JUNIOR SCHOOL

NUMBERS
Integers

The Number Line

 Integers are whole numbers, negative whole numbers and zero.

 Integers are always represented on the number line at equal intervals which are
equal to one unit.

Activity in the sub strand

Carry out activities involving positive and negative numbers and zero.
 For example climbing upstairs (positive),
 Climbing down (negative).
 Others may include standing at a point, the zero point, and count the number of
steps moved either forward or backward.

Operations on Integers
Addition of Integers

Addition of integers can be represented on a number line .

For example, to add +3 to 0 , we begin at 0 and move 3 units to the right as
shown below in red to get +3,
Also to add + 4 to +3 we move 4 units to the right as shown in blue to get +7.

To add -3 to zero we move 3 units to the left as shown in red below to get -3
while to add -2 to -3 we move 2 steps to the left as shown in blue to get -5.
 Note;
When adding positive numbers we move
to the right. When dealing with negative
we move to the left.

Subtraction of Integers.

Example

(+7) – (0) = (+7)

To subtract +7 from 0 ,we find a number n which when added to get 0 we get +7
and in this case n = +7 as shown above in red.

Example

(+2) – (+7) = (-5)

Start at +7 and move to +2. 5 steps will be made towards the left. The answer is
therefore -5.

Example

-3 – (+6) = -9
| |_←| | | | | | |←| | | | | |
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

We start at +6 and moves to -3. 9 steps to the left, the answer is -9.

Note:

In general positives signs can be ignored when writing positive numbers i.e. +2
can be written as 2 but negative signs cannot be ignored when writing negative
numbers -4 can only be written s -4.
4 – (+3) = 4 -3
=1
-3- (+6) =3 – 6
= -3
Positive integers are also referred to as natural numbers. The result of
subtracting the negative of a number is the same as adding that number.
2 – (- 4) = 2 + 4
=6
(-5) – (- 1) = -5 + 2
= -3
In mathematics it is assumed that that the number with no sign before it has
appositive sign.

Multiplication of integers
- In general

 (a negative number) x (appositive number ) = (a negative number)

 (a positive number) x (a negative number ) = (a negative number)
 (a negative number) x (a negative number ) = (a positive number)

Examples

-6 x 5 = -30
7 x -4 = - 28
-3 x -3 = 9
-2 x -9 = 18

Division of integers
- Division is the inverse of multiplication. In general
 1. (a positive number ) ÷ (a positive number ) = (a positive number)
2. (a positive number ) ÷ (a negative number ) = (a negative number)
3. (a negative number ) ÷ (a negative number ) = (a positive number)

4. (a negative number ) ÷ (appositive number ) = (a negative number)

- For multiplication and division of integer:

Two like signs gives positive sign.

Two unlike signs gives negative sign
Multiplication by zero is always zero and division by zero is always zero.

Order of Operations of integers

BODMAS is always used to show as

the order of operations.
B – Bracket first.
O – Of is second.
D – Division is third.
M – Multiplication is fourth.
A – Addition is
fifth.
S – Subtraction is considered last.

Example
6 x 3 – 4 ÷ 2 + 5 + (2-1) =

Solution

 Use BODMAS

(2 – 1 ) = 1 we solve
brackets first (4÷ 2) = 2 we
then solve division
(6 x 3) = 1 8 next is
multiplication Bring them
together
18 – 2 +5 +1 = 22 we solve addition first and lastly subtraction
 18 + 6 – 2 = 22

Questions on integers
1. 3x – 1 > -4
2x + 1 ≤ 7
2. Evaluate
-12 ÷ (-3) x 4 – (-15)
-5 x 6 ÷ 2 + (-5)
3. Evaluate -8 ÷ 2 + 12 x 9 – 4 x 6
56 ÷7 x 2
4. Evaluate without using mathematical tables or the calculator
1.9 x 0.032
20 x 0.0038

Fractions
Introduction
 A fraction is written in the form a/b where a and b are numbers and b is
not equal to 0. The upper number is called the numerator and the lower
number is the denominator.
 a→numerator
 b→denominator
Proper Fraction

In a proper fraction the numerator is smaller than the denominator. E.g. ,

Improper Fraction

 The numerator is bigger than or equal to denominator. E.g. , ,

Mixed Fraction

 An improper fraction written as the sum of an integer and a

proper fraction. For example = 2 +

=2

Changing a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction

Mixed number – 4 (contains a whole number and a fraction)

Improper fraction – (numerator is larger than denominator)

Step 1 – Multiply the denominator and the whole number

Step 2 – Add this answer to the numerator; this becomes the new numerator
Step 3 – Carry the original denominator over

Example

31/8= 3 × 8 + 1 = 25
= 25
8

Example

44/9 = 4 × 9 + 4 = 40
= 40
9

Changing an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Number

Step 1 – Divide the numerator by the denominator

Step 2– The answer from step 1 becomes the whole number
Step 3– The remainder becomes the new numerator
Step 4– The original denominator carries over

Example1

47
/5 = 47 ÷ 5 or

Example2
Comparing Fractions

When comparing fractions, they are first converted into their equivalent forms
using the same denominator.

Equivalent Fractions

To get the equivalent fractions, we multiply or divide the numerator and

denominator of a given fraction by the same number. When the fraction has
no factor in common other than 1, the fraction is said to be in its simplest
form.
Example

Arrange the following fractions in ascending order (from the smallest to the
biggest):

1 /2, 1/4, 5/6, 2/3

Step 1: Change all the fractions to the same denominator.

Step 2: In this case we will use 12 because 2, 4, 6, and3 all go into i.e. We get 12
by finding the L.C.M of the denominators.
To get the equivalent fractions divide the denominator by the L.C.M and then
multiply both the numerator and denominator by the answer,
For ½ we divide 12 ÷ 2 = 6, then multiply both the numerator and denominator by
6 as shown below.

1x6 1x3 5x2

2x4 2x6 4x3
6x2 3x4

Step 3: The fractions will now be:

6/ , 3/ , 10/ , 8/
12 12 12 12

Step 4: Now put your fractions in order (smallest to biggest.)

3/ , 6/ , 8/ , 10/
12 12 12 12
Step 5: Change back, keeping them in order.
1
/4, 1/2, 2/3, 5/6
You can also use percentages to compare fractions as shown below.

Example
Arrange the following in descending order (from the biggest)
5
/12, 7/3, 11/5, 9/4

Solution

5 × 100 = 41.67%
12

7 × 100 = 233.3%
3
11 × 100 = 220%
5

9 × 100 = 225%
4

7
/3, 9/4, 11
/5, 5/12

Operation on Fractions
Addition and Subtraction

The numerators of fractions whose denominators are equal can be added or

subtracted directly.

Example
2
/7 + 3/7 = 5/7
6
/8 – 5/8 = 1/8

When adding or subtracting numbers with different denominators like:

5
/4 + 3/6=?
2
/5 – 2/7 =?

Step 1 – Find a common denominator (a number that both denominators will go

into or L.C.M)
Step 2 – Divide the denominator of each fraction by the common denominator or
L.C.M and then multiply the answers by the numerator of each fraction
Step 3 – Add or subtract the numerators as indicated by the operation sign
Step 4 – Change the answer to lowest terms (simplify the answer)

Example
1
/2 + 7/8 = Common denominator is 8 because both 2
and 8 will go into 8 + =
11
/8 which simplifies to 13/8

Example

43/5 – 1/4 = Common denominator is 20 because both 4 and

5 will go into 20 43/5 = 412/20

–1/4 = 5/20

412/20 − 5/20 = 47/20

Or

43/5 – 1/4= 4 (12 - 5)/20 = 47/2

Mixed numbers can be added or subtracted easily by first expressing them as

improper fractions.

Examples

52/3 + 14/5

Solution

52/3 as an improper

fraction is 17/3 14/5 as an

improper fraction is 9/5

adding the improper

fraction

+ = =

converting 112/15 to a mixed fraction

we get 77/15 Or

 we can add the whole numbers and fractions separately

52/3 + 14/5 = 5 + 2/3 + 1 + 4/5

= (5+1) + 2/3 + 4/5
= 6 + 10+12
 15
=6+
22
15
= 6 + 17/15 = 77/15

Example

Evaluate -2/3 + -1/5

Solution

−2 + −1 = −16−3 = −19
3 5 24 24

Multiplying Simple Fractions

Step 1 – Multiply the numerators
Step 2– Multiply the denominators
Step 3– Reduce the answer to lowest terms by dividing by common divisors

Example

1
/7 × 4/12 = 4/12 which reduces to 2/21

Multiplying Mixed Numbers

Step 1 – Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions first

Step 2– Multiply the numerators
Step 3– Multiply the denominators
Step 4– Reduce the answer to lowest terms

Example

21/3 × 11/2 = 7/3 × 3/2 = 21/6

Which then reduces to 31/2

Note:

 When opposing numerators and denominators are divisible by a common

number, you may reduce the numerator and denominator before
multiplying.
 In the above example, after converting the mixed numbers to improper
 fractions, you will see that the 3 in the numerator and the opposing 3 in
the denominator could have been reduced by dividing both numbers by
3, resulting in the following reduced fraction:
7
/3 × 3/2 = 7/2

Dividing Simple Fractions

Step 1 – Change division sign to multiplication

Step 2 – Change the fraction following the multiplication sign to its reciprocal
(rotate the fraction around so the old denominator is the new numerator and the
old numerator is the new denominator)
Step 3 – Multiply the numerators
Step 4 – Multiply the denominators
Step 5 – simplify the answer to lowest terms

Example

1
/8 ÷ 2/3= becomes 1/8 × 3/2 which when solved is 3/16

Dividing Mixed Numbers

Step 1 – Convert the mixed number or numbers to improper fraction.

Step 2 – Change the division sign to multiplication.
Step 3 – Change the fraction following the multiplication sign to its reciprocal
(flip the fraction around so the old denominator is the new numerator and the old
numerator is the new denominator)
Step 4 – Multiply the numerators.
Step 5 – Multiply the denominators.
Step 6 – Simplify the answer to lowest form.

Example

33/4÷ 25/6 = becomes 15/4 ÷ 17/6 becomes 15/4 × 6/17

Which when solved is
15 × 6 3 = 45 which simplifies to 111/34
4 2 17 34

Order of Operations on Fractions

The same rules that apply on integers are the same for fractions
BODMAS

Example

15 ÷ 1/4 of 12 = 15 ÷ (1/4 x 12)(we start with of then division)

= 15 ÷ 3
=5

Example

1
/6 + 1/2 x {3/8 + (1/3 − 1/4)}

Solution

1 − 1= 4 − 1 = 1 (we start with bracket)

3 4 12 12

{3/8 + 1/12} = 11/24 (We then work out the outer bracket)
1
/6 + 1/2 x 11/24 = 1/6 + 11/48 (We then work out the multiplication)
1
/6 + 11/48 = 19/48 (Addition comes last here)

Example

Evaluate

Solution

We first work out this first

1+ 1= 3+2 = 5
2 3 6 6
1
/7 of (2/5 − 1/6) = 1/7 x 7/30 = 1/30
5
/6 ×30 = 25

Therefore
= 25 + ½ = 25½

Note:

Operations on fractions are performed in the following order.

Perform the operation enclosed within the

bracket first. If (of) appears, perform that
operation before any other.

Example

Evaluate: 1/2{3/5 + 1/4(7/3 − 3/7)of 11/2 ÷5}

Solution

=1/2{3/5 + 1/4(40/21) of 11/2 ÷5}

=1/2{3/5 + 1/4 x 40/21 x 3/2 ÷5}
=1/2(3/5 + 10/21 x 3/2 ÷5)
=1/2(3/5 + 5/35)
=1/2(21+5) = 1/2 x 26/35 = 13/35
35

Example

Two pipes A and B can fill an empty tank in 3hrs and 5hrs respectively. Pipe C can
empty the tank in 4hrs. If the three pipes A, B and C are opened at the same time
find how long it will take for the tank to be full.

Solution

1 + 1 − 1 = 20 + 12 − 1 5
3 5 4 60
17
= /60
17
/60=1 hr
1 = 1 x 60/17
60
/17 = 3.52941 1 8
= 3.529 hrs.

Decimals
 Introduction

 A fraction whose denominator can be written as the power of 1 0 is called a

decimal fraction or a decimal. E.g.
o 1/10, 1/100, 50/1000.
 A decimal is always written as follows 1/10 is written as 0.1 while 5/100 is written
as 0.05.The dot is called the decimal point.
 Numbers after the decimal points are read as single digits e.g. 5.875 is read as
five point eight seven five. A decimal fraction such 8.3 means 8 + 3/10.A
decimal fraction which represents the sum of a whole number and a proper
fraction is called a mixed fraction.

Place Value Chart

Ten Thous Hundr Tens On Decim Tenths Hundr Thous Ten Hundr
thousa and s eds es al edt hs and Thous ed
nd s Point ths and Thous
ths and
ths
1 0,000 1 ,000 1 00 10 1 . .1 .01 .001 .0001 .00001

Decimal to Fractions

 To convert a number from fraction form to decimal form, simply divide the
numerator (the top number) by the denominator (the bottom number) of the
fraction.
Example:

5
/8

Converting a Decimal to a Fraction

 To change a decimal to a fraction, determine the place value of the last number
in the decimal. This becomes the denominator. The decimal number becomes the
numerator. Then reduce your answer.
Example:
.625 - the 5 is in the thousandths column, therefore,

.625 = 625/1000 = reduces to 5/8

Note:

Your denominator will have the same number of zeros as there are decimal
digits in the decimal number you started with - .625 has three decimal digits
so the denominator will have three zero.

Recurring Decimals
These are decimal fractions in which a digit or a group of digits repeat
continuously without ending.
1
/3 = 0.333333
5
/11 = 0.454545454
We cannot write all the numbers, we therefore place a dot above a digit that
is recurring. If more than one digit recurs in a pattern, we place a dot above
the first and the last digit in the pattern.
E.g. .
0.3333… ....................s written as 0.3
..
0.4545… ...................s written as 0.45
...
0.324324… ............ s written as 0.324
Any division whose divisor has prime factors other than 2 or 5 forms a
recurring decimal or non- terminating decimal.

Example

Express each as a fraction

.
(a) 0.
6
..
(b) 0.73
..
0. 15
(c)
Solution

a. Let r = 0.66666 -( i )
10r = 6.6666-------- (ii)
Subtracting i
from ii 9r = 6
r = 6/9
 = 2/3
b. Let r = 0.73333 - (i)
10r = 7.3333333 - (ii)
100r = 73.33333 - (iii)

Subtracting (ii)
from (iii) 90r = 66
r = 66/90
=11/15
c. Let r = 0.151515 - (i)
100r = 15.1515 ---- (ii)
99r=
15 r
=15/99
=5/33

Decimal Places

 When the process of carrying out division goes over and over again without
ending we may round off the digits to any number of required digits to the right
of decimal points which are called decimal places.

Example

Round 2.832 to the nearest hundredth.

Solution

Step 1 – Determine the place to which the number is to

be rounded is. 2.832

Step 2 – If the digit to the right of the number to be rounded is less than 5,
replace it and all the digits to the right of it by zeros. If the digit to the right of the
underlined number is 5 or higher, increase the underlined number by 1 and
replace all numbers to the right by zeros. If the zeros are decimal digits, you may
eliminate them.
2.832 = 2.830 = 2.83

Example

Round 43.5648 to the nearest thousandth.

Solution
43.5648 = 43.5650 = 43.565

Example

Round 5,897,000 to the nearest hundred thousand.

Solution

5,897,000 = 5,900,000

Standard Form

 A number is said to be in standard form if it is expressed in form A X 10n,

Where 1 < A <1 0 and n is an integer.

Example

Write the following numbers in standard form.

a. 36

b. 576
c. 0.052

Solution

a. 36/10 x 10 = 3.6 x 101

b. 576/100 x 100 = 5.76 x 102
c. 0.052 = 0.052 x 100/100
5.2× 1/100
5.2×(1/100)2
5.2× 10−2

Operation on Decimals
Addition and Subtraction

 The key point with addition and subtraction is to line up the decimal points!

Example

2.64 + 11.2

Solution
 2.64
+ 11.20 →in this case, it helps to write 11 .2 as 11 .20
13.84

Example

14.73 – 12.155

Solution

14.730 →again adding this 0 helps

−12.1
55
2.575

Example

127.5 + 0.127

Solution

127.50
0
+
0.12
7
327.6
27

Multiplication

 When multiplying decimals, does the sum as if the decimal points were not
there, and then calculate how many numbers were to the right of the decimal
point in both the original numbers - next, place the decimal point in your
answer so that there is this number of digits to the right of your decimal point?
Example

2.1 x 1.2

Calculate 21 x 12 = 252.

There is one number to the right of the decimal in each of the original numbers,
making a total of two.
 We therefore place our decimal so that there are two digits to the right of the

decimal point in our answer. Hence 2.1 x 1.2 =2.52.

 Always look at your answer to see if it is sensible. 2 x 1 = 2, so our answer

should be close to 2 rather than 20 or 0.2 which could be the answers obtained
by putting the decimal in the wrong place.

Example

1.4 x 6

Calculate 14 x 6 = 84.

 There is one digit to the right of the decimal in our original numbers so
our answer is 8.4 Check 1 x 6 = 6 so our answer should be closer to 6
than 60 or 0.6

Division

When dividing decimals, the first step is to write your numbers as a fraction. Note
that the symbol / is used to denote division in these notes.
Hence 2.14/1.2
= 2.14
1.2
Next, move the decimal point to the right until both numbers are no longer
decimals. Do this the same number of places on the top and bottom, putting in zeros
as required.
Hence 2.14/1.2 becomes 214/120
This can then be calculated as a normal division.
Always check your answer from the original to make sure that things haven’t
gone wrong along the way. You would expect 2.14/ to be somewhere between 1 and
2. In fact, the answer is 1.78.
2.14 21.4
If this method seems strange, try using a calculator to calculate /1.2, /12, 214/120
and 2140
/1200. The answer should always be the same.

Example

4.36/
0.14
4.36 = 436 = 31.14
1.4 14
Example

27.93/1.2
27.93 = 2793 = 23.28
1.2 120

Rounding Up

 Some decimal numbers go on forever! To simplify their use, we decide on a

cutoff point and “round” them up or down.
 If we want to round 2.73421 6 to two decimal places, we look at the number in
the third place after the decimal, in this case, 4. If the number is 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4,
we leave the last figure before the cut off as it is. If the number is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9
we “round up” the last figure before the cut off by one. 2.73421 6 therefore
become 2.73 when rounded to 2 decimal places.
 If we are rounding to 2 decimal places, we leave 2 numbers to the right of the
decimal.
 If we are rounding to 2 significant figures, we leave two numbers, whether they
are decimals or not.

Example

i. 243.7684 = 243.77 (2 decimal places)

= 240 (2 significant figures)

ii. 1973.285 = 1973.29 (2 decimal places)

= 2000 (2 significant figures)

iii. 2.4689 = 2.47 (2 decimal places)

= 2.5 (2 significant figures)

iv. 0.99879 = 1 .00 (2 decimal places)

= 1 .0 (2 significant figures)

Order of Operation

 The same rules on operations is always the same even for decimals.

Examples

Evaluate
0.02 + 3.5 x 2.6 – 0.1 (6.2 − 3.4)

Solution

0.02 + 3.5 x 2.6 – 0.1 x 2.8 = 0.02 + 0.91 − 0.28

= 8.84

Squares and Square Roots

Squares
 The square of a number is simply the umber multiplied by itself once. For
example the square of 1 5 is 225.That is 15 x 15 = 225.
Square from Tables

 The squares of numbers can be read directly from table of squares. This
tables give only approximate values of the squares to 4 figures. The squares
of numbers from 1 .000 to 9.999 can be read directly from the tables.
 The use of tables is illustrated below

Example
Find the square
of: a. 4.25
b. 42.5
c. 0.425

Tables

a.To read the square of 4.25, look for 4.2 down the column headed x. Move to
the right along this row, up to where it intersects with the column headed
5.The number in this position is the square of 4.25
So 4.252 = 18.06 to 4 figures
2 2
b. The square of 4.25 lies between 40 and 50 between
1600 and 2500. 42.52= (4.25 x 101)2
= 4.252 x 102
= 18.06 x 100
= 1806
c. 0.425 2= (4.25 x 1/10)2
= 4.252 x(1/10 )2
=18.06 x 1/100
= 0.1806
The square tables have extra columns labeled 1 to 9 to the right of

the thick line. The numbers under these columns are called mean

differences.

To find 3.162, read 3.1 6 to get 9.986.Then read the number in the position where the
row containing 9.986 intersects with the differences column headed 2. The difference
is 13 and this should be added to the last digits of 9.986

9.986
+ 13
9.999

56.129 has 5 significant figures and in order to use 4 figures tables, we must first
round it off to four figures.
56.129 = 56.13 to 4
figures 56.132 = (5.613
x 101) 2
= 31.50 x 102
= 3150

Square Roots
 Square roots are the opposite of squares. For example 5 x 5 = 25, we say
that 5 is a square root of 25.
 Any positive number has two square roots, one positive and the other
negative .The symbol for the square root of a number is √.
 A number whose square root is an integer is called a perfect square. For
example 1, 4, 9, 25 and 36 are perfect squares.
Square Roots by Factorization.
 The square root of a number can also be obtained using factorization method.

Example

Find the square root of 81 by factorization method.

Solution

√81 = 3 x 3 x 3 x3 (Find the prime factor of 81 )

= (3x3) (3 x 3) (Group the prime factors into two identical numbers)
= 3 x 3 (Out of the two identical prime factors, choose one and find their product)
=9
Note

Pair the prime factors into two identical numbers. For every pair, pick only one
number then obtain the product.

Example

Find √1764 by factorization.

Solution

1764 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 7 x 7
=2x3x7
= 42

Example

Find √441 by factorization

Solution

√441 = 3 x 3 x 7 x 7
=3x7
=21
Square Root from Tables
 Square roots of numbers from 1.0 to 99.99 are given in the tables and can be read
directly.

Examples
Use tables to find the square
root of: a. 1.86
b. 42.57
c. 359
d. 0.8236

Solution

a. To read the square root of 1 .86, look for 1 .8 in the column headed x, move to
the right along this row to where it intersects with the column headed 6.The
number in this position is the square root of 1.86.Thus 1.86 = 1.364 to 4 figures.
b. 42.57Look for 42 in the column headed x and move along the row

containing 42 to where it intersects with the column headed 5.Read the

number in this position, which is 6.519. The difference for 7 from the
difference column along this row is 6. The difference is added to 6.519 as
shown below:
6.519
+ 0.006
6.525
Thus, √42.57 = 6.525 to 4 figures.
For any number outside this range, it is necessary to first express it as the
product of a number in this range and an even power of 10.
c. 359 = 3.59 x 102
√359 = √(3.59 x 100)
= 1.895 x 10
= 18.95 (four
figures) d. 0.8236 =
82.36 x (1/10)2
√0.8236 =√(82.36 x 1/100)
= (9.072 + 0.004) x 1/10
= 0.9076 (4 figures)