that the total luminous flux from the source is 4π I
lumens and that this is uniformly spread out in all directions about the point
source. To find the intensity of illumination on the table top at point P, let us
imagine a sphere of radius d centering at the source. The amount of luminous
flux falling on a unit area of the spherical surface at point p is approximately
equal to the amount of luminous flux on a unit area of the table top about the
same point. Dividing the total flux of 4π I lumens from the source by the area
4πd2 of the spherical surface, we get the flux per unit area. If we represent the
intensity of illumination by E, we have
E = 4π I lumens
4πd2 unit area
E = I / d2 lumens per unit area
If the distance d is in meters, E will be in lumens per square meter or meter-candle. At some other point on
the table top, the ray is not perpendicular to the surface at the point. For such points, the expression (I/d2) multiplied
by a factor which depends on the angle between the ray of light and the surface at the point. The law of illumination
therefore states: The intensity of illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
and is directly proportional to the brightness of the source.

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 4 of 10
Sample Problem #1:
A small, unshaded lamp of brightness 400 candelas, which may
be considered a point of source of light, is placed 4 meters above the
floor of a big hall. Find (a) The total luminous flux emitted by the source
(b) The intensity of illumination on the floor directly below the lamp.
Solution:
a) The Total luminous flux is 4π I = 4π x 400 = 5,026.6 lumens
b) The Intensity of Illumination = E = I / d2 = 400 / 42 = 400 / 16 = 25 lumens / m2
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
When a light ray traveling in a transparent medium encounters a boundary
leading into a second medium, part of the incident ray is reflected back into the first
medium. Figure (a) shows several rays of a beam of light incident on a smooth, mirror-
like reflecting surface. The reflected rays are parallel to one another, as indicated in the
figure. The reflection of light from such a smooth surface is called specular reflection.
On the other hand, if the reflecting surface is rough, as in Figure (b), the surface reflects
the rays in a variety of directions. Reflection from any rough surface is known as diffuse
reflection. A surface behaves as a smooth surface as long as its variation are small
compared with the wavelength of the incident light.
We can see objects because they reflect light into our eyes. When light strikes an object, it is either
transmitted, absorbed, or reflected. Glass transmits more light than it absorbs or reflects. The walls and the ceiling
of a room reflect light.
Reflection of light is the turning back of light when it strikes a boundary. To understand what happens when
a light wave is reflected from a surface, it is necessary to know Huygens’s principle. The principle involves wave
fronts. As mentioned from the previous page, circular or spherical wave
fronts are produced when a point on water in a ripple tank is disturbed.
Circular patterns start moving from the point. All the particles constituting a
circle are in phase. In the case of light, any circular pattern coming from the
source is the latter’s electric magnetic field. A train of waves may be
represented by means of rays rather than by wave fronts. As stated in the
previous page a ray is simply the path of light; it becomes the radius of the
sphere and is perpendicular to the wave front.
Waves radiated from a point source are spherical surfaces as in figure on the right side. But at a great
distance from the source, the spherical surfaces appear as plane surfaces Huygens’s principle states that every point
on a wave front may be considered a source of secondary wavelets, which travel at the same speed in all directions.
The envelope of these wavelets is the new wave from figure above shows Huygens’s principle concerning
the propagation of waves.
THE LAWS OF REFLECTION
A light wave incident to a surface is thrown back or reflected in the same
manner as when it strikes the surface. When it falls perpendicularly on the surface,
it is likewise reflected perpendicularly. When it falls obliquely, it is reflected
obliquely.
Let us consider a light wave XY that incident to a surface MM’ and is about
to be reflected. (See figure on the right side ) As the various points on the wave
front XY reach the reflecting surface MM’, each point considered a source
secondary wavelets.
If there were no reflecting surface, the wave would be at point X’Y’ at a certain time. Four wavelets are drawn. The
reflected wave is the envelope of these wavelets, Y’Z. The angle of incidence, I, is the angle between the incident
wave XY and the reflecting surface. The angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected wave Y’Z and the
surface. If we use a ray diagram, we will find it easier to understand reflection as shown in figure on the right side.
Line XY is the wave front that strikes the surface MM’. Line YZ is the direction of the reflected wave. The angles are
obtained by drawing the normal line NY at the point of incidence. The law of reflection says: 1. The angle of incidence
equals the angle of reflection ϴi = ϴr 2. Both angles are on the same plane.
ϴi = ϴr ϴi ϴr
30° 30°

60° 60°

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 5 of 10
Sample Problem #2:
A light ray strikes the mirror at angle of 25 degrees from the horizontal. What is the angle X where the ray
leaves the second mirror?

25° 135°

Solution:
Angle Y = 180° – 25° – 135° = 20°
X = 20°
Angle Z = 90° - 20° = 70°
Therefore: Angle X = 90° - 70° = 20° (Ans.)
Z

65° 65°
Y
25°
25° 135°

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
When a ray of light travelling through a transparent medium encounters a boundary
leading into another transparent medium, as illustration on the right side, part of ray is
reflected and part enters the second medium. The ray that enters the second medium is bent
at the boundary and is said to be refracted. The incident ray, the reflected ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at
the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. The angle of refraction,
θ2 depends on the properties of the two media and on the angle of
incidence, through the relationship where v1 is the speed of light in
medium 1 and v2 is the speed of light in medium 2. Note that the angle
of refraction is also measured with respect to the normal. In the next
illustration on the right side, we derive the laws of reflection and
refraction using Huygen’s principle.
THE LAWS OF REFRACTION
When light passes from one transparent medium to another,
it’s refracted because the speed of light is different in the two
media. the index of refraction, n, of a medium is defined as the ratio
n = speed of light in vacuum = c
speed of light in a medium v
From this definition, we see that the index of refraction is a
dimensionless number that is greater than or equal to 1 because v is always less than c. Further, n is equal to one for
vacuum. Table on the right side the indices of refraction for various substances.
A light travels from one medium to another, its frequency doesn’t change. To see why,
consider Figure on the right side. Wave fronts pass an observer at point A in medium 1 with a
certain frequency and are incident on the boundary between medium 1 and medium 2. The
frequency at which the wave fronts pass an observer at point B in medium 2 must equal the
frequency at which they arrive at point A. If not, the wave fronts would either pile up at the
boundary or be destroyed or created at the boundary. Because neither of these events occurs,
the frequency must remain the same as a light ray passes from one medium into another.
Therefore, because the relation v = f λ must be valid in both media and because f = f1 = f2
v1 = f λ1 and v2 = f λ2
Because v1 ≠ v2, it follows that λ1 ≠ λ2. A relationship between the index of refraction
and the wavelength can be obtained by dividing these two equations and making use of the
definition of the index of refraction given by equation:
λ1 = v1 = c/n1 = n2 λ1n1 = λ2n2
λ2 = v2 = c/n2 = n1
THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 6 of 10
 Let medium 1 be the vacuum so that n1 = 1. The index of refraction of any
medium can be expressed as the ratio
n = λ0
λn
Where λ0 is the wavelength of light in vacuum and λn is the wavelength in
the medium having index of refraction n. Figure on the right side is a schematic
representation of this reduction in wavelength when light passes from a vacuum
into a transparent medium.
We are now in a position to express equation known as Snell’s law of
refraction credited to Willebrord Snell (1591-1626).
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
Where: n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction in the two media. The incident ray, the reflected ray, the
refracted ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane.
Sample problem #3:
The index of refraction of water is 1.33. What is the speed of light in water?
Solution:
Given: n = 1.33 c = 3 x 105
n = c/v v = c / n = 3 x 105 km/s v = 2.26 x 105 km/s
1.33
Sample problem #4:
Light of wavelength 589 nm in vacuum passes through a piece of fused quartz of index of refraction n =
1.458. (a) Find the speed of light in fused quartz. (b) What is the wavelength of this light in fused quartz? (c) What is
the frequency of the light in fused quartz?

Solution:
(a) Find the speed of light in fused quartz
v = c / n = 3.00 x 108 m/s = 2.06 x 108 m/s
1.458
(b) What is the wavelength of this light in fused quartz?
λn = λo / n = 589 nm = 404 nm
1.458
(c) What is the frequency of the light in fused quartz
f = c / λ = 3.0 x 108 m/s = 5.09 x 1014 Hz
-9
589 x 10 m
Sample problem #5:
A light ray from air (n = 1) into the glass (n=1.52) with an angle of incidence of 75°. The light ray continues to
travel through the glass material into the diamond. What angle does the light ray make with the normal line as it
enters the diamond material?
Solution:
Given: ϴ1 = 75° n1 = 1
ϴ2 = ? n2 = 1.52 Air
ϴ3 = ? n3 = 2.42 75°
Using Formula: ϴ2
n1 sin ϴ1 = n2 sin ϴ2
Solve for ϴ2:
Substitute:
Glass ϴ3
1 (sin 75) = (1.52) sin ϴ2
sin ϴ2 = sin 75
1.52
sin ϴ2 = 0.97 = 0.63816 Diamond
1.52
ϴ2 = sin-1 0.63816 = 39.7°
Solve for ϴ3:
Using formula: n2 sin ϴ2 = n3 sin ϴ3
Substitute: 1.52 (sin 39.7°) = 2.42 sin ϴ3
sin ϴ3 = 1.52 (sin 39.7°) sin ϴ3 = 0.40121
ϴ3 = sin 0.40121
-1
ϴ3 = 23.7°
2.42
Therefore, the angle that the light ray makes with the normal line as it enters the diamond material is 23.7°.

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 7 of 10
 Exercise #2: A ray of light travels from air into another medium, making an angle of ϴ1 = 45° with the
normal as in the figure on the right side. Find the angle of refraction ϴ2 if the second
medium is (a) carbon disulphide (b) Ethyl alcohol (c) water

KNOWLEDGE-BUILDING
Assessment Task 1 MATCHING TYPE & TRUE OR FALSE
A. Direction: Match the description in column A with the term in column B and write the
Instructions: capital letter only of your chosen answer on the space provided for.
B. Direction: Read each statement carefully and circle the letter of your chosen answer.
Help Guide Focus on the Topic
2 points for every correct answer
Your Rating/
Basis for Rating: 1 point for wrong answer 40
Total Points
No points for items with no answer.
A. MATCHING TYPE
COLUMN A COLUMN B
___ 1. The reflection of light from a smooth surface. A. Albert Michelson
___2. The most important source of light. B. Candle
___ 3. A physicist who introduced the idea that a changing electric field C. Diffused reflection
produces a magnetic field.
___ 4. The branch of optics which deals the measurement of the of light D. James Maxwell
source and of the surface.
___ 5. He obtained the first evidence that light travels with a finite speed. E. Lumen
___ 6. Defined as the luminous flux on a unit area of a spherical surface of F. Olaus Romer
unit radius if there is 1 candela source at the center. G. Photometry
___ 7. The reflection of light from any rough surface. H. Reflection of light
___ 8. A physicist who started measuring the speed of light. I. Specular Reflection
ASSESS

___ 9. Was originally used as basis in measuring light intensities. J. Speed of light
___ 10. The turning back of light when it strikes a boundary. K. Sun

B. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which is the reason why we can’t see the reflection of light?
b. Silly walls do not reflect light c. Walls are too flat
c. Walls are too colorful d. Walls are too rough
2. What term means the lowest part of the wave?
a. amplitude c. rarefaction
b. crest d. trough
3. Which of the following statement best describe about light?
a. Light is energy c. Light is produced by your eyes
b. Light produced by visible objects d. Light travels in air
4. What is the result when light hits a mirror?
a. It makes a color c. It refracts
b. It passes through d. It reflects
5. Which means the highest point on a wave?
a. amplitude c. rarefaction
b. crest d. trough
6. What do you call the distance between two crests on a wave?
a. amplitude c. rarefaction
b. frequency d. wavelength

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 8 of 10
 7. Which statement describes about light ray and the transparent object?
a. Transparent object absorbed light ray c. Transparent object reflects light rays
b. Light rays pass through it d. Transparent object scatters light rays
8. Which kind of material allows light to pass through and objects behind it can be seen clearly?
a. opaque c. translucent
b. rough d. transparent
9. Which of the following objects bounce back when light hits it?
a. mirror c. white wall
b. wax paper d. windows
10. Which likely to happen when light hits an object?
a. Some of the light bounces in different direction
b. Some of the light bounces back to your eye
c. Some of the light get absorbed by the object
d. All of the above

CRITICAL THINKING
Assessment Task 2 Problem Solving
Solve and perform the application of the speed of light, intensity of illumination and
Instructions:
reflection of light. Use separate sheet in solving the problem. Box your final answer.
Help Guide Think critically.
For every correct answer and solution – 20 points.
Your Rating/
Basis for Rating: Correct solution but incomplete – 15 points 60
Total Points
Incorrect solution and answer – 5 point
1. The recommended desk illumination for ordinary reading is 300 lumens per square meter. How high in
centimeter above the desk must be placed a 160-candela as a point of source?
2. A laser beam strikes from the air to the vertical of the corn syrup solution in
water at an incident angle of 30°. If the beam is refracted to 19.24°, (a) what is
the index of refraction of the corn syrup solution? Suppose the light is red with
the wavelength of 632.8 nm in a vacuum. Find its (b) wavelength (c) frequency,
and (d) the speed of light in the solution
3. The light beam strikes at the first mirror at an incident angle of 55°. Find the
direction of the light beam at angle x after reflected on the second mirror.
Please see illustration on the right side.

CREATING
Assessment Task 3 PROBLEM SOLVING
Read the statement carefully then solve and perform the application of refraction and the
Instructions:
speed of light. Use separate in solving the problem. Box your final answer.
Help Guide Think Critically and Focus on the Problem
Rubric:

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 9 of 10
 1. If the light ray strikes a diamond material (n=2.419) from air (n=1) with the speed of 3 x 108 m/s and the angle
of incidence is 60° as shown in the illustration below, find the angle A and the speed of light in which the
light ray leaves the material.

2. Determine the angle of incidence B in air and the angle of light ray C that travels through the water when the
light ray enters the Glycerine (n=1.473) with an angle of 70° from the horizontal line and continues to travel
through the water (n=1.33). (See illustration below)

SOURCES/REFERENCES
Asperilla, J.F. 1982. Dynamic Physics. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Ferrer, A.V.;Dela Peña, J.D.1988. The Basics of Physics. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Serway, R.A.; Vuille, C.2012. Physics Fundamentals II. Cengage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd.
Salandanan, G.G.1989. Science and Health. Phoenix Publishing House.
Pedregosa, E.F.; Samia, E.R.; Lianko, A.A.; Coralejo, E.F. 1998. Science and Technology I. FNB Educational Inc.

COURSE MATERIAL ENGAGEMENT CHECKLIST

Your feedback matters to us. The following are statements about the course material. Please indicate the point to
which each statement characterizes your assessment on the course material by checking the appropriate box.

YES NO
 The course material is easy to understand.
 The given instructions are clear.
 The given tasks are doable.
 The given information is complete.
 The teacher seeks ongoing feedback.

What is your personal thought on the course material? ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT

I confirm that I have read and fully understood the policies of Talisay City College with regards to Academic
Dishonesty, and that I am fully aware of its possible legal and disciplinary consequences.

Student’s Signature Over Printed

Checked by
Name
E-mail Address E-mail Address
Date Submitted Date Received

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 10 of 10