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Regression analysis
and equation

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Dependent and
independent
variable
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OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the students should be able
to:

1. identifies the independent and dependent variables

2. illustrates the nature of bivariate data.

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Bivariate data always involve
two variables.

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Dependent variable depends on other variables or factors. It is
something that is influenced and affected. It is also associated
with the word effect or outcome.

Independent variable affects the dependent variable. It is

something you have control over, one which you can choose and
manipulate. However, in some cases, you may not be able to
manipulate the independent variable. It is commonly known as
the cause or the reason behind changes

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IDENTIFY ME!
Underline the independent variable and encircle the dependent variable.
1. effect of temperature on plant pigmentation.

2. effects of fertilizer brand on plant growth.

3. effect of brightness of light on a moth being attracted to the light.

4. test scores of students and time spent on studying.

5. relationship between income and educational attainment of young adult.

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Regression ANALYSIS

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OBJECTIVES:
The students should be able to:
1. identify the slope and y-intercept from the equation of the
regression line;
2. determine the relationship between variables based on the slope;
3. interpret the computed slope and y-intercept of the regression
equation;
4. realize the relevance of the y-intercept based on given situations.

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Regression analysis mathematically describes the
relationship between independent variables and a
dependent variable.

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Linear regression consists of finding a best-fitting straight
line on a scatter plot of sample data.

The slope and y-intercept of the regression line play an

important role in analyzing a set of data.

The slope indicates the steepness of a regression line and the

y-intercept indicates the location where it intersects the y-
axis.

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The slope and the y-intercept define a linear
relationship between two variables and can be used
to estimate an average rate of change.

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This best-fit straight line used to predict the value of y
for a given value of x is called the regression line.

The equation of the best-fit line is also called equation

of the regression line or simply regression equation

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EXAMPLE:

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In the equation: 𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎

• 𝑦̂ = predicted values of y

• 𝑎 as the y-intercept of the regression equation It is

the value of y when x is equal to 0.

• 𝑏 as the slope of the regression equation It is the

estimated rate of change of y per unit change in x.
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The sign of the slope (b) is used to identify the trend or direction of relationship
between the dependent and independent variable.

RELATIONSHIP INTERPRETATION
A positive slope means a positive When x-values increase, y-values also
relationship between variables x and y. increase. OR
When x-values decrease, y-values also
decrease.
A negative slope means a negative When x-values decrease, y-values
relationship between variables x and y. increase. OR
When x-values increase, y-values
decrease

A zero slope means no relationship There is no relationship between x and y-

between variables x and y. variables.
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The y-intercept (a) can also be interpreted to determine its
relevance on a specific situation.

• Substitute the value of y into the equation.

• Analyze if the values of the dependent and independent variables
depict a possible situation between the two variables.

Note: Unlike the slope which is easily determined, analysis of the

situation is needed to determine if the y-intercept is relevant with
respect to the situation.

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EXAMPLE:

Mrs. Cruz is a hardworking government employee who does her job

with all honesty and compassion. She knows the value of every cent
she’s earning, that is why she is saving money for her retirement. The
equation
y = 600x + 10,000 models her retirement savings where y is her total
savings in pesos and x is the number of months.

a. What is the slope?

b. What does it mean?
c. What is the y-intercept?
d. What does it mean?
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EXAMPLE:

Mrs. Cruz is a hardworking government employee who does her job with all
honesty and compassion. She knows the value of every cent she’s earning, that
is why she is saving money for her retirement. The equation
y = 600x + 10,000 models her retirement savings where y is her total savings in
pesos and x is the number of months.

a. What is the slope? Answer: The slope is 600.

b. What does it mean? Each month, Mrs. Cruz saves additional 600.
c. What is the y-intercept? The y-intercept is 10,000
d. What does it mean? Mrs. Cruz started with 10,000 in her account

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EXAMPLE:

Nathan sells restaurant discount cards as part of a fund raiser

to support health workers during the pandemic. The equation
y = -15x + 720 models his selling where y is the total number of
cards and x is the number of days.

a. What is the slope?

b. What does it mean?
c. What is the y-intercept?
d. What does it mean?
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EXAMPLE:

Nathan sells restaurant discount cards as part of a fund raiser

to support health workers during the pandemic. The equation
y = -15x + 720 models his selling where y is the total number of
cards and x is the number of days.

a. What is the slope? Answer: The slope is -15.

b. What does it mean? There is a decrease of 15 cards daily on the total
number of cards.
a. What is the y-intercept? The y-intercept is 720
b. What does it mean? Nathan starts with 720 cards to sell.
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EXAMPLE:

Lindsey loves hair accessories. The equation y = 4x + 65

models the number of different hair accessories she owns
after x months.

a. What is the interpretation of the slope in the given situation?

b. What is the interpretation of the y-intercept?

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EXAMPLE:

Lindsey loves hair accessories. The equation y = 4x + 65

models the number of different hair accessories she owns
after x months.

a. What is the interpretation of the slope in the given situation?

Lindsey buys 4 hair accessories each month.

b. What is the interpretation of the y-intercept?

Lindsey starts her collection by owning 65 different hair
accessories.
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Regression
EQUATION

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OBJECTIVES:
The students should be able to:
1. calculate the slope and y-intercept of the regression line;
2. formulate the equation of the regression line.
3. solve regression analysis problems from real-life situations.

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In the equation: 𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎

• 𝑦̂ = predicted values of y

• 𝑎 as the y-intercept of the regression equation It is

the value of y when x is equal to 0.

• 𝑏 as the slope of the regression equation It is the

estimated rate of change of y per unit change in x.
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In the equation: 𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎

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EXAMPLE: Equation: 𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎
Absences and Final Grades. Compute the value of b and a for the data
obtained in the study of the number of absences and the final grade of the
seven students in the statistics class.
No. of Final 7
Student absences grade
(x) (y) 57
A 6 82 (7 x 3,745) ̶ (57 x 511)
B 2 86
511 b= = - 3.62
C 15 43 [(7 x 579) – (57)2]
579
D 9 74
E 12 58
38,993
F 5 90
G 8 78 511 ̶ (- 3.62 x 57 ) = 102.48
3,745 a= =
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Equation: 𝑦̂ = - 3.62𝑥 + 102.48 29
activity
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Calories and Cholesterol. The number of calories
and the number of milligrams of cholesterol for a
random sample of fast-food chicken sandwiches
from seven restaurants are shown here. Is there a (7 x 189,495) ̶ (3,315 x 385)
relationship between the variables? b=
And perform the hypothesis testing at α = 0.05 [(7 x 1,675, 225) – (3,315)2]
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Random Calories Cholesterol = 0.07
Sample (x) (y)
3,315
A 390 43
B 535 45 385
385 ̶ (0.07 x 3,315 )
C 720 80 a=
1, 675, 225 7
D 300 50
= 21.85
E 430 55 22, 103
F 500 52
G 440 60 189, 495 Equation:
𝑦̂ = 0.07𝑥 + 21.85 31
Ten (10) randomly selected Grade 11 students took
a Math Aptitude Test before they started their
Statistics and Probability subject perform the
hypothesis testing at α = 0.05 (10 x 4,122) ̶ (249 x 154)
10 b=
Students
Aptitude Periodical
(y)
[(10 x 6,759) – (249)2]
(x)
249
A 38 25 = 0.51
B 35 20
154
C 30 17
D 28 15
6,759
E 25 12 154 ̶ (0.51 x 249 )
a=
F 24 15
2,576 10
G 20 18
H 18 10
= 2.701
4,122
I 16 12
J 15 10 Equation:
𝑦̂ = 0.51𝑥 + 2.701 32
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