𝐴𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠, 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥.

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =

( )
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = lim ( )

( )
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = lim

= lim

= lim

= lim (2𝑥 + 𝑕)

= 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑕) = (𝑥 + 𝑕) , , ,

(𝑥 + 𝑕) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑕 + 𝑥𝑕 + 𝑕
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =

( ) ( )
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ( )

( )
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ( ( )
)

𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ( )

𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ( + + )

𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ( 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑕 + 𝑕 )

𝐴𝑠 𝑕 , 𝑥𝑕 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑕

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥
y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (sin 𝑥) =

𝐼𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim 𝑜𝑟 = lim
𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑕) = sin(𝑥 + 𝑕)

sin( ) sin( )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎.

sin(𝐴 + ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛

sin( ) s( ) s( ) sin( ) sin( )

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚

sin( ) s( ) sin( ) s( ) sin( )

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚

s sin
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (( ) sin 𝑥 + ( ) cos 𝑥)

• As 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝑥 ≈ − 𝑥

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 𝑕 ≈ 𝑕,

sin
∴ lim ≈ lim =

cos 𝑥 ≈ − 𝑥

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑙𝑖𝑚

≈ lim

= lim (− 𝑕)

∴ = lim ( sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) = cos 𝑥

y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) =

𝐼𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim 𝑜𝑟 = lim
𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑕) = cos(𝑥 + 𝑕)

s( ) s( )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎.

sin(𝐴 + ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛

s( ) s( ) sin( ) sin( ) s( )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚

s( ) s( ) s( ) sin( ) sin( )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚

s sin
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (( ) cos 𝑥 − ( ) sin 𝑥)

• As 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝑥 ≈ − 𝑥

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 𝑕 ≈ 𝑕,

sin
∴ lim ≈ lim =

cos 𝑥 ≈ − 𝑥

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑙𝑖𝑚

≈ lim

= lim (− 𝑕)

∴ = lim ( cos 𝑥 − × sin 𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

 (sin 𝑥) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

(cos 𝑥) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥

𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑦 = 5𝑥

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 =5

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 × 5

= 5𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥

y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑥

(sin 𝑘𝑥) = 𝒌 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌𝒙

(cos 𝑘𝑥) = −𝒌 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒌𝒙

(sin 𝑥) =

(cos 5𝑥) =

( sin 5𝑥) =

(sin 𝑥) = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙

(cos 5𝑥) = −𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙

( sin 5𝑥) = 𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒙

(4 cos 𝑥) =

(− sin 𝑥) =

(− cos 𝑥) =

(4 cos 𝑥) = −𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙

𝟏
(− sin 𝑥) = − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
(− cos 𝑥) = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝒙
 𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 ,
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑒.

𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑥
𝑦 = 6𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑥
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 8𝒙
𝒙

𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = 6𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= 𝒙 =𝟒 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

5
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑓 (𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

5
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = −5𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

𝑓 (𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
 𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 ,
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑒.

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑦=

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

= 2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑥

𝑦=
= −8𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥
𝑦= +

𝑦 = + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥

−
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥
𝑥2
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎 ×𝑎 =𝑎
𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎

𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑎 =𝑎

𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎

𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎

𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 =

𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 =

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = =
 𝑑
𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑦 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑛 𝑥) =𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑕) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑕)

( ) ( )
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ( )

( ) ( )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚

( )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( 𝑙𝑛 ( + ))

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑛 ( + )

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = , 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑛 ( + )

= 𝑙𝑛 (𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( + ) )

𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙, 𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( + )

∴ = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑒 ) =
𝑦=𝑎
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
= 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑦=𝑒

𝑦=𝑎

= 𝑙𝑛𝑎𝑒

( )
= 𝑙𝑛𝑎𝑒

= 𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑦=𝑎

= = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑦=𝑒 +2

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑛7𝑥

𝑦=
𝑦 = 4𝑒
𝑦=
𝑦=( )
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛5𝑥
𝑦 = 4( )
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(2𝑥 )

𝑦 = 4𝑒
=

𝑦=
=

𝑦=( )

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛5𝑥
=

𝑦 = 4( )

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(2𝑥 )

=
𝑦 = 6𝑒
=

𝑦=4
=

𝑦=( )

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛8𝑥
=

𝑦 = 4( )

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛( 𝑥 )
=
𝑦=𝑒 −𝑒

( )
𝑦=

𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑓(𝑥) = ( )

𝑓(𝑥) = 2 +4

𝑓(𝑥) =
 𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑕𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑥)

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑥

𝑦=𝑢 𝑕𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 ‘𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟’ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

= 5𝑢

= 5( 𝑥 + 𝑥)

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝐼𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑙𝑒, 𝑢 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

= 2𝑥 +

∴ = ×
= 5( 𝑥 + 𝑥) ( 2𝑥 + )
 𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑜

𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡’𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 × 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
= 5( 𝑥 + 𝑥 ) × ( 2𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)

𝑦 =( −𝑥 )

𝑦 = √𝑥 +

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

=
𝑦 = (𝑥 + )

𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛 𝑥)

𝑦=𝑒

𝑦 = (2 + )

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )

𝑦 = (𝑥 + )

= (𝑥 + ) × 2𝑥

𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛 𝑥)

= (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) ×

𝑦=𝑒

=𝑒 × (2𝑥 + )

𝑦 = (2 + )

= 2(2 + ) × 2 𝑙𝑛 2

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )

= × cos 𝑥
sin
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)

𝑦 = √𝑥 + = (𝑥 + )

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)

𝑦=𝑒

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥

= 5𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)

= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑦 = √𝑥 + = (𝑥 + )

= (𝑥 + ) ×

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 ) × (−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 )

𝑦=𝑒

=𝑒 ×𝑒

𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒

𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( )
𝑑𝑦

= ×

𝑢𝑡 = (𝑦) = .
∴ =

=
( )

𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 𝑦

𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 𝑦

= 4𝑦 +

=
 𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = ( + 2𝑦) 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑦 =

𝑥 = ( + 2𝑦)

= 6( + 2𝑦)

= ( )

𝑚= ( )
=
 𝑕𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒

𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣

𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑑𝑥

𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑥

= 2𝑥 = cos 𝑥

=𝑢 +𝑣

= 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝐼𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒2𝑥 , 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑑𝑥

𝑢=𝑥 𝑣=𝑒
= = 2𝑒

=𝑢 +𝑣

= 2𝑥𝑒 +𝑒
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡 =𝑒 sin 𝑥 (𝐴 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥),
𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑.

𝑢=𝑒 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)

= 4𝑒 = 2 sin 𝑥 × cos 𝑥

= 6 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

=𝑢 +𝑣

= 6𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 4𝑒 (sin 𝑥)

=𝑒 sin 𝑥 (6 cos 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥)

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 √ 𝑥 − , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑓′(𝑥)

𝑢=𝑥 𝑣=( 𝑥− )

= 2𝑥 = ( 𝑥− ) ×

= ( 𝑥− )

=𝑢 +𝑣

= 𝑥 ( 𝑥− ) + 2𝑥 ( 𝑥 − )

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 −

= 𝑥 ( 𝑥 − ) [ 𝑥 + 4( 𝑥 − )]

= 𝑥 ( 𝑥 − ) ( 5𝑥 − 4)
( )
=
√
𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡.
𝑕𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 – 𝑖𝑡
𝑡𝑕𝑢𝑠 𝑕𝑒𝑙𝑝𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒.

=
( )

𝑖𝑛𝑑 , 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟.

= 𝑥 (𝑥 − )

=− 𝑥 (𝑥 − ) − 𝑥 (𝑥 − )
=− 𝑥 (𝑥 − ) (2(𝑥 − ) + 𝑥)
=
( )
𝐴 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥.
𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 − 4cos 2𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = .
𝐴 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥.
𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
𝐴 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥.
𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

𝑦 = 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥

= + 2 sin 2𝑥

𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

+ 2 sin 2𝑥 =
2 sin 2𝑥 = −
sin 2𝑥 = −
2𝑥 = sin ( )
2𝑥 = . 94 , 6. 5
𝑥 = .697, . 5
𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑥 = .697,
𝑦 = ( .697) − cos(2 × .697) = .82
𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑥 = . 5,
𝑦 = .5 9
𝐴 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥.

𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 ≤𝑥≤ 𝜋.

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥

= 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 =

cos 𝑥 = −2

cos 𝑥 = −

𝑥 = 2. 5, .9827

𝑥 = .7668, . 276

𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑥 = .7668, 𝑦 = 2.279

𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑥 = . 276, 𝑦 = .9
𝐴 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥. 𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 ≤𝑥
≤ 𝜋.