22.

INDEFINITE
I N T E G R AT I O N

1. INTRODUCTION

Integration is a reverse process of differentiation. The integral or primitive of a function f(x) with respect to x is a
differential function φ(x) such that the derivative of φ(x) with respect to x is the given function f(x). It is expressed
symbolically as ∫ f(x)dx = φ(x)
d
Thus. ∫ f(x)dx =φ(x) ⇔ φ(x) =f(x) .
dx 
The process of finding the integral of a function is called Integration and the given function is called Integrand.
Now, it is obvious that the operation of integration is the inverse operation of differentiation. Hence the integral of
a function is also named as the anti-derivative of that function.
Further we observe that

d 2
dx
x ( ) 
= 2x 

d 2
dx
(
x +2 ) 
= 2x  ⇒ ∫ 2xdx =x2 + constant

d 2
dx
(
x +k ) =

2x 

So we always add a constant to the integral of function, which is called the constant of Integration. It is generally
denoted by c. Due to the presence of this arbitrary constant such an integral is called an Indefinite Integral.

2. ELEMENTERY INTEGRATION
The following integrals are directly obtained from the derivatives of standard functions.

(a) ∫ 0.dx = c
(b) ∫ 1.dx= x + c
(c) ∫ k.dx =kx + c(k ∈ R)
n xn+1
(d) ∫ x=
dx
n+1
+ c(n ≠ −1)
1
(e) ∫=
x
dx loge x + c
x
(f) ∫ e dx= ex + c
2 2 . 2 | Indefinite Integration

x ax
(g) ∫a=
dx + c ax loga e + c
=
loge a
(h) ∫ sinx dx =
− cos x + c

(i) ∫ cos x=
dx sinx + c

3. BASIC THEOREMS OF INTEGRATION

If f(x), g(x) are two functions of a variable x and k is a constant, then

(a) ∫ k f(x)dx = k ∫ f(x)dx

(b) ∫ f(x) ± g(x) dx = ∫ f(x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx
d
(c)
dx
( ∫ f(x)dx ) = f(x)
 d 
(d) ∫  dx f(x) dx = f(x) +c

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

The results of integration are very different from differentiation. There is no standard formula for
integration.
Always make sure to write the constant of integration. NEVER assume it as zero from your side.

Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR54)

1 − sinx
Illustration 1: Evaluate: ∫ cos2 x
dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: As we know, ∫ f(x) ± g(x) dx = ∫ f(x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx therefore we can split

1 − sinx 1 sinx
∫ 2
cos x
dx as ∫ cos2 xdx − ∫ cos2 xdx and then by solving we can get result.

1 − sinx 1 sinx
∫ dx = ∫ dx − ∫ dx = ∫ sec2 x dx − ∫ tanx sec x dx = tanx − sec x + c
2 2
cos x cos x cos2 x

Illustration 2: Evaluate: ∫ 1 + sin2x dx  (JEE MAIN)

1 and sin2x = 2sinx cos x , therefore by using these formulae and solving we will get the
Sol: Here sin2 x + cos2 x =
result.

∫ 1 + sin2x dx = ∫ sin2 x + cos2 x + 2sinx cos x dx= ∫ (sinx + cos x)2 dx

= ∫ (sinx + cosx)dx = ∫ sinx dx + ∫ cos x dx

= −cos x + sin x + c
 M a them a ti cs | 22.3

Illustration 3: Evaluate: ∫ sin4 x dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here as we know, sin2 x = 1 − cos2x , Now by putting this in the above integration and solving we will get the
2
1 2
term ∫ (1 − 2cos2x + cos 2x)dx , After that by using the formula
4
1 + cos 4x
cos2 2x = we can solve the problem given above.
2
2
4  1 − cos2x  1 2
∫ sin x dx = ∫  2  dx =4 ∫ (1 − 2cos2x + cos 2x)dx
1  1 + cos 4x  1 1 sin 4x 
= ∫
4 
 1 − 2cos2x +
2
dx = ∫ (3 − 4 cos2x + cos 4x)dx = 3x − 2sin2x +
 8 8 4 
+C

3
= 4x3 −
Illustration 4: If f '(x) such that f(2)=0,then, find f(x)  (JEE ADVANCED)
x4
3  3 
= 4x3 −
Sol: Here f '(x) f(x)
therefore= ∫  4x
3
− dx hence by splitting this integration and solving we will get
the result. x4 x4 

d 3  3 3  3 3
We have, = 4x3 −
f(x) ⇒ f(x)= ∫  4x − dx= ∫ 4x dx − ∫ dx= 4 ∫ x3dx − 3∫ x −4 dx
dx x4 x4  x4

x3+1 x −4 +1 1
= 4 −3 + C = x4 + + C  …(i)
3+1 −4 + 1 x3
1 1 129
Given f(2) = 24 + +C = 0 ⇒ 0 =16 + + C ⇒ C =−
23 8 8
1 129
Putting the value of C in (i), we get f(x) = x 4 + −
x 3 8

4. METHODS OF INTEGRATION
When the integrand can’t be reduced into some standard form then integration is performed using following
methods

4.1 Integration by Substitution

4.1.1 Integrand is a Function of Another Function

If the integral is of the form ∫ f φ(x) φ' (x)dx , then we put φ(x) =
t so that φ ' (x) dx=dt. Now integral is reduced ∫ f(t) dt.

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

In this method the function is broken into two factors so that one factor can be expressed in terms of
the function whose differential coefficient is the second factor.
In case of objective questions in which direct indefinite integration is asked, function being very
complicated to integrate, then try differentiating the options.
 2 2 . 4 | Indefinite Integration

dx
If I = ∫ sin(x − a)cos(x − b) , then I is Equal to
1 sin(x − a)
(a) log +C
sin(a − b) cos(x − b)

1 sin(x − a)
(b) log +C
cos(a − b) cos(x − b)

1 sin(x − a)
(c) log +C
sin(a + b) cos(x − b)

1 sin(x − a)
(d) log +C
cos(a + b) cos(x − b)
Vaibhav KrishnanJEE 2009, AIR 22

Illustration 5: Evaluate: ∫ x tanx2 sec x2dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol:This problem is based on integration using substitution method. In this we can put x2 =t and therefore 2x
dx=dt and then solving we will get the result.
Let x2 =t
1 1 1 1
⇒ 2x dx=dt ⇒ x dx = dt ∴ ∫ x tanx
2
sec x2dx = ∫ tant sec t=
dt sec t =
+c sec x2 + c
2 2 2 2

4.1.2 Integrand is the Product of Function and its Derivative

If the integral is of the form I= ∫ f ' (x) f(x) dx we put f(x) = t and convert it into a standard integral.
Illustration 6: Evaluate: ∫ tanx sec2 x dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here sec2 x is a derivatives of tanx hence we can put tan x = t and sec2 x.dx = dt thereafter we can solve the
given problem.
Let tan x =t ⇒ sec2 x.dx = dt
2 t2 tan2 x
=∴ I ∫=
tanx sec x dx ∫ t dt =
2
+c
=
2
+c

4.1.3 Integrand is a Function of the Form f(ax+b)

Here we put ax+b =t and convert it into a standard integral. Now if,
1
∫ f(x)dx = φ(x), then ∫ f(ax + b)dx =aφ(ax + b)

Illustration 7: Evaluate: ∫ cos3x cos5x dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By multiplying and dividing by 2 in the given integration and using the formula
= cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) we can solve it.
2cos A.cosB
1 1 1 1 
I= ∫ cos3x cos5x dx = 2 ∫ ( cos8x + cos2x ) dx=  sin8x + sin2x  + c
2 8 2 
 M a them a ti cs | 22.5

x dx
Illustration 8: Evaluate: I = ∫ x 4 + x2 + 1  (JEE ADVANCED)

1 dt 1 dt
Sol: Here by putting x2 = t ⇒ dt = 2xdx we will get the term ∫ = ∫ and then by
2 t + t +1 2
( )
2 2
( t + (1 / 2)) +
2
1 3 3 /2
putting t += tan θ , we can solve it.
2 2
1 dt 1 dt
Let x2 = t ⇒ dt = 2xdx
2 ∫ t2 + t + 1 2 ∫
∴ I= =
( )
2
( t + (1 / 2)) +
2
3 /2

  1 
1 1 −1
 f (x)  1

1  1 
−1 
t + 
2  + c
∫ 2
= dx
a
tan  =  ×
 a  f ' ( x )
+ c ∴ I
2 3
tan
 3 
f ( x )  + a2
    
 2  2 

1  −1  2t + 1   1  −1  2x2 + 1  
=tan   + c tan 

 + c
3   3   3   3  

1 3 3
Now put t += tan θ ⇒
= dt sec2 θ dθ
2 2 2

1 ( 3 / 2)sec2 θdθ 1 1 1  2t + 1  1  2x2 + 1 

tan−1  tan−1 
2 ∫ (3 / 4) tan2 θ + 1 ∫ dθ=
∴ = θ + c=  + c= +c
( ) 3 3 3  3  3 
 3 

Standard integration results

f ' (x)
∫ f(x) dx loge f(x) + c
(a) =
n+1
f(x)
f (x)dx 
n '
(b) ∫ f(x)= n+1
+ c (provided n≠-1)

f ' (x)
(c) ∫ =
f(x)
dx 2 f(x) + c

sec2 x
Illustration 9: Evaluate: ∫ dx  (JEE MAIN)
tanx
Sol: Here simply substituting t=tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 x dx we can solve it.
Let t=tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 x dx

1
dt
∴ I= ∫ =
t
2 t2 c 2 tanx + c
+=

4.1.4 Integral of the Form

dx b b
∫ asinx + b cosx then substitute a=r cos θ and b=r sin θ , tan θ= ⇒ θ= tan−1   ,we get
a a

I= ∫ =
dx 1 1 x +θ (
logtan (x / 2) + (1 / 2)tan−1 (b / a) )
r sin(x + θ) r ∫
cosec(x
= + θ)dx logtan  +c= +c
r  2  a2 + b2
 2 2 . 6 | Indefinite Integration

PLANCESS CONCEPTS
m
∫ sin x cosn x dx , where m, n ϵ N
⇒ If m is odd put cos x=t
If n is odd put sin x = t
If both m and n are odd, put sin x=t if m ≥ n and cos x=t otherwise.
If both m and n are even, use power reducing formulae
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
= sin2 x = or cos2 x
2 2
If m+n is a negative even integer, put tan x=t
Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009, AIR 30)

1
Illustration 10: Evaluate: ∫ dx  (JEE ADVANCED)
sinx + cos x
dx
Sol: As we know, if integration is in the form of ∫ asinx + b cosx then we can put

1 x+θ
a=r cos θ and b=r sin θ hence the integration will be log tan  +c .
r  2 
Here a=1 & b=1
1 1 x 1 −1  1 x π
So ∫ sinx + cos xdx =
1+1
logtan  + tan
2 2
= 1 + c
 2
logtan  +  + c
2 8

4.1.5 Standard Substitutions

The following standard substitutions will be useful

Integrand form Substitutions

1
a2 − x2 or x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ
a2 − x2

1
x2 + a2 or x = a tan θ or x = a cot θ or x=a sinh θ
x2 + a2

1
x2 − a2 or x = a sec θ or x = acosec θ
x2 − a2

x a+x 1 x=a tan2 θ

or or x(a + x) or
a+ x x x(a + x)

x a−x 1 x = a sin2 θ or x= a cos2 θ

or or x(a − x) or
a−x x x(a − x)
 M a them a ti cs | 22.7

x x−a 1 x=a sec2 θ or x=a cosec2 θ

or or x(x − a) or
x−a x x(x − a)

a−x a+ x x = a cos2 θ
or
a+x a−x

x−α x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ

or (x − α )(β − x) (β > α )
β−x

Some Standard Integrals

(a) ∫ tanxdx =logsec x + c =− logcos x + c

(b) ∫ cot xdx =logsinx + c =− logcosec x + c
π x
(c) ∫ sec xdx=log(sec x + tanx) + c =− log(sec x − tanx) + c =logtan  +  + c
 4 2
(d) x
∫ cosecxdx = − log(cosecx + cot= x) + c log(cosecx − cotx)
= + c log tan   + c
2
(e) ∫ sec x tanxdx
= sec x + c

(f) ∫ cosec x cot x dx =

− cosec x + c

2
(g) ∫ sec xdx tanx + c
=

2
(h) ∫ cosec xdx =
− cot x + c
x
(i) ∫ logxdx
= xlog  =+ c x (logx + 1 ) + c
e

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

 1 1 1 
If the integral is of the form ∫ R  x p , x q , x r ...... dx , where R is a rational function then,
 
 
Let a = lcm of (p,q,r,…….) and put x = ta
Nitish Jhawar (JEE 2009, AIR 7)

dx
dx 2 2
Illustration 11: Prove that: ∫∫ 22 22
n(x
 n(x++ x x2−−aa2) +
= = log ) +CC  (JEE ADVANCED)
x x −−aa
Sol: By putting x = a sec θ ⇒ dx = a sec θ tan θdθ , we can solve the problem given above.

dx asec θ tan θdθ

Let x = a sec θ ⇒ dx = a sec θ tan θdθ ⇒ ∫ 2 2
= ∫ atan θ
= ∫ sec θdθ = log
 n(sec θ + tan θ) + C
x −a
x2 + a2 x
= log
 n(  n(x + x2 + a2 ) + C'
+ ) + C = log
a a
2 2 . 8 | Indefinite Integration

Illustration 12: Evaluate: ∫ cos2x.cos 4x.cos6xdx  (JEE MAIN)

= cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B )
Sol: By multiplying and dividing by 2 in the given integration and then by using 2cos A.cosB
we can solve it.
1 1
Let I = ∫ cos2x.cos 4x.cos6xdx = ∫ (2cos2x.cos 4x)cos6 xdx = ∫ (cos6x + cos2x)cos6 xdx
2 2
B cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) 
∴ 2 cos A cos=


=
1
2 ∫ (
cos2 6x + cos 6x − cos2x dx
=
1
4∫
) (
2cos2 6x + 2cos 6x − cos2x dx )
1 1 1 1 1
=  ∫ (1 + cos 12 x ) + ( cos8x + cos 4a) dx  = ∫ dx + ∫ cos12xdx + ∫ cos8xdx + ∫ cos 4xdx
4  4 4 4 4

 sin  f ( x )  
 ∫ cos
= f ( x ) dx +C
 f '(x) 
 

1 sin 12 x sin8x sin 4x 

I = x + + + +C
4 12 8 4 

cos2x − cos2α
Illustration 13: Evaluate: ∫ cos x − cos α
dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here in this problem by using the formulae

C +D C − D , sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A and 2 cos C cos D = cos (C+D)+cos (C-D)

cosC − cosD =
−2sin .sin
2 2

We can solve the problem above step by step.

We have,
cos2x − cos2α −2sin(x + α )sin(x − α ) sin(x + α )sin(x − α )
∫ cos x − cos α
dx = ∫
−2sin ( (x + α ) / 2 ) sin ( (x − α ) / 2 )
dx = ∫ sin ((x + α) / 2 ) sin ((x − α) / 2)dx

2sin ( (x + α ) / 2 ) cos ( (x + α ) / 2 ) .2sin ( (x − α ) / 2 ) cos ( (x − α ) / 2 )

= ∫ sin ( (x + α ) / 2 ) sin ( (x − α ) / 2 )
dx (sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A)

x+α x−α
= 4 ∫ cos   cos  dx  [2 cos C cos D = cos (C+D)+cos (C-D)]
 2   2 
= 2∫ (cos x + cos α=
)dx 2∫ cos xdx + 2cos α=
∫ dx 2sinx + 2x cos α + C
sin8 x − cos8 x
Illustration 14: Evaluate: ∫ 1 − 2sin2 x.cos2 x dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here by using the formula a2 − b2 = ( a + b )( a − b ) and putting (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 in place of 1 in the denominator,
we can reduce the above integration and then using cos2x = cos2 x − sin2 x we can solve it.

sin8 x − cos8 x (sin4 x + cos4 x)(sin4 x − cos4 x)

We have, ∫ 1 − 2sin2 x.cos2 x dx = ∫
(sin2 x + cos2 x)2 − 2sin2 x.cos2 x
dx
 M a them a ti cs | 22.9

(sin4 x + cos4 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x)(sin2 x − cos2 x)

= ∫ − ∫ cos2xdx  cos2x =
dx = ∫ 1.(sin2 x − cos2 x)dx = cos2 x − sin2 x 
(sin4 x + cos4 x)  

sin 2x
=
− +C
2

4.2 Integration by Parts

If u and v are two functions of x, then

∫ (u.v)dx u
= ( ∫ v dx ) − ∫  du 
 ( v dx ) dx
dx  ∫
This is also known as uv rule of integration. This method of integrating is called integration by parts.

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

•• From the first letter of the words inverse circular, logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential
functions, we get a word ILATE. Therefore the preference of selecting the u function will be according
to the order ILATE.
•• In some problems we have to give preference to logarithmic function over inverse trigonometric
functions. Hence sometimes the word LIATE is used for reference.
•• For the integration of Logarithmic or Inverse trigonometric functions alone, take unity (1) as the v
function.

Shivam Agarwal (JEE 2009, AIR 27)

Illustration 15: Evaluate: ∫ (1 + x)logxdx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here we can integrate the given problem by using Integration by parts i.e.

∫ (u.v)dx u
= ( ∫ v dx ) − ∫  du 
 ( v dx ) dx
dx  ∫

Here u = logx and v = (1 + x) .

Let I= ∫ (1 + x)logxdx

Integrating by parts, taking log x as 1st function, (by LIATE rule) we get

d   x2  1 x2   x2   x
I= logx ∫ (1 + x )dx − ∫  (logx). ∫ (1 + x)dx dx = logx  x +  − ∫ .  x +  dx =  x +  logx − ∫  1 + dx
 dx   2  x  2   2   2 
     

 x2   x2 
=  x +  logx −  x +  + C
 2   4 
 
3
Illustration 16: Evaluate: ∫ sec xdx  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here we can solve by integrating by parts, taking sec x as the first function.
3
I= ∫ sec xdx = ∫ sec x.sec2 xdx =
Let u sec
= x & v sec2 x

=I sec x tan x − ∫ ( sec x tan x ). tan x dx = sec x tanx − ∫ sec x tan2 xdx = sec x tanx − ∫ sec x(sec2 x − 1)dx
2 2 . 1 0 | Indefinite Integration

I = sec x tanx − ∫ sec3 xdx + ∫ sec xdx ⇒=I sec x + tan x − I + ∫ sec x dx
1
⇒ 2 I sec x. tan x + log ( sec x + tan x=
= )+C ⇒ I sec x tanx + log(sec x tanx) + C
2

Illustration 17: Evaluate : ∫ (sin−1 x)2 dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

(=
sin x ) & v
2
−1
Sol: We can write the given integration as ∫ (sin x)2 .1dx and then
= taking u −1
1
solving by integration by parts.
 
d 
I= (sin−1 x)2 .x − ∫  (sin−1 x)2 .x  dx = (sin−1 x)2 .x − 2 sin−1 x .
 dx  
1
.x  dx
1 − x2 
( )
dx
Now, putting sin−1 x = t ⇒ x = sin t so that = dt
1 − x2
{
⇒ I = x(sin−1 x)2 − 2∫ t.sintdt = x(sin−1 x)2 − 2 −t cos t + ∫ cos tdt (again Integrating by parts) }
= x(sin−1 x)2 − 2 {−t cos t + sint} + C = x(sin−1 x)2 + 2t cos t − 2sint + C = x(sin−1 x)2 + 2sin−1 x. 1 − x2 − 2x + C

sin−1 x − cos−1 x
Illustration 18: Evaluate: ∫ sin−1 x + cos−1 x
dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

π
Sol: By using the formula sin−1 x + cos−1 x = , we can solve the above problem.
2
sin−1 x − cos−1 x (
sin−1 x − ( π / 2) − sin−1 x )dx  −1 π
x + cos−1 x =
Let I= ∫ sin−1 x + cos −1
x
dx = ∫ ( π / 2)
 sin


2

2  −1 π 4
∫ sin−1 xdx − ∫ 1dx
π∫
=  2sin x −=dx
π  2
4
= ∫ sin−1 xdx − x  … (i)
π
Putting sin−1 x = θ ⇒ x= sin2 θ so that dx = 2 sin θ . cos θ d θ = sin 2 θ d θ .
−1
∴ ∫ sin xdx = ∫ θ.sin2θdθ Let u = sin 2 θ , then integing by parts we get
θ& V=

=
−θ
2
( 1
)
1 − 2sin2 θ + 2 sin θ.cos θ
4
cos2θ 1 θ 1 1 1
= −θ. + ∫ cos2θdθ = − cos2θ + sin2θ = − θ(1 − 2sin2 θ) + sin θ 1 − sin2 θ
2 2 2 4 2 2
1 1
= − (sin−1 x )(1 − 2 x) + x. 1 − x + C  … (ii)
2 2

From (i) and (ii), we get

I=
4 1
− (1 − 2x)sin
π 2
−1
x+
1
2

x − x2  − x + C =

2
π { x−x 2
}
− (1 − 2x)sin−1 x − x + C

4.2.1 Integration by Cancellation

 2 1 1
Illustration 19: Evaluate : ∫  3x tan − x sec2 dx  (JEE MAIN)
x x
 M a them a ti cs | 22.11

 1 1 1 1
Sol: Let ∫  3x2 tan − x sec2 dx = ∫ 3x2 tan dx − ∫ x sec2 dx and then by using the integration by parts formula
 x x x x

∫ (u.v)dx u
i.e. = ( ∫ v dx ) − ∫  du 
 ( v dx ) dx we can solve the problem above.
dx  ∫
 1 1 1 1 1  1  1  1 1
∫  3x
2
tan − x sec2 dx = ∫ 3x2 tan dx − ∫ x sec2 dx = tan x3 − ∫  sec2  − x3dx − ∫ x sec2 dx = x3 tan + c
x x x x x  x  x 
2 x x

4.2.2 Integration of the Form:

If the integral is of the form ∫ ex f(x) + f ' (x) dx , then use the formula;
 
x
∫e ex f(x) + c
f(x) + f '(x) dx =

x
Illustration 20: Evaluate: ∫ e (logx + 1 / x)dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Solution of this problem is based on the method mentioned above, here f(x) = log x and f’(x)

x  1
==
1/x. ∫e log x + dx
 x

 x ex  Here, f(x) = logx 

I= ∫
 e logx +  dx = ex logx + c  ' 
x  &f (x) = 1/ x 
 

∫ xf (x) + f(x)dx ∫ xf (x) + f(x)dx =xf(x) + c

' '
If the integral is of the form then use the formula;

Illustration 21: Evaluate : ∫ (x sec2 x + tanx)dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Similar to the problem above.

Here I = ∫ (x sec2 x + tanx)dx = ∫ xf '(x) + f(x)dx [where f(x) = tanx ] = x . tan x + c

4.2.3 Special Integrals

ax eax
∫e sinbxdx
=
a2 + b2
(asinbx − bcosbx) + Cc

ax eax
∫ e cosbxdx
=
a2 + b2
(bsinbx + acosbx) + c

ax eax
∫ e cosbxdx = a2 + b2
(b sin bx+a cos bx)+c

sin−1 x
Illustration 22: Evaluate : ∫e dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By putting sin−1 x = t ⇒ x=sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt and then integrating by parts we can solve the given problem.

sin−1 x
I= ∫e dx

Let sin−1 x = t ⇒ x=sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt

−1 x
et
t esin
⇒ I = ∫ e cos=
tdt (sint + cos t)=
+c (x + 1 − x2 ) + c
2 2
2 2 . 1 2 | Indefinite Integration

4.3 Integration of Rational Functions

4.3.1 When the Denominator can be Factorized (Using Partial Fraction)

f(x)
Let the integrand be of the form , where both f(x) and g(x) are polynomials. If degree of f(x) is greater than
g(x)
degree of g(x), then first divide f(x) by g(x) till the degree of the remainder becomes less than the degree of g(x).
Let Q(x) be the quotient and R(x), the remainder then
f(x) R(x)
= Q(x) +
g(x) g(x)

Now in R(x)/g(x), factorize g(x) and then write partial fractions in the following manner:

(a) For every non-repeated linear factor in the denominator. Write

1 A B
= +
(x − a)(x − b) x − a x − b

(b) For every repeated linear factor in the denominator. Write

1 A B C D
= + + +
(x − a) (x − b) (x − a) (x − a)
3 2
(x − a)3 (x − b)

(c) For every non-repeated quadratic factor in the denominator. Write

1 Ax + B C
= +
(a x + bx + c)(x − d) a x + bx + c x − d
2 2

(d) For every repeated quadratic factor in the denominator. Write

1 Ax + B Cx + D E
= + +
2 2 2
(a x + bx + c) (x − d) (a x + bx + c)2 2
a x + bx + c x − d

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

Consider f(x) as the function we need to factorize

1. For non- repeated linear factor in the denominator.
1 A B
Let f(x)= = +
(x − a)(x − b) (x − a) (x − b)

To obtain the value of A remove (x−a) from f(x) and find f(a).
Similarly, to obtain value of B, remove (x-b) from f(x) and find f(b).
2. For repeated linear factor in the denominator.

1 A B C D
Let f(x) = = + + +
(x − a)3 (x − b) (x − a) (x − a)2 (x − a)3 (x − b)

To obtain value of D remove (x−b) from f(x) and find f(b).

To obtain value of c remove (x−a)3 from f(x) and find f(a).
Now that we have reduced the number of unknowns from 4 to 2, we can find A and B easily by equating.
 M a them a ti cs | 22.13

x 4 + x3 + 2x2 − x + 4
Now let’s try this method for
x(x2 + 2)(x2 + 1)3
Partial fraction will be of the form

x 4 + x3 + 2x2 − x + 4 A Bx + C Dx + E Fx + G Hx + I
=+ + + +
2 2
x(x + 2)(x + 1) 3 x (x2 + 2) (x2 + 1) (x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)3

Now remove x and put x=0, we get A=2

Now remove (x2 + 1)3 and put x2 =-1 i.e. x = i (you can also substitute x = −i ).
We get Hi+I = –3i –2. Hence H = –3 and I = –2.

Now remove (x2 + 2) and put x= 2i . We get B ( 2i ) +C=2 2i +3. Hence B = 2 and C = 3
Now the number of unknowns have reduced from 9 to 4 and the remaining unknowns can be solved
easily.
This method very useful instead of solving for all the unknowns at the same time.
Also remember that substituting an imaginary number for x is not discussed anywhere in NCERT. So, use
this method only for competitive exams.
Ravi Vooda (JEE 2009, AIR 71)

x
Illustration 23: Evaluate : ∫ dx  (JEE MAIN)
2
x −x−2

1
Sol: Here the given integration is in the form of , hence by using partial fractions we can split it as
(x − a)(x − b)
A B
+ and then by solving we will get the required result.
(x − a) (x − b)
x 1 2 1  1 1
Here I = ∫ (x − 2)(x + 1)dx = ∫ 3  x − 2 + x + 1  dx = 2log(x − 2) + log(x + 1)=
+c log (x − 2)2 (x + 1) + c
3 3  

xdx
Illustration 24: Evaluate : ∫  (JEE ADVANCED)
3x − 18x2 + 11
4

Sol: Here simply by putting t= x2 ⇒ dt = 2x dx and then by using partial fractions we can solve the given problem.
1
dt
xdx 2
I= ∫ dx = ∫ (Put t= x2 ⇒ dt = 2x dx)
3x 4 − 18x2 + 11 3t2 − 18t + 11

1 dt 1 dt 1 dt
6 ∫ t2 − 6t + (11 / 3) 6 ∫ (t − 3)2 − (16 / 3) 6 ∫
= =
( )
2
(t − 3)2 − 4 / 3

1 1 (t − 3) − (4 / 3) 3 3t − 3 3 − 4 3 3x2 − 3 3 − 4
log = +C log
= +C log +C
6 2 × (4 / 3) (t − 3) + (4 / 3) 48 3t − 3 3 + 4 48 3x2 − 3 3 + 4
 2 2 . 1 4 | Indefinite Integration

4.3.2 When the Denominator cannot be Factorized

In this case the integral may be in the form
dx (px + q)
(i) ∫ ax2 + bx + c (ii) ∫ ax2 + bx + cdx

Method:
(i) Here taking the coefficient of x2 common from the denominator , write
b2 − 4ac
x2 + (b / a) x + c/ a =+
(x b/ 2a)2 −
4a2
Now the integrand obtained can be evaluated easily by using standard formulae.
d 
(ii) Here suppose that px + q = A  (ax2 + bx + c) + B = A(2ax+b)+B  …..(i)
 dx 
Now comparing coefficient of x and constant terms.

We get A=p/2a, B=q-(pb/2a)

p 2ax + b  pb  dx
=∴I ∫
2a ax bx + c
2
dx +  q −

∫ 2
2a  ax + bx + c

Now we can integrate it easily.

4.3.3 Integrand Containing Only Even Powers of x

To find integral of such functions, first we divide numerator and denominator by x2 , then express the numerator
as d(x±1/x) and the denominator as a function of (x±1/x). The following examples illustrate it.

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

∫ R(sinx,cos x)dx where R is a rational function (universal substitution tan(x/2)=t)

Special cases:
(a) If R (−sin x, cos x) = −R(sinx, cos x)
Put cos x=t
(b) If R (sin x, cos x) = −R(sinx, cos x)
Put sin x=t
(c) If R (−sin x, −cos x) = R(sinx, cos x)
Put tan x=t
Akshat Kharaya (JEE 2009,AIR 235)

x2 + 1
Illustration 25: Evaluate: ∫ x 4 + 1dx  (JEE ADVANCED)
1 + (1 / x2 ) 1 + (1 / x2 )
Sol: Here dividing the numerator and denominator by x2 , we get ∫ x2 + (1 / x2 )dx = ∫  dx and
{ } 
2

then by putting x-1/x=t ⇒[1+1/ x2 ]dx = dt, we can solve it.  x − (1 / x ) + 2


 M a them a ti cs | 22.15

1 + (1 / x2 ) 1 + (1 / x2 )
I= ∫ x2 + (1 / x2 )dx = ∫  dx
{ } 
2
 x − (1 / x ) + 2

Now taking x-1/x=t ⇒[1+1/ x2 ]dx = dt, we get

dt 1  t  1  2
−1 x − 1

I= ∫
= tan−1   + c = tan  +c
2
t +2 2 2  2x 
 2  

4.4 Integration of Irrational Functions

If any one term in numerator or denominator is irrational then it is made rational by a suitable substitution. Also
if the integral is of the form
dx
∫ or ∫ ax2 + bx + c dx
2
ax + bx + c

Then we integrate it by expressing ax2 + bx + c= (x + α )2 + β2

px + q
Also for integrals of the form ∫ dx or ∫ (px + q) ax2bx + c dx
2
ax + bx + c
First we express px+q in the form
d
px+q = A [ (ax2bx + c) ]+B and then proceed as usual with standard form.
dx
ex
Illustration 26: Evaluate : ∫ dx  (JEE MAIN)
5 − 4ex − e2x
x
Sol: Simply by putting e = t , then ex dx = dt, we can solve the given problem.
Put ex = t , then ex dx = dt
ex dt dt dt dt
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ = ∫ = ∫ = ∫
9 − ( t + 2)
x 2x 2 2 2 2
5 − 4e − e 5 − 4t − t 5 − (t + 4t) 5 − (t + 4t + 4) + 4

dt t+2  ex + 2 
= ∫ = sin−1   + C = sin−1  +C
 3   3 
(3)2 − (t + 2)2  

1
Illustration 27: Evaluate : ∫ (x − a)(x − b)
dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

2
a+b
Sol: Here first expand (x − a)(x − b) and then adding and subtracting by   , we can reduce the above
 2 
a+b
integration. After that by putting x −  = u , we can solve the given problem.
 2 
1 1 dx
Let, I = ∫ (x − a)(x − b)
dx = ∫ dx = ∫
x2 − (a + b) x + ab x2 − (a + b) x + ( (a + b) / 2 ) − ( (a + b) / 2 ) + ab
2 2

dx dx
= ∫ = ∫
( x− ((a + b) / 2) ) ( ) ( x− ((a + b) / 2) )
2 2
− ( a − b ) / 4 
2
−  (a2 + b2 + 2ab) / 4 − ab 
   
dx
= ∫  … (i)
( x− ((a + b) / 2) ) − ((a − b) / 2)
2 2
2 2 . 1 6 | Indefinite Integration

a+b
On putting x −  = u so that dx = du in (i), we get
 2 
du  1  2
I= ∫ ∫ dx = log x + x2 − a2  = log u + u2 −  a − b  + Cc
 2
 x −a
2   2 
u2 − ( (a − b) / 2 )
2

  a + b 
Putting u=  x −    , we get
  2 

2 2
  a + b    a + b   a − b  a+b
I = log  x − 
2
 + x − 
2
 − 
2
 + Cc = log x −
2
+ ( x − a)( x − b ) + Cc
       

5. STANDARD INTEGRALS

1 1 x
(a) ∫= dx tan−1   + c
x2 + a2 a a

1 1 x−a
(b) ∫ x2 − a2 dx 2a log x + a + c
=

1 1 a+ x
(c) ∫ a2 − x2 dx 2a log a − x + c
=

1 x x
(d) ∫ dx =sin−1   + c =− cos−1   + c
a −x2 2 a
  a

1 x
(e) ∫ dx sinh−1   +
= = c log  x + x2 + a2  + c
2
x +a2 a
   

1 x
(f) ∫ dx cosh−1   +
= = c log  x + x2 − a2  + c
x −a2 2 a  

x 2 a2 x
(g) ∫ a2 − x2 dx
= a − x2 + sin−1 + c (Substitute
= x acos θ or=x asin θ and proceed)
2 2 a

2 2 2 2 x x 2 2 2 2 a2a2
(h) ∫ ∫ x x+ a+ adx=dx= n nx +x + x2x+2 a+2a2+ c+ c (Substitute
x x+ a+ a+ + log = x atan θ or
= x acot θ and proceed)
22 22

22 22 xx 22 22 a2a2 22 22
(i) ∫ ∫ x x − −a adx=dx= 2 2 x x − −a a − −2 2log
n nx x+ + x x − −a a + +c c (Substitute
= x asec θ=
or x acosec θ and proceed)

1 1 x
( j) ∫ = dx sec−1 + c (Valid for x > a > 0)
x x2 − a2 a a

ax eax eax   b  
(k) ∫e sinbx
= dx
2 2
(asinbx − bcosbx) + c = sin bx − tan−1    + c
a +b a2 + b2   a  
 M a them a ti cs | 22.17

ax eax eax  b
(l) ∫e cosbx
= dx (acosbx + bsinbx) + c = cos bx − tan−1  + c
a +b2 2 2
a +b 2
 a

Integration of irrational algebraic functions:

dx
Type 1: (a) ∫ (x − α) (Put
= : x acos2 q + b sin2 q )
(x − α )(β − x)

dx
(b) ∫ (x − α) (Put
= : x asec2 q − b tan2 q )
(x − β)

dx
Type 2: ∫ (a x + b) (Put: px + q =t2 )
px + q

dx 1
Type 3: ∫ (Put: ax + b = )
t
(ax + b) px2 + qx + r

dx
Type 4: ∫ (ax2bx + c) (Put: px + q =t2. )
px + q

dx
Type 5: ∫
(ax + bx + c) px2 + qx + r
2

Case I: When (ax2bx + c) breaks up into two linear factors, e.g.

dx  A B  1 dx dx
I= ∫ dx then = ∫  +  dx = A ∫ + B∫
( 2
x − x −2 x + x +1 ) 2  x − 2 x + 1 2
 x + x +1 2
x −2 x + x +1

( 
(
x + 1 ) x2 + x + 1

)
1 1
Put x − 2 = Put x + 1 =
t t
1
Case II: If ax2 + bx + c is a perfect square say (lx + m)2 , then put lx + m =
t
Case III: If b = 2, q = 0

dx 1
e.g. ∫ then, put x =
t
or trigonometric substitutions are also helpful.
(ax2 + b) px2 + r
dx
Integral of the form ∫P Q
, where P, Q are linear or quadratic functions of x.

Integral Substitutions

1
∫ dx cx + d =z2
( ax + b ) cx + d

dx
∫ px + q =z2
( 2
ax + bx + c ) px + q

dx 1
∫ px + q =
z
(px + q) ax2 + bx + c

dx 1
∫ x=
(ax 2
+b ) cx2 + d z
2 2 . 1 8 | Indefinite Integration

dx
∫ ax + b =
1/t
( ax + b )
m
ax2 + bx + c

dx
Illustration 28: Evaluate : ∫ (x + 1)  (JEE MAIN)
( x − 2)
Sol: Simply by putting x − 2 =t2 , ∴dx =
2t dt we can solve the given problem by using the appropriate formula.
dx
∫ (x + 1)
( x − 2)
Put x − 2 =t2
∴dx =
2t dt

2t dt dt 2  t  2  x −2
∴I= ∫ (t2 + 3)t = 2∫ = tan−1  +c = tan−1    + c (∵=t (x − 2) )
t2 + ( 3)2 3  3 3   3  
 

dx
Illustration 29: Evaluate : ∫ (x2 − 4) x
 (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here first put x = t2 therefore dx = 2t dt and then using partial fractions we reduce the given integration in
standard form. After that by solving we will get the result.

dx
Let I = ∫ (x2 − 4) x
2t dt
Put x = t2 ∴ dx = 2t dt then I = ∫ (t 4 − 4)t dt =2 ∫
(t + 2)(t2 − 2)
2

1 1 A B
Put t2 = z ∴ = = +
2
(t + 2)(t − 2) 2 (z + 2)(z − 2) z+2 z−2

1 1 1 1 1
A= − and B = ⇒ = +
4 4 2 2 2 2
(t + 2)(t − 2) 4(t + 2) 4(t − 2)

1 1 dt 1 dt 1  t  1 t− 2
∴ I = 2∫ − ∫
= + ∫ = − tan−1  + log +c
2
(t + 2)(t − 2)2 2 t +2 2 t −2
2 2
2 2  2 4 2 t+ 2

1 x 1 x− 2
= − tan−1   + log + Cc (∵ t = x )
2 2 2 4 2 x+ 2

6. SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Here we shall study the methods for evaluation of the following types of integrals.

Type 1
dx dx dx dx
(i) ∫ a + bsin2 x (ii) ∫ a + b cos2 x (iii) ∫ acos2 x + bsinx cos x + c sin2 x (iv)
2
∫ (asinx + bcos x)
Method: Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2x in all such types of integrals and then put tan x=t
 M a them a ti cs | 22.19

dx
Illustration 30: Evaluate : ∫ 1 + 3sin2 x  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here dividing the numerator and denominator by cos2x we can solve it.

sec2 xdx sec2 x dx 1 −1

I= ∫ sec2 x + 3tan2 x ∫ 1 + 4 tan2 x 2 tan (2 tanx) + c
==

Type 2
dx dx dx dx
(i) ∫ a + b cos x (ii) ∫ a + b sinx (iii) ∫ acos x + b sinx (iv) ∫ asinx + b cos x + c
Method: In such types of integrals we use the following substitutions

2 tan ( x / 2 ) 2t 1 − tan2 ( x / 2 ) 1 − t2 2dt

=sinx = = , cos x = = ; dx
1 + tan ( x / 2 ) 1 + t
2 2
1 + tan ( x / 2 ) 1 + t
2 2
1 + t2
and integrate another method for the evaluation of the integral.

dx
Illustration 31: Evaluate: ∫ 5 + 4 cos xdx  (JEE MAIN)

1 − tan2 ( x / 2 )
Sol: Here by putting cos x = and then by taking tan (x/2) = t we can solve the given problem
1 + tan2 ( x / 2 )
dx sec2 (x / 2) dt
I= ∫ 5 + 4 (1 − tan2 (x / 2)) / (1 + tan2 (x / 2)) = ∫ 9 + tan2 (x / 2)dx = 2∫ where tan (x/2) = t
3 + t2
2
 

1  t  1  tan x / 2  
2  tan−1    + C 2  tan−1 
=  + C
3  3  3  3 

Type 3
p sinx + qcos x p sinx qcos x
(i) ∫ asinx + b cos x dx (ii) ∫ asinx + b cos xdx (iii) ∫ asinx + b cos xdx
For their integration, we first express numerator as follows-
Numerator = A (denominator) + B (derivative of denominator)
Then integral = Ax + B log (denominator) + C

6 + 3sinx + 14 cos x
Illustration 32: Evaluate : ∫ 3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x
dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: By using partial fractions, we can reduce the given integration to the standard form.
6 + 3sinx + 14 cos x
∫ 3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x
dx

⇒ 6 + 3sinx + 14 cos x = A ( 3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x ) + B ( 4 cos x − 5sinx ) + c

Solving R.H.S. & comparing both sides, we get 4A – 5B = 3 5A + 4B = 14

A(3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x) + B(4 cosx − 5sinx) + c

Also, 3A+C=6 ∴ ∫ 3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x
2 2 . 2 0 | Indefinite Integration

C dx
 n(3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x) + ∫
⇒ AxAx++log
3
+ 4 sinx + 5cosx

this is of type 2

2sin2φ − cos φ
Illustration 33: Evaluate : ∫ 6 − cos2 φ − 4sin φdφ  (JEE ADVANCED)

2(sin2φ − 4 cos φ) + 7 cos φ

Sol: Here we can write the given integration as ∫ 6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ
dφ and as we know 2(sin2φ − 4 cos φ) is

the derivative of 6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ hence by putting 6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ = t , we can solve the given problem.

2sin2φ − cos φ d
I= ∫ 6 − cos2 φ − 4sin φdφ = (6 − cos2 φ − 4sin φ)
dφ

= 2cos φ sin φ − 4 cos φ = sin2φ − 4cosφ = 2sin2φ − cos

= φ 2(sin2φ − 4cosφ) + 7cosφ

2(sin2φ − 4 cos φ) + 7 cos φ 2(sin2φ − 4 cos φ)dφ 7 cos φdφ dt 7 cos φdφ
I= ∫ ∫ +∫ = 2∫
t ∫ 6 − (1 − sin2 φ) − 4 sin φ
dφ = +
6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ 2
6 − cos φ − 4 sin φ 2
6 − cos φ − 4 sin φ

7 cos φdφ 7dx

= 2logt + C1 + ∫ = 2log(6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ) + C1 + ∫ ( sin φ =x )
2 2
5 + sin φ − 4 sin φ x − 4x + 5

7dx x−2
= 2log(6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ) + C1 + ∫ = 2log(6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ) + C1 + 7 tan−1 + C2
2
(x − 2) + 1 1

= 2log(6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ) + 7 tan−1 (sin φ − 2) + C

7. SPECIAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

aex x
(a) ∫ b + cex dx [put e =t]

1
(b) ∫ 1 + ex dx [Multiply and divide by e− x and e− x = t]

1
(c) ∫ 1 − ex dx [Multiply and divide by e− x and e− x = t]

1
(d) ∫ ex − e−x dx [Multiply and divide by ex ]

ex − e− x  f ' (x) 
(e) ∫ ex + e− x dx  form
 f(x) 
ex + 1
(f) ∫ ex − 1 dx [Multiply and divide by e− x/2 ]

1
(g) ∫ (1 + ex )(1 − e−x ) dx [Multiply and divide by ex and put ex =t]

1
(h) ∫ dx [Multiply and divide by e − x/2 ]
x
1−e
 M a them a ti cs | 22.21

1
(i) ∫ dx [Multiply and divide by e − x/2 ]
x
1+e
1 − x/2
( j) ∫ x
dx [Multiply and divide by e ]
e −1

1
(k) ∫ dx [Multiply and divide by 2e− x/2 ]
x
2e − 1

(l) ∫ 1 − ex dx [Integrand = (1 − ex ) / 1 − ex ]

(m) ∫ 1 + ex dx [Integrand = (1 + ex ) / 1 + ex ]

(n) ∫ ex − 1dx [Integrand = (ex − 1) / ex − 1 ]

ex + a
(o) ∫ dx [Integrand = (ex + a) / e2x − a2 ]
x
e −a

Illustration 34: Evaluate : ∫ ex − 1dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here by multiplying and dividing by ex − 1 in the given integration and then by putting ex − 1 = t2 we can
evaluate the given integration.

ex − 1 ex 1
Here I = ∫ ex − 1dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx − ∫ dx
x x x
e −1 e −1 e −1
Let ex − 1 = t2 , then e=
x
dx
= 2t dt

2
∴
= I 2∫ dt − ∫ dt = 2t − 2 tan−1 (t) + c = 2  ex − 1 − tan−1 ex − 1  + c
t +12  

ex
Illustration 35: Evaluate : ∫ dx  (JEE MAIN)
5 − 4ex − e2x

ex
Sol: We have, ∫ dx
5 − 4ex − e2x

Put ex = t , then ex dx = dt

ex dt
∴∫ dx = ∫ dx
x 2x
5 − 4e − e 5 − 4t − t2

dt dt
= ∫ = ∫
5 − (t2 + 4t) 5 − (t2 + 4t + 4) + 4

dt dt t+2  x
−1 e + 2

= ∫ = ∫ = sin−1   + C = sin  +C
 
9 − (t + 2)2 (3)2 − (t + 2)2  3   3 
2 2 . 2 2 | Indefinite Integration

PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS

Integration by Parts
(a) Integration by parts is useful for dealing with integrals of the products of the following functions
uu << tan−−11 x,
<< tan sin−−11 x,cos
x, sin x,cos−−11 xx (logx)
nx)kkk sin
((nx) sin x,
x, cos
cos xx eexx >> dv
>> dv
Priority for choosing u and dv: ILATE
(b) Integration by parts is sometimes useful for finding integrals of functions involving inverse functions such as
n x and sin−1 x .
(c) Sometimes when dealing with integrals, the integrand involves inverse functions (like sin−1 x ), it is useful to
substitute x = the inverse of that inverse function (like x = sin u), then do integration by parts.
2 x 3
(d) Sometimes you will have to do integration by parts more than once (for example, ∫ x e dx and ∫ x sinxdx .
Sometimes you need to do it twice by parts, then manipulate the equation (for example, ∫ ex sinxdx ).
(e) Try u – substitution first before integration by parts.

Trigonometric Integral
m
(a) Integral Type : ∫ sin x cosn xdx
Case 1: One of m or n are even, and the other odd
Use u – substitution by setting u = sin or cos that with an even power. Use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x =
1.
Case 2: Both m and n are odd
Use u – substitution by setting u = sin or cos that with a higher power. Use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x =
1.
Case 3: Both m and n are even (hard case)
Do not use u – substitution. Use the half double angle formula to reduce the integrand into case 1 o r2:
1 2 1 2 1
sinx cos x = sin2x ; sin= x (1 − cos2x) ; cos= x (1 − cos2x)
2 2 2
(Note: 0 is also an even number. For example, sin3 x = sin3 x coso x , so it is in case 1)
Just remember that when both are even, you can’t use u-substitution, but you can use the half – double angle
formula. When it is not that case, let u = sin x or cos x, and one will work (at the end there is no square root
term after substitution).
m
(b) Integral type : ∫ tan x secn xdx
Case 1: sec is odd power, tan is even power.
Hard to do, we omit (most likely won’t pop out in the exam).
Case 2: Else
Set u = sec x or tan x, and use 1 + tan2 x =
sec2 x . One will work at the end (there is no square root term after
substitution).
(c) Integral type : ∫ sin(Ax)cos(Bx)dx , ∫ cos(Ax)cos(Bx)dx , ∫ sin(Ax)sin(Bx)dx
Use the product to sum formula:
1 1
cos θ cos
= φ (cos θ − φ) + (cos θ + φ)) ; sin θ cos
= φ (cos θ − φ) − (cos θ + φ))
2 2
1
sin θ cos
= φ (sin θ − φ) + (sin θ + φ))
2
Reduce product into sum and then integrate.
 M a them a ti cs | 22.23

Trigonometric Substitution
(a) Trigonometric substitution is useful for quadratic form with square root:
a2 − x2 : Let=x asin θ

x2 + a2 : Let
= x atan θ

x2 − a2 : Let
= x asec θ
(b) General procedure for doing trig sub:
Step 1: Draw the right triangle, and decide what trigonometric function to substitute for x.
Step 2: Find dx, then substitute the integrand using triangle, convert integral into trigonometric integral.
Step 3: Solve the trigonometric integral.
Step 4: Substitute back using triangle.
(i) If the quadratic form is not in the Pythagoras form (for example, 2 + 2x + x2 , then use the perfecting
the square method to transform it into Pythagoras form).
(ii) Try u – substitution before trigonometric substitution.
(iii) Integrals involving (1 − x2 ) and (x2 − 1) without square roots can be solved easily with partial fractions.
So don’t use trigonometric substitution.

Rational Integral and Partial Fraction

(a) General step for solving rational integral:
Step 1: Do long division for the rational function if the degree of the numerator is higher than the denominator.
Step 2: Do partial fraction decomposition.
Step 3: Evaluate the integral of each simple fraction.
(b) General step for partial fraction:
Step 1: Factorize the denominator.
Step 2: Set the partial fraction according to “rule”.
Step 3: Solve the unknown of the numerator of the partial fraction.

Improper Integral
(a) General steps for evaluating improper integral:
Step 1: Change the improper integral into the appropriate limit. [Change ±∞ or singular point (where) to
appropriate limit.]
Step 2: Evaluate the integral.
Step 3: Find the limit.
(b) The very first step to test improper integral involving ∞ is to check its limit. If its limit is not zero, then the
integral diverges.
(c) Whenever you see improper integrals involving the quotient of a rational or irrational function, such as
∞
x3 + 3x
∫a 3
3
dx
(8x + 7x) 2

Use limit comparison test. The appropriate comparing function can be found by looking at the Integrand
(quotient of rational irrational). “Discard” the lower degree terms.
2 2 . 2 4 | Indefinite Integration

(d) Sometimes, using u – substitution before using any test will be easier.
(e) Sometimes, to determine if an improper integral converges or diverges, directly evaluating the improper
integral is easier.
(f) When doing a comparison test, beware of the comparing function that you choose. It might not give an
appropriate conclusion if the comparing function is not correct.
(g) Try the limit comparison test before the comparison test.
(h) Useful comparing function, which is good to know their convergence or divergence
∞ k −βx
∫a x e dx < ∞ For k ≥ 0, β > 0

∞ 1 < ∞ if p > 1;
∫a p
x
dx 
= ∞ if p ≤ 1;

∞ 1 < ∞ if p < 1;
∫a p
x
dx 
= ∞ if p ≥ 1;

FORMULAE SHEET

Basic theorems of Integration:

1. ∫ k f(x)dx = k ∫ f(x)dx 2. ∫ f(x) ± g(x) dx = ∫ f(x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx

d
3.
dx
( ∫ f(x)dx ) = f(x) 4.
 d 
∫  dx f(x) dx = f(x)

Elementary Integration:

1. ∫ 0.dx = c 2. ∫ 1.dx= x + c

n xn+1
3. ∫ k.dx =kx + c(k ∈ R) 4. ∫ x= dx
n+1
+ c(n ≠ −1)

1
5. ∫= dx loge x + c x
ex + c
x
6. ∫ e dx=

ax
7. x
∫a= dx + c ax loga e + c
= 8. ∫ sinx dx =
− cos x + c
loge a

n (ax + b)n+1
9. ∫ cos x=
dx sinx + c 10. ∫ (ax + b) =dx
a(n + 1)
+C
c

cc cc
11. ∫ ax dx
∫ ax+ +b=
=
b
n naxax+ +b b+ +CC
dx log
aa
c 12. '
∫ f (x)e
f(x)
= ef(x) + C
dx c

13. ∫ logx=
dx xlogx − x + c x
14. ∫ log a x dx= xloga x − +c
loga
 M a them a ti cs | 22.25

Standard substitution:

1 x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ
1. a2 − x2 or
a2 − x2

1 x = a tan θ or x = a cot θ
2. x2 + a2 or
x2 + a2

1 x = a sec θ or x = acosec θ
3. x2 − a2 or
x2 − a2
x a+x 1
4. , , x(a + x) and x=a tan2 θ
a+ x x x(a + x)

x a−x 1 x = a sin2 θ or x= a cos2

5. or x(a − x) and
a−x x x(a − x)

1
x x−a x=a sec2 θ or x=a cosec2 θ
6. or or x(x − a) or x(x − a)
x−a x

a−x a+ x x = a cos2 θ
7. and
a+x a−x

x−α x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ

8. or (x − α )(β − x) (β > α )
β−x

Some standard Integrals:

1. ∫ tanxdx =logsec x + c =− logcos x + c 2. ∫ cot

= xdx logsinx + c

3. ∫ sec xdx= log(sec x + tanx) + c 4. ∫ cosecxdx =

− log(cosecx + cot x) + c
π x x
=− log(sec x − tanx) + c =logtan  +  + c = log(cosecx − cotx)
= + c log tan   + c
 4 2 2

5. ∫ sec x tanxdx
= sec x + c 6. ∫ cosec x cot x dx =
− cosec x + c

2 2
7. ∫ sec xdx tanx + c
= 8. ∫ cosec xdx =
− cot x + c

x
9. ∫ logxdx
= xlog  =+ c x (logx + 1 ) + c 2 1 sin2x 
e
10. ∫ sin xdx = x −
2 2 
+C

1
=−(x sinxcosx) + C
2
2 2 . 2 6 | Indefinite Integration

1 sin2x  12. 3xdx == 1

33 11
11. 2
∫ cos xdx= x +  + C= ∫∫sec
secxdx
∫sec xdx = sec
sec
222
xxtanx
sec xtanx
tanx
2 2 
11
1 +++ 1
ln
lnlnsec
log secxxx+++tanx
sec tanx+++CCcC
tanx
(x + sinxcosx) + C 222
2

sinn−1 x cos x n cosn−1 x sinx

13. ∫ sin xdx =
n
−
n
+ 14. ∫ cos xdx = −
n
+

n−1 n−1
cosn−2 xdx
n ∫
sinn−2 xdx
n ∫

Integration by Parts:

∫ (u.v)dx u
1. = ( ∫ v dx ) − ∫  du 
 ( v dx ) dx
dx  ∫
2. ∫e
x
ex f(x) + c
f(x) + f '(x) dx =

Standard Integrals:

1 1 x
1. ∫= dx tan−1   + c
2
x +a 2 a a

1 1 x−a
∫ x2 − a2 dx 2a log x + a + c
2. =

1 1 a+ x
∫ a2 − x2 dx 2a log a − x + c
3. =

1 x x
4. ∫ dx =sin−1   + c =− cos−1   + c
2
a −x 2 a
  a

1 x
5. ∫ dx sinh−1   +
= = c log  x + x2 + a2 +c

2
x +a 2 a
   

1 x
6. ∫ dx cosh−1   +
= = c log  x + x2 − a2 +c

2
x −a 2 a
   

x 2 a2 x
7. ∫ a2 − x2 dx
= a − x2 + sin−1 + c
2 2 a

xx 2 2 2 2 aa2 2
8. ∫∫ xx2 2++aa2 2dx
=
dx
= xx ++aa ++ log 2 2
nnxx++ xx2++aa2 ++cc
22 22

22 22 x x 2 2 2 2 a2a2
9. ∫∫ x x − a
− adx
=
dx
= n nx x+ + x2x2− −a2a2+ +c c
x x − −a a − − log
22 22
 M a them a ti cs | 22.27

1 1 x
10. ∫ = dx sec−1 + c (Valid for x > a > 0)
2
x x −a2 a a

eax eax   b  
ax
(asinbx − bcosbx) + c = sin bx − tan−1    + c
11. ∫ e sinbx=
dx
a2 + b2 a2 + b2   a  

ax eax eax  b
12. ∫ e cosbx=dx
2
a +b 2
(acosbx + bsinbx) + c =
2
cos bx − tan−1  + c
2 a
a +b 

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards ∫
dx
 n ( sec θ + tan θ )
x2 + a2
= ∫ sec θ dθ = log
x + sinx
Example 1: Evaluate : ∫ 1 + cos xdx
 x2 + a2 x 
 n
= log + 
Sol: Here by using the formula  a a
 
x x x
=sinx 2sin cos and
= 1 + cos x 2cos2    x2 + 
2 2 2 11 2 2 2 2 a2a2 x x 
x2 +
=∴I I  x xx x+
∴= + nn 
a a + +log + + + + cc
we can solve the given problem. 
22   aa a a 
    
x + sinx x + 2sinx/ 2cosx/ 2
∫ 1 + cos xdx = ∫ dx
1 − sinx
2cos2 x / 2 −1
Example 3: Evaluate : ∫ tan 1 + sinx
dx
x 2 x
= ∫ 2 sec x / 2 + tan dx = x tanx / 2 + c
2 Sol: Here first write cos ( ( π / 2) − x ) at the place of sin x
x
2sin2
then by using the formula 1 − cos x =
Example 2: Evaluate : ∫ x2 + a2 dx 2
x
2cos2
And 1 + cos x = we can solve it.
Sol: By applying integration by parts and taking 2

x2 + a2 as the first function we can solve the given 1 − sinx 1 − cos ( ( π / 2) − x )

I = ∫ tan−1 dx = ∫ tan−1 dx
problem. 1 + sinx 1 + cos ( ( π / 2) − x )

x2 + a2 dx = 2sin2 ( ( π / 4) − (x / 2) )
∫ = ∫ tan
−1
dx
2cos2 ( ( π / 4) − (x / 2) )
(x2 + a2 ) − a2 x2
= x2 + a2 x − ∫ dx x2 + a2 x − ∫ dx
−1 π x π x π x2
x2 + a2 x2 + a2 = ∫ tan tan  4 − 2  dx = ∫  4 2 
− dx = x − +C
4 4
dx
x x2 + a2 + a2 ∫
= x2 + a2 Example 4: Evaluate : ∫ log(2 + x2 )dx
2
Put x = atan θ Sol: Here integrating by parts by taking log(2 + x2 ) as
the first function we can solve the given problem.
2 2 . 2 8 | Indefinite Integration

I = ∫ log(2 + x2 )dx = ∫ log(2 + x2 ).1dx dx

Example 7: Evaluate: ∫
2
(1 + x ) 1 − x2
2
Taking log(2 + x ) as first function and integrating by
parts, we get Sol: By putting x=sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ d θ , we will
2x reduce the given integration as
I = log(2 + x2 ) x − ∫ x. dx
  2 + x2 sec2 θ ⇒ dt = sec2 θ dθ
2
(x + 2) − 2
∫ 1 + 2 tan2 θdθ and then put t = tan θ
= xlog(2 + x2 ) − 2∫ dx
2 + x2
and solve it.
 2  Put x=sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ d θ
= xlog(2 + x2 ) − 2∫ 1 − dx
2
 x + 2
dx 1
  x 
⇒ I= ∫ 2 2
= ∫ 1 + sin2 θdθ
= xlog(x2 + 2) − 2  x − 2 tan−1    + Cc (1 + x ) 1 − x
  2  
sec2 θ
= ∫ 1 + 2 tan2 θdθ
e2x − e−2x
Example 5: Evaluate : ∫ e2x + e−2x dx Again put t = tan θ ⇒ dt = sec2 θ dθ

dt 1 1 1
Sol: Simply put e2x + e−2x = t ⇒ (e2x − e−2x )dx = I= ∫ 1 + 2t2 dt = ∫ dt
( )
2
and then solving we will get the result. 2 2 t2 + 1 / 2
2x −2x
e −e
I= ∫ e2x + e−2x dx =
1 1 

−1 
 tan 
t 
 + c
21 / 2  1 / 2 
dt
t ⇒ (e2x − e−2x )dx =
Put e2x + e−2x =
2  x 2 
1 1
1 dt 1 1 = tan−1 ( 2 tan θ) + c = tan−1  +c
2x −2x 2 2  
∴I = =∫
2 t 2
log t + C = log e + e
2
+ Cc  1−x
2


x3 − 1 xdx
Example 6: Evaluate : ∫ x3 + xdx Example 8: Evaluate : ∫ (x− 1)(x2 + 4)
Sol: By splitting the given integration as Sol: By partial fractions, we can reduce the given
3 fraction as a sum of two fractions which will be easier
x 1
∫ x(x2 + 1)dx − ∫ x(x2 + 1)dx to integrate.
x A Bx + C
= +
We can solve the given problem. 2
(x − 1)(x + 4) x − 1 x2 + 4

x3 − 1 x3 1 x = 1 ⇒ A = 1/5
∫ x3 + xdx = ∫ x(x2 + 1)dx − ∫ x(x2 + 1)dx x = 2i ⇒ B = –1/5, C = 4/5

x2 1 x  
1 4 − 2x
= ∫ x2 + 1dx − ∫ x − (x2 + 1)dx =∴ I ∫ +  dx
 5 ( x − 1)


5 x2 + 4 ( ) 


 1  1 x
= ∫ 1 − dx − ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx 11 11   2x
2x 88  
 2
x +1 x x +1 =
= n(x
logn(x−−1)1)−−   2 −− 
55 10
10 xx2++44 xx2 2++44 
= x − tan−1 x − logx + log x2 + 1 + c
=
1
n(x(x− −
log 1)1)− −
(
x2 + 24 + 4)2 2 x x
ln log(x
+ −tan
+ tan
)
1 −1
5 10 10 5 5 2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 22.29

sinx x2 −1 1 x2 x2 1 (1 − x2 ) − 1
Example 9: Evaluate: ∫ sin 4xdx =
2
sin x − ∫ . dx = sin−1 x + ∫ dx
1 − x2 2 2 2 1 − x2
Sol: By using the formula sin2x = 2sinx.cos x , we can
reduce the given fraction and then by putting sin x = t x2 1 1 1
= sin−1 x + ∫ 1 − x2 dx − ∫ dx
we can solve it. 2 2 2 1 − x2
sinx sinx dx dx
∫ sin 4xdx = ∫ 2cos2x sin2x = ∫ 4 cos x cos2x x2 x 1 − x2 1 −1
= sin−1 x + − sin x + Cc
2 4 4
cos xdx
= ∫ 4(1 − sin2 x)(1 − 2sin2 x) 2x2 − 1 −1 x
= sin x + 1 − x2 + C
c
4 4
Put sin x = t
1 dt ex (2 − x2 )dx
⇒I= ∫
4 (1 − t )(1 − 2t2 )
2 Example 2: Evaluate : ∫
(1 − x) 1 − x2
1  1 2 
= ∫  2 −  dt Sol: We can split the given fraction as
4  (t − 1) (2t − 1) 
 2
 1 + x 1 
x
11 t −1 1 2t − 1  ∫e 
2
+ dx and this integration is
= log − log +c  1 − x (1 − x) 1 − x2 
42 t +1 2 2t + 1 
 in the form of ex (f(x) + f ' (x))
1 sinx − 1 1 2 sinx + 1
= log + log +c ex (2 − x2 )dx x (1 − x2 ) + 1
8 sinx + 1 4 2 2 sinx − 1 I= ∫ = ∫e dx
(1 − x) 1 − x2 (1 − x) 1 − x2
dx  1 + x 1 
Example 10: Evaluate : ∫ (x)(x 4 − 1) = ∫e
x
 + dx
2
 1 − x (1 − x) 1 − x2 
Sol: Here we can write the given integration as
d  1+x  1 x
x −5 −4 But   = + (1 + x)
∫ (1 − x −4 ) dx and then by putting 1 − x t
= dx  1 − x2 
 1−x 2
(1 − x2 )
3
2

⇒ 4x −5 = dt we can solve it. 1 (1 + x)x

= +
dx x −5 1 − x2 (1 − x)(1 + x) 1 − x2
∫ (x)(x 4 − 1) = ∫ (1 − x −4 ) dx
1 x 1−x+x
= + =
Put 1 − x −4 =
t ⇒ 4x −5 = dt 1−x 2
(1 − x) 1 − x 2
(1 − x) 1 − x2
dt 1 1 1
log | 1 − x −4 | + c =
=
⇒ ∫=
4t 4
log| t | +=
c
4 (1 − x) 1 − x2
Hence, the integrand is of type ex (f(x) + f ' (x))
1+x
JEE Advanced/Boards ∴ I = ex +C
1 − x2
−1
Example 1: Evaluate : ∫ x sin xdx cos3 x + cos5 x
Example 3: Evaluate : ∫ sin2 x + sin4 x dx
Sol: Integrating by parts taking sin−1 x as the first term
we can solve the given integration. Sol: Here by taking cos3 x and sin2 x common from the
−1 numerator and denominator respectively and then by
∫ x sin xdx
putting sin x =t we can solve the given problem.
−1
Let u sin
= = x, v x cos3 x(1 + cos2 x)
I= ∫ sin2 x(1 + sin2 x)
dx
2 2 . 3 0 | Indefinite Integration

Since power of cos x is odd, put sin x =t; 1 1 z −z −5 5

dt =
−= n n + C+ cC
⇒ I = −∫ − log
Then, cos x dx = dt 2
z −5 2 25 5 z +z +5 5

(1 − t2 )(1 + 1 − t2 ) (1 − t2 )(2 − t2 )
I= ∫ dt = ∫ t2 (1 + t2 ) dt
t2 (1 + t2 )
=
−=
11
n n
x x+ (1 (( 2 2 2 2
))
/ x/ x) +)3+ 3− −5 5
+ (1
+ C+ C
c
− log
=
 2 6 
∫  1 + t2 − 1 + t2  dt = t−
2
t
− 6 tan−1 t + C
c
2 25 5 x2 x+2 (1(( ))
/ x/2 x) 2+)3+ 3+ +5 5
+ (1

Example 6: Evaluate :
= sinx − 2cosec x − 6 tan−1 (sinx) + Cc

x
4e + 6e −x ∫ cosec
22
∫ cosecx.x.log
n
n (cosx++ cos2x
(cosx ) dx for sin x > 0
cos2x) dx
Example 4: Evaluate : ∫ 9ex − 4e−x dx
Sol: By substituting cos2 x − sin2 x in place of . cos2x .
we can reduce the given integration as the sum of two
Sol: By partial fractions we can reduce the given fraction
integrations and then by integrating them separately
as a sum of two fractions and then by integrating them
we will obtain the result.
we will get the result.
x −x ∫∫cosec
2
nn((cosx
cosec2x.x.log cosx++ cos2x ))
cos2x dx
dx
4e + 6e
I= ∫ 9ex − 4e−x dx
 2 
nncos sin2xxdx
2 2
== ∫∫cosec
cosec2xxlog cosxx++ coscos2xx−−sin dx
x −x x −x
Let 4e + 6e = A 9e − 4e + B  (  d
 dx
x
9e − 4e  )
−x 

( 

)
 

nn sinx(cot cot2xx−−1)1) dx
2 2
=
= ∫ ∫ cosecx2 xlog
cosec
 
sinx(cotxx++ cot

dx
By comparing the coefficients of ex and e− x , we get
== ∫∫cosec cosec22x.x.log
nsinx
nsinxdx dx++ ∫ ∫cosec 22
cosecx. x.log
n[cot
2
cot2xx−−1]dx
n[cotxx++ cot 1]dx
−19 35
A= ,B=
36 36 = I1 + I2

A(9ex − 4e− x ) + B(9ex + 4e− x ) I1I1==∫∫cosec 2

cosec2x.x.log
nsinxdx
nsinxdx
∴I= ∫ 9ex − 4e− x
dx
= ( −( −cot
cotx).
x).lognsinx−−∫∫( −( −cot
nsinx cotx).cot
x).cotxdx
xdx
x −x
9e + 4e
= A ∫ dx + B ∫
x −x
dx = Ax + Blog 9ex − 4e− x + cC = −−cot
cotx.x.log
nsinx (cosec22xx−−1)dx
nsinx++∫∫(cosec 1)dx
9e − 4e
19 35 = −−cot
cotx.x.log
nsinx
nsinx−−cot
cotxx−−xx++CC11
= − x+ log 9ex − 4e− x + Cc
36 36 22
=
=I2I2 ∫∫cosec
cosec x.x.log
n[cot
n[cotxx++ cot22xx−−1]dx
cot 1]dx

1 + x2 dx Put cot x=t; − cosec2 xdx =

dt
Example 5: Evaluate : ∫ 1 − x2 for x > 0
−−∫∫log
I2I2= 2
n[t++ t t2−−1]dt
n[t
1 + 3x2 + x 4 = 1]dt
(Integrate by parts)
Sol: Dividing by x2 in the numerator and denominator
and then putting x – 1/x = t we can solve the given 1 + (t / t2 − 1)
==−t. n  t + t2 − 1  + ∫ t.
−t.log dt
problem.   t + t2 − 1
I= ∫
1 + x2 dx
= ∫
(1 / x2 ) + 1 dx ( ) t
1 − x2 1 + 3x2 + x 4
==−t. n  t + t2 − 1  + ∫
−t.log dt
((1 / x) − x ) ( x − (1 / x)) + 5
2
  t2 − 1
 1 
Put x – 1/x = t ;  1 +  dx = dt ==−t. n  t + t2 − 1  + t2 − 1 + C2
−t.log
 
 x2 
dt
I = −∫ − cot x n  cot x + cot2 x − 1  + cot2 x − 1 + C2
==
−cotxlog
t t2 + 5  

Put t2 + 5 =z 2 ⇒ 2t dt = 2z dz sinx
Example 7: Evaluate : ∫ sin3 x + cos3 xdx
 M a them a ti cs | 22.31

Sol: By taking cos3 x common from the denominator 1 m m

and then by putting tan x = t we can solve it.
= cosm x sinnx + Im−1,n−1 − Im,n
n n n
Integrand contains odd powers in sin x and cos x. So, ⇒ (m + n)I
= cosm x sinnx + mIm−1,n−1
m,n
put tan x = t.
1 sinx n
⇒I= ∫ cos3 x 1 + tan3 xdx Example 9: Evaluate : I = 
∫  x + 1 + x2  dx

tanx.sec2 x Sol: Simply putting x + 1 + x2 = t and integrating we
= ∫ 1 + tan x3
dx (put tan x = t)
can solve the given problem.

t 1 dt 1 t +1 Let x + 1 + x2 = t, then
= ∫1+ t 3
dt = −
3 ∫ 1 + t 3 ∫ t2 − t + 1
+ dt
 x  t
1 +  dx =
dt ⇒ dx = dt
 
1 1 (2t − 1) + 3  1 + x2  1 + x 2
= − log t + 1 + ∫ dt
3 6 t2 − t + 1
As 1 + x2 + x =t
1 1
= − log t + 1 + log t2 − t + 1 +
3 6 1 1 1 + x2 − x
= =
1 dt t 1 + x2 + x 1
2 t − (1 / 2) 2 + (3 / 4)
( ) 1 t2 + 1
⇒ 2 1 + x2 =t + =
1 1 t t
= − log t + 1 + log t2 − t + 1 +
3 6  t2 + 1  dt
Thus I = ∫ tn  
1 2  t − (1 / 2)   2t  t
tan−1   + C  
2 3  3 /2  1 n− 2 2 1 n n− 2 1  tn+1 tn−1 
2∫ 2∫
= t (t + 1)dt = (t +t )dt =  + +C
2  n + 1 n − 1 
1 1 − tanx + tan2 x 1  2 tanx − 1 
= log + tan−1  +C
6
(1 + tanx )
2
3  3  Where t =x + 1 + x2

Example 8: If Im,n = ∫ cosm x.cosnx dx, show that Example 10: Evaluate:
(m + n)I
= m,n cosm x sinnx + mIm−1,n−1 2sin3 ( x / 2 ) dx
I= ∫ for cos x > 0
Sol: By using integration by parts and by taking cosm x ( cos(x/ 2)) cos3 x + 3cos2 x + cos x
as the first term we can prove the given equation.
Integrating by parts, Sol: Here we can reduce the given fraction by using the
x x
sinnx formula sinx = 2sin cos and then by putting
Im,n = cosm x + 2 2
n cos x = t we can solve it.
m
n∫
cosm−1 x sinx sinnx dx

… (i) ( 2sin ( x / 2) cos ( x / 2) ) ( 2sin2 ( x / 2) ) dx
I= ∫
But cos(n-1)x=cos(nx-x) (2cos (x / 2))
2
cos3 x + 3cos2 x + cos x
= cosnx cos nx + sin nx sin x (1 − cos x)sinx dx
⇒ sinx sin nx = cos(n-1)x – cosnx cosx ... (ii)
= ∫
(1 + cos x) cos3 x + 3cos2 x + cos x
From (i) and (ii):
[Put cos x = t]
1
Im,n = cosm x sinnx +
n ( t − 1) dt
m
⇒I= ∫
cosm−1 x[cos(n − 1)x − cosnx cos x]dx (1 + t) t3 + 3t2 + t
n∫
2 2 . 3 2 | Indefinite Integration

(t 2
)
− 1 dt Example 12: Evaluate : I = ∫
dx
= ∫ (1 + t)2 t t + 3 + (1 / t)
1 + x2 + x + 2

Sol: We can reduce the given fraction as

(
t2 1 − (1 / t2 ) dt ) dx
= ∫ t(t2 + 2 t+ 1) t + (1 / t) + 3 ∫ and then by putting
( x + (1 / 2))
2
1+ + (7 / 4)
(1 − (1 / t )) dt 2
1 7 π π
= ∫ (t + (1 / t) + 2) =x+ tan θ : − < θ < ; and using appropriate
( t + (1 / t)) + 3 2 2 2 2
integration formula we can integrate the given fraction.
1 dx
Put t + +3 =z2 : z > 0 ; I=∫
t
1 + ( x + (1 / 2) ) + (7 / 4)
2

 1
Then  1 −  dt =
2zdz
 t2  1 7 π π
Put =
x+ tan θ : − < θ < ; then
2 2 2 2
2zdz dz z −1
⇒ I= ∫ (z2 − 1)z = 2∫
2
z −1
= log
z +1
+ Cc
=dx
7
sec2 θ d θ
2

cos x + sec x + 3 − 1 7 sec2 θdθ

⇒ I log + Cc ⇒ I= ∫ 2 1 + ( 7 / 2)sec θ
cos x + sec x + 3 + 1
7 dθ
2 ∫ cos θ cos θ + ( 7 / 2)
=
Example 11: Evaluate:
( )
(sinx − cos x) dx  1 1 
I= ∫ = ∫  cos θ − cos θ + ( dθ
7 / 2) 
(sinx + cos x) sinx cos x + sin2 x cos2 x 

dθ 7
Sol: Here by putting sin x + cos x = t we can integrate = log sec θ + tan θ − ∫ ; a=
the given fraction using the appropriate formula. a + cos θ 2

Let sin x + cos x = t = I log sec θ + tan θ − I 1 ….(i)

⇒ (cos x – sin x) dx =dt dθ

Where, I 1 = ∫ a + cos θ
Also, t2 =+
(sinx cosx)2 =
1 + 2sinx cos x
θ 1 − t2
t2 − 1 Put tan = t ; cos θ =
∴ sinx cos x = 2 1 + t2
2
dt
⇒ I = −∫ 2dt 1
(
t (t2 − 1) / 2 1 + (t2 − 1) / 2 )( ( )) I 1= ∫ 1 + t2 a +
((1 − t ) / (1 + t ))
2 2

dt t3dt dt
= −∫ = −2∫ = 2∫
t ((t2 − 1)(t2 + 1)) / 4 t4 t4 − 1 a(1 + t ) + 1 − t2
2

Put t 4 - 1 = z 2 : z > 0 2 dt
= ∫
a − 1 ( (a + 1) / (a − 1) ) + t2
1 2z dz dz
⇒ I = −2∫ = −∫
4 (z 2 + 1)z 1 + z2  a−1 
2 a−1
= tan−1  t  + Cc
a−1 a+1  a+1 
= − tan−1 z + Cc = − tan−1 t 4 − 1 + Cc  

2  a−1 θ
= − tan−1 (1 + sin2 x)2 − 1 + C
c = tan−1  tan  + Cc.…(ii)
 a+1 2 
a2 − 1 
= − tan−1 sin2 2 x + 2sin2 x + Cc From (i) and (ii), we get I.
 M a them a ti cs | 22.33

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.18 If f ' (x)= x −

1
and f(1) =
1
, find f(x).
x 2 2
sec x
Q.1 ∫ dx Q.19 For any natural number evaluate m
sec x + tanx

∫ (x )( )
1/m
  3m
1 2 1 + x2m + xm 2x2m + 3xm + 6 dx, x〉 0
Q.2 ∫  1 + − +5 + a dx
x
 1+x 2 2 
 1 − x x x2 − 1  x3 + 3x + 2
−1  sin2x   π π
Q.20 ∫ (x2 + 1)2 ( x + 1 )dx
Q.3 ∫ tan  1 + cos2x dx : x ∈  − 2 , 2 
dx
Q.4 ∫
1 + tanx
dx
Q.21 ∫ sinx + sec x
x + logsec x

2cos x − 3sinx cos2x

Q.5 ∫ 3cos x + 2sinxdx Q.22 ∫ sinx
dx : cos x > 0

2x − 1 x2 + 1(log(x2 + 1) − 2logx
Q.6 ∫ dx
x2 − x − 1
Q.23 ∫ x4
dx

dx sinx
Q.7 ∫ 1 − 3x − 5 − 3x
Q.24 ∫ sinx − cos x dx
2 x3 3
Q.8 ∫x e cos(ex )dx  1 2a − x 
−1
Q.25 ∫ x sin 
2 a
dx

sec2 (2 tan−1 x)  
Q.9 ∫ 1 + x2
dx
4
Q.26 ∫ sec x cosec2 xdx
dx
Q.10 ∫ (2sinx + 3cos x)2
dθ
Q.27 ∫ :a>b>0
( a + b cos θ )
3/5 3 2
Q.11 ∫ cos x sin xdx

logx dx
Q.12 ∫
2
dx Q.28 Evaluate ∫
x x x4 − 1

−1 x
Q.13 ∫ sin a+ x
dx : a > 0
Q.29 ∫
dx
sin3 x sin ( x + α )
x 2 + sin2x
Q.14 ∫e 1 + cos2x
dx dx
Q.30 ∫
Q.15 ∫
dx (1 + x ) x − x2
x 6 (logx ) + 7logx + 2
2
  cos8x − cos7x
Q.31 ∫ 1 + 2cos5x
dx
x2 + 1
Q.16 ∫ (x + 3)(x − 1)2 dx
x3 + 1
Q.32 ∫ dx
1 x ( x − 1)
3
Q.17 ∫ dx
1 − tanx
2 2 . 3 4 | Indefinite Integration

dx  x x
Q.33 ∫3 11
2n  sec + tan  + Cc
(C) 2log
2 2
sin x.cos x 
ex n 1 + sinx + Cc
(D) log
Q.34 Evaluate ∫ dx
e2x − 4
Sin2x
Q.5 ∫ dx is equal to
log x sin x + cos4 x
4
Q.35 Evaluate ∫ (1 + x)3 dx
(A) cot −1 (cot2 x) + Cc (B) − cot −1 (tan2 x) + Cc
f(x)
Q.36 Evaluate ∫ x3 − 1 dx , where f(x) is polynomial of (C) tan−1 (tan2 x) + Cc (D) − tan−1 (cos2x) + Cc
the second degree in x such that f(0) = f(1) = 3f(2) = −3 dθ
Q.6 The value of integral ∫ cos3 θ sin2θ
can be

Exercise 2 expressed as irrational function of tan θ as

Single Correct Choice Type 2 2 

(A)  tan θ + 5  tan θ + c
5  
3/2
 x 
Q.1 ∫  1 + x5  dx equals- (B)
2
5
(
tan2 θ + 5 ) tan θ + c

(A)
2 x5
+ Cc (B)
2 x
+ Cc
(C)
5
2
(
tan2 θ + 5 ) tan θ + c
5 1 + x5 5 1 + x5
2
( )
tan θ
2 1 (D) tan2 θ + 5 +c
(C) + Cc (D) None of these 5
5 1 + x5
dx
8 8
Q.7 ∫ a + bx2 a,b≠0 and a/b > 0
cos x − sin x
Q.2 dx equals-
1 − 2sin2 x cos2 x 1 b b b
(A) tan−1 x +c (B) tan−1 x +c
ab a a a
sin2x sin2x
(A) − +c (B) +c a a b
2 2 (C) tan−1 x +c (D) ab tan−1 x +c
b b a
cos2x cos2x
(C) +c (D) − +c
3 1 1 − x7
Q.8 ∫x dx equals
Q.3 Identify the correct expression ( 1 + x7 )
= =xx2 2log
(A) x ∫ logxdx
nxdx x22 +
nx −−x + Cc nx
(A) logx
22 7
((
nn 11++xx7 ++cc
nx++ log
77
)) nx
nx
(B) logx
22
− − log
44
(( ))
1 −1 x−7 x7+ c+ c
nn

(B) xx∫∫log
nnxx=
dx xexx ++CCc
dx xe
=
x x
nx
(C) logx
22
nx−− log
77
7
((
nn 11++xx7 ++cc )) nx
(D) logx
22
nn(11−−xx ) )++cc
44 (
nx++ log
77

(C) x ∫ e =
dx xe + Cx
cx

dx 1 x
(D) ∫= tan−1   + C
c log | x |
2
a +x 2 a a Q.9 ∫x 1 + log | x |
dx equal

Q.4 Primitive of 1 + 2 tanx ( sec x + tanx ) w.r.t. x is (A)

2
1 + log| x |(log | x | − 2) + c
3
n( sec
n
(A) log ( secxx++tanx
tanx) )++log
ncos
ncosxx++CC
c
2
(B) log ( sec
nn ( secx x++tanx
tanx) +) +log
nsec
nsecx x++CcC (B)
3
1 + log| x |(log | x | + 2) + c
 M a them a ti cs | 22.35

1
(C) 1 + log| x |(log | x | − 2) + c cot x − tanx
3 Q.15 ∫ dx equals
2(cos x + sinx)
(D) 2 1 + log| x |(3log | x | − 2) + c
(A) sec−1 (sin x + cos x ) +cC

xx44++11 BB (B) sec−1 (sin x − cos x ) + Cc

Q.10 If ∫ ∫ dx = = AAlog
dx nnxx++ ++cc ,
22 22
x(x
x(x ++1)1) 11++xx22
(C) log c
ln [(sinx + cos x) + sin2x ] + C
Where c is the constant of integration then:
(A) A=1; B=-1 (B) A=-1; B=1 (D) log
ln [(sinx − cos x) + sin2 x ] + c

(C) A=1; B=1 (D) A=-1; B=-1

x 3x Previous Years’ Questions

Q.11 ∫ 4 sin x cos cos dx equals
2 2

(A) cos
cos Xx −
1 1 (x2 − 1)dx
cos2 x + cos 3x + c Q.1 The value of ∫  (2006)
2 3
x3 2x 4 − 2x2 + 1
1 1
(B) cos
cos Xx − cos2 x − cos 3x + c
2 3 2 1 2 1
(A) 2 2 − + +c (B) 2 2 + + + Cc
2 4 2
1 1 x x x x4
(C)cos
cosXx + cos2 x + cos 3x + c
2 3
1 2 1
1 1 (C) 2− + + Cc (D) None of these
(D)cos
cosXx + cos2 x − cos 3x + c 2 x 2
x4
2 3

Q.12 ∫ sin x. cos x. cos 2x. cos 4x. cos 8x. cos16x dx 4ex + 6e− x
equals Q.2 If ∫ dx = Ax + B log (9e2x − 4) + Cc, then
9ex − 4e− x
sin16x cos32x A=……….., B=……… and C=……… (1989)
(A) +c (B) − +c
1024 1024
cos32x cos32x 1 sinx
(C) +c (D) − +c Q.3 Integrate or (1978)
1096 1096 1 − cot x sinx − cos x 

x
F(x) , then ∫ x3 f(x2 )dx is equal to
Q.13 If ∫ f(x) dx = Q.4 Integrate the curve  (1978)
1 + x4

(A)
1
2
(
(F(x))2 − ∫ (f(x))2 dx (B))1 2 2
2
(
x F(x ) − ∫ (f(x2 ) d(x2 ) ) Q.5 Integrate
sinx⋅ sin2 x⋅ sin3 x + sec2 x ⋅ cos2 2x + sin4 x ⋅ cos4 x. 
1  1 2   (1979)
(C)  F(x) − ∫ (F(x ) dx  (D) None of these
x2
2  2 
Q.6 Integrate  (1979)
(a + bx)2
4ex + 6e− x
Q.14 If ∫ Ax + B log (9e2x − 4) + C then
dx =
9ex − 4e− x
Q.7 Evaluate ∫( tanx + cot x)dx.  (1988)
A, B and C are
(x + 1)
3 36 3 Q.8 Evaluate ∫ dx.  (1996)
(A)=
A =,B =,C log 3 + cons tant x(1 + xex )2
2 35 2
3 35 −3 Q.9 Integrate the following  (1997)
(B)=
A =,B =,C log 3 + cons tant
2 36 2 1/2
 1− x  dx
3 35 3 ∫ 
(C) A =
− , B =, C = 1log 3 + cons tant  1+ x  x
2 36 2  
(D) None of these
2 2 . 3 6 | Indefinite Integration

sinxdx x+
1
Q.10 The value of 2 is  (2008) e x
 π  1
sin  x −  Q.14 The integral  1 + x −  dx is equal to  (2014)
 4  x
1 1
x+
(A) ( x + 1 )
 π  π x+
(A) x + log cos  x −  + c (B) x − log sin  x −  + c x +c (B) −xe x +c
 4   4 1
1 x+
(C) ( x − 1 )
x+
x +c (D) xe x +c
 π  π
(C) x + log sin  x −  + c (D) x − log sicos  x −  + c
 4  4
 dx
Q.15 The integral ∫ equals  (2015)
(x )
3/ 4
2 4
dy x +1
Q.11 If = y + 3 > 0 and y ( 0 ) = 2 , then y(log2) is
equal to  dx
1/ 4
(2011)  x4 + 1 
( )
1/ 4
(A)   +c (B) x 4 + 1 +c
(A) 5 (B) 13 (C) -2 (D) 7  x4 
 
1/ 4
 x4 + 1 
( )
1/ 4
Q.12 If the integral (C) − x + 1 4
+c (D) −   +c
 x4 
55tanx
tanx  
∫∫tanx
tanx−−22
dx xx++aalog
dx =
= nnsinx
sinx−−2cos
2cosxx ++kk
2x12 + 5x9
then a is equal to  (2012) Q.16 The integral ∫ dx is equal to  (2016)
(x )
3
5 3
(A) -1 (B) -2 (C) 1 (D) 2 + x +1

x10 x5
( )
Q.13 If ∫ f ( x ) dx = ψ ( x ) , then ∫ x5 f x3 dx is equal to (A)
( 5
2 x + x +1 3
)
2
+ c (B)
( 5
2 x + x +1 3
)
2
+c
 (2013)
1 3
3
3 2
( ) 3
(A)  x ψ x − ∫ x ψ x dx  + c 
 ( ) (C)
−x10
+ c (D)
−x5
+c
( ) ( )
2 2
2 x5 + x3 + 1 2 x5 + x3 + 1
(B)
1 3
3
( ) ( )
x ψ x3 − ∫ x2 ψ x3 dx + c

(C)
1 3
3
( )
x ψ x3 − ∫ x2 ψ x3 dx + c ( )
(D)
1 3
3 
( ) ( )
x ψ x3 − ∫ x2 ψ x3 dx  + c


JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1
 x  x  e  x 
dx Q.4   +    logxdx
∫ nx dx
Q.1 (i) ∫ ;  e   x  
cot(x/ 2) ⋅ cot(9 x/ 3) ⋅ cot(x/ 6)  

cos(x − a)
tan(log x) tan(log(x / 2))tan(log2) Q.5 ∫ dx
(ii) ∫ dx sin(x + a)
x
dx
Q.2 ∫ x5 + 3x 4 − x3 + 8x2 − x + 8
(x − α ) (x − α )(x − β) Q.6 ∫ dx
x 2 +1

(
log log ( (1 + x) / (1 − x) ) ) dx Q.7 ∫
( x + 1)dx
Q.3 ∫ 1 − x2 x( 3 x + 1)
 M a them a ti cs | 22.37

−1 x cos2 x
Q.8 ∫ sin dx Q.23 ∫ dx
a+ x 1 + tanx

−1
xInx Q.24 ∫ log x.sin x dx
Q.9 ∫ dx
(x2 − 1)3/2
(x2 + 1)ex
Q.25 Evaluate ∫ (x + 1)2
dx
log6 6 ((sinx)6cos x ) cos x
Q.10 ∫ dx
sinx
esin z 3
Q.26 Evaluate ∫ cos2 x (x cos x − sin x)dx
 x2 + 1 log(x2 + 1) − 2logx  
Q.11    
∫ x 4  dx dx
  Q.27 Evaluate ∫
1 − 2x − x2
sinx
Q.12 If f(x) = the antiderivative of
sin2 x + 4 cos2 x dx
Q.28 ∫ dx
sec x + cosecx
 1   1  
 g ( x )  + c is then g (x) is equal to
−1
  tan  
 3  3   2x2 + 3x + 4dx
Q.29 Evaluate ∫
cot x dx dx
Q.13 ∫ Q.30 Evaluate ∫ x(xn + 1)
(1 − sinx)(sec x + 1)
cos x − sinx
3x2 + 1 Q.31 ∫ dx
Q.14 ∫ dx 7 − 9 sin2x
(x2 − 1)3
cot x − tanx
(ax2 − b)dx Q.32 ∫ dx
Q.15 ∫ 1 + 3sin2x
x c2 x2 − (ax2 + b)2
4x5 − 7x 4 + 8x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 7
Q.33 ∫ dx
m tan−1x x2 (x2 + 1)2
e
Q.16 Evaluate ∫ (1 + x2 )3/2 dx Q.34 ∫
dx
cos3 x − sin3 x

−1 x x2
Q.17 Evaluate ∫ sin a+ x
dx Q.35 ∫
(x cos x − sinx)(x sinx + cos x)
dx

Q.18 cos θ + sin θ

Q.36 ∫ cos2θ.In dθ
cos θ − sin θ
(e x
− e− x 
)cos  e

x
+ e− x
+
π
(
+ e
4
x
+ e− x
) cos  e x
− e− x
+
π

4
∫ dx
x Q.37 Match the columns
2
x +x
Q.19 ∫ dx
(e + x + 1)2
x
Column I Column II

 (x2 + 1) + x 4 + 1 
ecos x (x sin3 x + cos x) (A) ∫
x4 − 1
dx (p) log
In   ++Cc
Q.20 ∫ dx  x 
sin2 x x2 x 4 + x2 + 1  

5x 4 + 4x5 2
(B) ∫ x − 1 dx 1 1  x 4 x+41+−1 −2x2 x 
Q.21 ∫ dx (q) C C− − In
log  2 
2 2 In
  (x −21) 
(x5 + x + 1)2 x 1 + x4   (x − 1)  

a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x 1 + x2
Q.22 ∫ dx (C) ∫ dx (r) C − tan−1 

1+
1 
−1 
4 2 4 2
a sin x + b cos x (1 − x2 ) 1 + x 4  4
x 
 
2 2 . 3 8 | Indefinite Integration

Column I Column II sec x + tanx − 1

Q.5 ∫ dx equals
tanx − sec x + 1
1
(D) ∫ dx x 4 + x2 + 1
(s) +
+Cc
(1 + x )4
1+x −x4 2
x (A) log [(sec x + tan x)] + log sec x + c
(B) log [sec x-tan x] – log cos x + c
Exercise 2 (C) log (sec x + tan x) – log sec x + c
D) –log (sec x + tan x) + log cos x + c
Single Correct Choice Type

tan−1 x − cot −1 x (x2 − 3)

Q.1 If ∫ dx is equal to : Q.6 ∫ ex dx
−1 −1
tan x + cot x (x + 3)2
44 −1−1 22 x 6
(A) x tan
x tan x+x + log
n(1
n(1
++x2x)2−) −
x+ C Cc
x+ (A) ex ⋅ + Cc (B) ex (2 − ) + Cc
ππ ππ x+3 x+3
44 −1−1 22
(B) x tan
x tan x−x − log
n(1 + +x2x)2+) +x +
n(1 x+ c
CC 6 3
ππ ππ (C) ex (1 − ) + c (D)
C ex + Cc
x+3 x+3
44 −1−1 22
(C) x tan
x tan n(1+ +x2x)2+) +x x+ +CC
x x+ + log
n(1 c
ππ ππ
44 22 1 − cos x
(D) x tan −1−1
x tan n(1+ +x2x)2−) −x x+ +CcC
x x− − log
n(1 Q.7 ∫ dx where 0 < α < x < π, equals
ππ ππ cos α − cos x

 α x  cos(x/ 2) 
x2 − 4 2n  cos − cos  + c
(A) 2log (B) 2cos−1  +c
Q.2 ∫ dx equals  2 2   cos(α / 2) 
x 4 + 24x2 + 16
 αα xx  cos(x/ 2) 
 x2 + 4   x2 + 4  (C) 22 22log
nncos cos ++cc (D) −2sin1 
cos −−cos +c
1 1  22 22  cos(α / 2) 
(A) tan−1   + Cc (B) − cot −1   + Cc
4  4x  4  x 
   
3x 4 − 1
1  4x + 4  1 2 x +4 2 Q.8 Primitive of w.r.t. x is :
(C) − cot −1   + Cc (D) cot −1   + Cc (x 4 + x + 1)2
4  x  4  x 
   
x x
(A) +c (B) − +c
4 4
x + x +1 x + x +1
( x − 1)
2

Q.3 ∫ dx equals
x + 2x2 + 1
4 x +1 x +1
(C) +c (D) − +c
4 4
3 5 3 x + x +1 x + x +1
x x x +x +x+3
(A) +x+ + Cc (B) + Cc
3 2
x +1 (
3 x2 + 1 ) 3x 3x
Q.9 If ∫ e cos 4x dx= e (A sin 4x + B cos 4x) + c
x5 + 4x3 + 3x + 3 Then
(C) +C
c (D) None of these
(
3 x +1 2
) (A) 4A=3b (B) 2A=3B
(C) 3A=4B (D) 4B+3A=1
x4 − 4
Q.4 ∫ dx equals
x2 4 + x2 + x 4 pxp + 2q−1 − qxq−1
Q.10 The evaluation of ∫ dx is
x2p + 2q + 2xp + q + 1
4 + x2 + x 4
(A) c
+C (B) 4 + x2 + x 4 +Cc xp xq
x (A) − + Cc (B) + Cc
xp + q + 1 xp + q + 1
4 + x2 + x 4 4 + x2 + x 4
(C) + Cc (D) + Cc xq xp
2 2x (C) − + Cc (D) +C
c
xp + q + 1 xp + q + 1
 M a them a ti cs | 22.39

= g(x), then ∫ f −1 (x)dx is equal to −

Q.11 If ∫ f(x)dx ex e− x
Q.3 Let I =
∫ dx, J =
∫ dx
e4x + e2x + 1 e−4x + e−2x + 1
(A) g−1 (x) (B) xf −1 (x) − g(f −1 (x))
Then, for an arbitrary constant c, the value of J-l equals
−1 −1 −1
(C) xf (x)g (x) (D) f (x)  (2008)

1 e4x − e2x + 1 1 e2x + ex + 1

x (A) log + c   (B) log +c
Q.12 Primitive of 3 w.r.t x is − 2 e4x + e2x + 1 2 e2x − ex + 1
(x − 1)4
4

1 1 1 e2x − ex + 1 1 e4x + e2x + 1

3 1 3 3 1 3 (C) log + c   (D) log +c
2 e2x + ex + 1 2 e4x − e2x + 1
(A) 1 + 4  + Cc (B) −  1 + 4  + Cc
4 x −1 4 x −1
1 1 Q.4 ƒ(x) is the integral of
4 1 3 4 1 3
(C)  1 + 4  + Cc (D) − 3  1 + 4  + Cc 2sinx − sin2x
3 x −1  x −1 , x ≠ 0 find lim ƒ'(x).  (1979)
x3 x →0

Q.13 If ∫ eu . Sin 2x dx can be found in terms of known Q.5 Evaluate the following integrals  (1980)
functions of x then u can be :
(A) x (B) sin x (C) cos x (D) cos 2x
1  x2
(i) ∫ 1 + sin  x dx (ii) ∫ dx
2  1−x

Q.6 Evaluate ∫(elog x + sinx)cos x dx.  (1981)

Previous Years’ Questions
cos3 x + cos5 x (x − 1)ex
Q.1 The value of the integral ∫ dx is Q.7 Evaluate ∫ dx .  (1983)
2
sin x + sin x 4 (x + 1)3
 (1995) dx
−1
Q.8 Evaluate ∫ .  (1984)
(A) sinx − 6 tan (sinx) + c x (x + 1)3/ 4
2 4

(B) sinx − 2(sinx)−1 + c

1− x
(C) sinx − 2(sinx)−1 − 6 tan−1 (sinx) + c Q.9 ∫ dx.  (1985)
1+ x
(D) sinx − 2(sinx)−1 + 5 tan−1 (sinx) + c
sin−1 x − cos−1 x
x Q.10 Evaluate ∫ dx. (1986)
Q.2 Let ƒ(x)
= for n > 2 and sin−1 x + cos−1 x 
(1 + xn )1/n

g(x) fofo....of (x). Then, ∫ xn−2g(x)dx equals  (2007) (cos2x)1/2

  Q.11 Evaluate ∫ dx. (1987)
f occurs n times sinx 

1
1 1− Q.12 Find the indefinite integral
(A) (1 + nxn ) n + c
n(n − 1)
 1 log(1 + 6 x ) 
1 ∫ 3 x + 4 x
 +
3
x + x 
 dx  (1992)
1 1− 
(B) (1 + nxn ) n + c
n−1

1
1 1+
(C) (1 + nxn ) n + c
n(n + 1)

1
1 1−
(D) (1 + nxn ) n + c
n+1
 2 2 . 4 0 | Indefinite Integration

x3 + 3x + 2 sec2 x
Q.13 Integrate ∫ (x2 + 1)2 (x + 1) dx  (1999) Q.17 The integral ∫ 9
dx equals
( sec x + tanx ) 2

−1
 2x + 2  (for some arbitrary constant K)  (2012)
Q.14 Evaluate ∫ sin 
 2
 dx. 

(2000)
 4x + 8x + 13 
1 1 1 2
(A) −  − ( sec x + tanx )  + K
Q.15 For any natural number m, evaluate  (2002) ( sec x + tanx )
11
2 11 7 

∫(x3m + x2m + xm )(2x2m + 3xm + 6xm )1/m dx, x > 0. 1 1 1 2

(B)  − ( sec x + tanx )  + K
11 11 7
ex e− x ( sec x + tanx ) 2  
Q.16 Let I ∫=
= dx, J ∫ e−4x + e−2x + 1 dx .
e4x + e2x + 1 1 1 1 2
(C) −  + ( sec x + tanx )  + K
11 11 7
Then, for an arbitrary constant C, the value of J − I ( sec x + tanx ) 2  
equals  (2008)
1 1 1 2
1  e4x − e2x + 1  1  e2x + ex + 1  (D)  + ( sec x + tanx )  + K
(A) log  +c (B) log  +c ( sec x + tanx )
11
2 11 7 
2  e4x + e2x + 1  2  e2x − ex + 1 
 

1  ex − e− x − 1  1  e4x + e2x + 1 
(C) log  +c (D) log  +c
2  ex + e− x + 1 
  2  e4x − ex + 1 

PlancEssential Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.14 Q.19 Q.23 Q.25 Q.3 Q.11 Q.18 Q.20

Q.29 Q.32 Q.35 Q.38 Q.30 Q.37 Q.38

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.4 Q.10 Q.13 Q.15 Q.1 Q.5 Q.7 Q.10

Q.12
Previous Years’ Questions
Q.5 Q.7 Q.9 Previous Years’ Questions
Q.1 Q.2 Q.4 Q.10

Q.12
 M a them a ti cs | 22.41

Answer Key

1 1
JEE Main/Boards Q.17
2
x − log cos x − sinx + A
2

Exercise 1 x2 1
Q.18 ƒ(x)= + −1
Q.1 tan x – sec x + A 2 x

ax 1
Q.2 x + tan−1 x − 2sin−1 x + 5 sec−1 x + +A Q.19 (2x3m + 3x2m + 6xm )m+1/m
loga 6(m + 1)

x2 1 1 3 x
Q.3 +A Q.20 log(x2 + 1) − log(x + 1) + tan−1 x +
2 4 2 2 2
x +1

Q.4 log x + log(sec x) + A 1 3 +p

⇒
Q.21 log + tan−1 (q) + c
2 3 3 −p
Q.5 log 3cos x + 2sinx + A
1 2 + 1 − tan2 x
⇒ − log | cot x + cot2 x − 1 | +
Q.22 log +c
2 2 − 1 − tan2 x
Q.6 2 x2 − x − 1 + A
3
1 1  2   1  2
1  Q.23 −  1 +  log  1 + 2  −  + Cc
Q.7 (1 − 3x)3/2 + (5 − 3x)3/2  + A 3 x2    x  3
18  

1 3
1 1
Q.8 sin(ex ) + A Q.24 x + log sinx − cos x + Cc
3 2 2

Q.9
x
+ Cc x2 −1  1 2a − x  a2  1 x x x2 
2 Q.25 sin  + sin − 1− +c
1+ x 2 2 a  2  2a 2a 4a2 
 
1
Q.10 − +A
2(2 tanx + 3) 1
Q.26 tan3 x + 2 tanx − cot x + Cc
3
5 5
Q.11 − cos8/5 x + cos18/5 x + A
8 18 2  a−b 
=Q.27 tan−1  tan(θ / 2) + c1
a2 − b2  a + b 
− logx 1
Q.12 − +A
x x 1 1 1
=
Q.28 ∫ 2 dθ= θ + c= sec−1 (x2 ) + c
2 2
 x x
Q.13  tan−1  (a + x) − a + Cc −2
 a  a = cos α + cot x sin α + c
  Q.29
sin α
x
Q.14 e tanx + A
 x 1 
Q.30= 2  − +c
 1− x 1 − x 
Q.15 log 2logx + 1 − log 3logx + 2 + A 

1 1 1
2∫
Q.31= (cos 3x − cos 2x)dx = sin 3x − sin 2x + c
5 3 1 3 2
Q.16 log x + 3 + log x − 1 − +A
8 8 2(x − 1) 1 1
Q.32=− log | x | +2 log | x − 1 | + − +c
x − 1 (x − 1)2
2 2 . 4 2 | Indefinite Integration

3 3 1
Q.33 2logt − log(2t − 1) − c, where t = x + x2 − x + 1
+C
2 2 (2t − 1)

= log(ex + e2x − 4 ) − log 2 +=

Q.34 c log(ex + e2x − 4 ) + c'

1 log x 1 x 1
Q.35 I =
− + log + +c
2 (1 + x)2 2 1 + x 2(1 + x)

x2 + x + 1 2 2x + 1
Q.36 log + tan−1 +c
x −1 3 3

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 C

Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 C Q.11 B Q.12 B

Q.13 B Q.14 D Q.15 A

Previous Years’ Questions

3 35 1 x
Q.1 C Q.2 A =
− , B= and C ∈ R
and Q.3 log(sinx − cos x) + + c
2 36 2 2

1 cos 4x cos2x cos6x 3x sin 4x sin8x

Q.4 tan−1 (x2 ) + c Q.5 − − + + sin2x + tanx − 2x + − +
2 16 8 24 128 128 1024

1  a2   tanx − cot x 
Q.6  a + bx − 2alog(a+ bx) − + c Q.7 2 tan−1  +c
b3  a + bx 


 2 


dt xex x
xe 11 1
Q.8 ∫ 2 = ln
logn
xx
++ ++cc Q.9 2[cos−1 x − log| 1 + 1 − x | − log| x |] + c
t (t − 1) 11++xexe 11++xe xex x 2

Q.10 C Q.11 D Q.12 D Q.13 C Q.14 D Q.15 D

Q.16 A

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1
 
 
x x x  − 3ln
 n  sec x x x  − 6ln
  sec x x x  + C
  sec sec(logx)
22n2nsec
Q.1 (i) 2log  sec
  − −  3ln
3log
3ln  sec
sec
   − −  6ln
6log
6ln  sec
sec
   + +C C+c (ii) log   − x tan log | 2 | + c
2 3 6  x
   22       33       66   
 sec  log  
  2
 M a them a ti cs | 22.43

x x
−2 x −β 11++xx 111+++xxx 111+++xxx  1 + x  x e
Q.2 ⋅ ++Cc nn
Q.3 log nnn
log  ––log
nnn
 –+nc   Q.4   −   ++Cc
α −β x −α 11−−xx 111−−−xxx 111−−−xxx  1 − x  e x

 cos x x 
 cos
Q.5 cos
cosa.arc
a.arccos
cos  − sina
− sina .nnsinx
. log  sinx 2 2
 + + sinsinx −x sin
2 2 
− sin + Cc
a a+ C
cosa
cosa   

x 4x 4 3 3 2 2 11 2 2 −1
tt44 tt22 11 2 −1 

Q.6 + x+ x− x− x+ 5x n(x
n(x+ 1)
+ + log
+ 5x + 1) + 3tan−x1 +x +
+ 3tan C
+Cc Q.7 66 −− ++tt++ log n(1++tt2))−−tan
n(1 tan−1tt ++CC where
where tt =
=xx1/6
1/6
44 22
 44 22 22 
+ c where t =x1/6

 x  logx
Q.8 (a + x)tan−1  − ax  + c Q.9 sec−1 x − +c
 a  x2 − 1

3/2
1  log2 (sinx)  x  1 1   1  2
Q.10  + log  tan + cos x   + c Q.11 – 1 + 2  log  1 + 2  –  + c
6  log36  2   3 x    x  3

dt 1 sec x 1 1 x x 1 1 2 x2 x x x
∫ f(x)dx
Q.12 = ∫= tan−1 +c Q.13 ln tan
ln tan+ +tantan
log + tan
+ tan+ C+ Cc
t2 + 3 3 3 2 2 2 24 4 2 2 2 2

x  ax2 + b 
Q.14
C− +C Q.15 sin−1  +k
(x2 − 1)2  cx 
 

−1 x −1
em tan  1 x  em tan x (m + x)
Q.16 1
= m ⋅ + = +c +c
m2 + 1  x2 + 1

x2 + 1  (m2 + 1) x2 + 1

 −1 x  a + x  x
=Q.17 a tan


a a 
− +c
a  (
Q.182 2 cos (e− x
)(
) sin(e x ) + cos (e x
) c
) +C

 x +1  1
Q.19 −log
− ln  + 1 − + Cc Q.20C − ecos x (x + cosec x) + c
x
 e   x + 1 + 1
 x 
 e 
x +1 x5 1   a2 tanx  
Q.21 C − or C
c+ Q.22  x + tan−1    + Cc
5
x + x +1 x
x + x +1 a + b 
2 2  b2  
 

1 1 x x1 1  1 − 1 − x2 
Q.23 log
ln(cos
ln(cos
x +xsinx)
+ sinx)
+ ++ +(sin2x
(sin2x
+ cos2x)
+ cos2x) c
+ C+ C Q.24 (xlogx − x)Sin−1 x + 1 − x2 logx − log   + Cc
4 4 2 28 8  x 
 

 x −1   1 
= ex f(x)=
Q.25 + c ex  +c = ez f(z) +=
Q.26 c ez  sin−1 z − c esin x (x − sec x) + c
 +=
 x +1  
 1 − z2 

−1  1 + x  1 1  11   
 x x π π
=Q.27 sin   + c Q.28 sinx
sinx− −
cos
cos
x−x − log
nntan
tan
  + +  + +C C c
 2  2 2  22 2 2 8 8
  

 2x2 + 3x + 4 
4x + 3 23 4x + 3
Q.29 I
= 2x2 + 3x + 4 + log  + +c
8 16 2  4 2 
 
 2 2 . 4 4 | Indefinite Integration

1 z −1 1 xn 11 (4(4++3sinx
3sinx++3cos
3cosx)x)
=Q.30 log = +c log +c Q.31 n
n
log ++CCc
n z n xn + 1 24
24 44−−3sinx
3sinx−−3cos
3cosx)x)

−1
 2 sin2x  7 6x
Q.32 tan   + Cc Q.33 4logx
4nx + + 6 tan−1 (x) + + Cc
 sinx + cos x  x 1 + x2
 
22 −1−1 11 22++sinx
sinx++cos
cosxx x sinx + cos x
Q.34 tan (sinx
tan (sinx++cos
cosx)x)++ nn
log ++CC
c Q.35 log
n +c
33 33 22 22−−sinx
sinx−−cos
cosxx x cos x − sinx

1 11  cos
 cos θ+ + sin
θ sin θ θ  1 11 2
Q.36 (sin2
(sin2 ))nn  cos θ + sin θ− −−n(sec
θ)θlog
n n(sec
2θ2)2θ+θ) )C
++CcC = +c Q.37 A → s; B → p; C → q; D → r
2 22
(sin2 θ
cos
 
cosθ θ
− − sin
sin θ θ  2 2 logn(sec
cos2θ
  cos θ − sin θ  2

Exercise 2
Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 C Q.7 B

Q.8 B Q.9 C Q.10 C Q.11 B Q.12 B Q.13 A

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 1

x x  2 1 
Q.5 (i) 4 sin − 4 cos + c (ii) −2  1 − x − (1 − x)3/2 + (1 − x)5/2  + c
4 4  2 5 

cos2x ex (x 4 + 1)1/ 4
Q.6 x sinx + cos x − +c Q.7 +c Q.8 − +c
4 (x + 1)2 x

2
Q.9 −2 1 − x + cos−1 x + x(1 − x) + c Q.10 [ x − x2 − (1 − 2x)sin−1 x ] − x + c
π

1 2 + 1 − tan2 x
Q.11 − log| cot x + cot2 x − 1 | + log +c
2 2 − 1 − tan2x

Q.12 3 x2/3 − 12 x7/12 − 4 x1/2 − 12 x5/12 + 1 x1/3 − 4x1/ 4 − 7x1/6 − 12x1/12 + (2x1/2 − 3x1/3
2 7 3 5 2
−6x + 11)ln(1 + x ) + 12ln(1 + x1/2 ) − 3[ln(1 + x1/6 )]2 + c
1/6 1/6
−6x1/6 +11)log(1 + x1/6) + 12log(1 + x1/2)−3[log(1 + 1/6)]2 + c

1 1 3 x  2x + 2  3
Q.13 − log| x + 1 | + log| x2 + 1 | + tan−1 x + +c Q.14 (x + 1)tan−1  2
 − log(4x + 8x + 13) + c
2 4 2 2
x +1  3  4
1
Q.15 ⋅ (2x3m + 3x2m + 6xm )(m+1)/m + c Q.16 C Q.17 C
6(m + 1)
 M a them a ti cs | 22.45

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards ⇒ (2x – 1)dx = dt

1
dt – 2
Exercise 1 ∫ t
= ∫ t 2 dt = 2 t + c = 2 x – x – 1 + c

sec x sec x(sec x − tanx) dx

Sol 1: ∫ sec x + tanx dx = ∫ sec2 x − tan2 x
dx Sol 7: ∫ 1 − 3x − 5 − 3x
= ∫ (sec2 x − sec x tanx)dx = tanx – secx + C
1 − 3x + 5 − 3x
= ∫ (–4)
dx

  1 1
1 + 1 – 2 1 x = – ∫ 1 − 3xdx – ∫ 5 − 3xdx
Sol 2: ∫  1 + x2 2
+ 5
2
+ a

dx
4 4
 1 − x | x | x − 1 
1 2
( ) 1 2
( )
3/2 3/2
dx 2dx dx = × 1 – 3x + × 5 − 3x
+ ∫ ax dx 12 3 12 3
= ∫ dx + ∫ 1 + x2 – ∫ 2
+ 5∫
2
1−x | x | x −1
1 
( 1 − 3x ) + (5 − 3x )  + c
3/2 3/2
=  
ax 18 
= x + tan–1x – 2sin–1x + 5sec–1x + +c
loga
2 x3 3
Sol 8: ∫x e cos(ex )dx
sin2x
Sol 3: = tanx 3
ex = t ⇒
3
3x2ex dx = dt
1 + cos2x
1 1 1 3
 sin2x 
−1 \ ∫ cos tdt = sint + c = sinex + c
∫ tan  1 + cos2x  dx =
−1
∫ tan tanxdx 3 3 3

x2 sec2 (2 tan−1 x)
= ∫ xdx = 2
+c Sol 9: ∫ dx
1 + x2
1 + tanx 2
2tan–1x = t ⇒ dx = dt
Sol 4: ∫ x + logsec x dx 1 + x2

Put x + logsecx = t 1 1 1
∫ sec2 tdt = tant + c = tan(2 tan−1 x) + c
2 2 2
 1 
⇒ 1 + sec x tanx  dx =
dt
 sec x  1 2 tan(tan−1 x) x
= +c = +c
2 1 + tan (tan x)
2 −1
1 + x2
dt
∴∫ = logt + c = log(x + logsecx) + c
t
dx sec2 x
Sol 5: Put 3cosx + 2sinx = t
Sol 10: ∫ (2sinx + 3cos x)2 = ∫ (2 tanx + 3)dx
dt Put 2tanx + 3 = t ⇒ 2sec2x dx = dt
–3sinx + 2cosx =
dx
1 dt 1 1 1
2 ∫ t2
dt ∴ = – +c = – × +c
∴I = ∫ t = logt = log(3cosx + 2sinx) 2t 2 (2 tanx + 3)

3/5
2x − 1 Sol 11: ∫ cos x sin3 xdx
Sol 6: ∫ dx
x2 − x − 1 3/5
x(1 – cos2 x)sinxdx
= ∫ cos
Put x2 – x – 1= t
2 2 . 4 6 | Indefinite Integration

∫ ( cos )
3/5
= x – cos13/5 x sinxdx  x x
=  tan−1  (a + x) − a +c
 a  a
Put cosx = t; –sinxdx = dt  

∫ (t )
13/5 5 18/5 5 8/5
= – t3/5 dt = t – t +c  2 + sin2x 
x
18 8 Sol 14: ∫e  dx
 1 + cos2x 
5 5
= (cos x)18/5 – (cos x)8/5 + c 1 + cos2x = 2cos2x
18 8
2 + sin2x = 2 + 2sinx cosx
logx
Sol 12: ∫ x2
dx  2 + 2sinx cos x 
⇒ ∫ ex  x
(sec2 x + tanx)dx
 2cos2 x
 =

∫e
1  dlogx 1 
logx ∫ dx – ∫  ∫ dx  dx
x2
 dx x 2
 tanx = t ⇒ sec2xdx = dt
x
 1 1  1
= (logx)  –  – ∫ ×  –  dx + c
∴This is of form ∫e (f(x) + f '(x)dx = exf(x)
 x x  x ∴I = extanx + c
1 1 1
= – logx + ∫ dx + c = – (logx + 1) + c dx
x 2 x
x Sol 15: ∫ x[6(logx)2 + 7logx + 2]
−1 x
Sol 13: ∫ sin a+ x
dx , a > 0 1
logx = t; dx = dt
x
x = atan2θ ⇒ dx = 2atanqsec2qdq dt dt
∫ (6t2 + 7t + 2) = ∫ (6t2 + 3t + 4t + 2)
−1 atan2 θ
∫ sin asec2 θ
2a tanθ sec2θ dq dt  3 2 
= ∫ (3t + 2)(2t + 1) =– ∫  (3t + 2) – (2t + 1)  dt
= 2a∫ (sin−1 sin θ)tan θ sec2 θ dθ
1 1
tanθ = t ⇒ sec2qdθ = dt = –3 ∫ dt + 2∫ dt
3t + 2 2t + 1
= 2a∫ t tan−1 tdt
1 22
= – 3 log(3t + 2) + log
n(2t+ +
n(2t 1)1)+ +c c
 1 1  3 22
= 2a tan−1 t ∫ tdt – ∫ × t2dt 
 2 1+t 2
 2  2t + 1  2  2logx + 1 
=  + cc = log
n(2t + 1) n(2t + 1) + c  + c
 
2  3t + 2  2  3logx + 2 
t2 1
= 2a (tan–1 t) – t − tan−1 t   + c
 2 2    = log | 2log x + 1| – log | 3 log x + 2 | + c

1 1 
= at2tan–1t +  tan−1 t – t  2a + c
2 2  x2 + 1
Sol 16: ∫ (x + 3)(x – 1)2 dx
x
\t = tanθ = 5 1 3 1 1
a ∫ 8 × (x + 3) dx + ∫ 8(x − 1) dx + 2 ∫ (x – 1)2 dx
I=

x x 1 x 1 x 5 55 3 33 1 11
∴I = a tan−1 +  tan−1 –  2a + c = n(x
log
n(x +3)
+ +3)
n(x n(x
+ ++ n(x
3) log – –1)
n(x –1)
– ––
1) + +c+cc
a a  2 a 2 a  8
8 8 8
8 8 2(x – –1)
2(x2(x –1)
1)
1
−1 x 1 x 1 x Sol 17: ∫ (1 − tanx ) dx
= x tan +  tan−1 –  2a + c
a  2 a 2 a 
Put tanx = t ⇒ sec2xdx = dt
x x x
= xtan–1 a + atan
–1
a –a a +c dt dt
or dx = =
2
1 + tan x 1 + t2
 M a them a ti cs | 22.47

1 2
2∫
= (cos2θ + 1)dθ + tan–1x
∴I = ∫ (1 – t)(1 + t2 ) dt
1 1 1 t +1 1 11 1 −1 −1  
=  tan + x+2x)2–) tan
tan (1(1
−1
– tan−x1 −x −log
n(x + 1)
n(x  + c+ c
+ 1)
= ∫
2 (1 – t)
dt + ∫
2 t2 + 1
dt 2 22 2  

1 11 1 1 −1−1 11 −1−1 2 11 −1−1 11

= – 1log n(1+ +t2t)2+) + tan = tan (1(1++xx2) )–– tan
tan tan xx–– log
n(x
n(x++1)1)++cc
n(1––t)t) + log
n(1 n(1 tan t +t +c c 44 22 22
22 44 22

1 11    1 11   1 11 2 2 2 x xx
= nn
log n 
 + ++nlog
n
 1 1+1+tan
n +tan
tanx x+x+++ +c+cc
2 22  1 1−1−tanx
tanx  2 22 2 22 1
 − tanx  Sol 21: I = ∫ sin x + sec x dx
1 1   sec secxx  xx
nn
= log  + + + +c c
2 2  1 1− −tanx
tanx  2 2 2 cos x (cos x + sin x) + (cos x − sin x)
⇒ ∫ 2 + 2 sin x cos x dx =
∫ 2 + sin 2x
dx
x x 11
= – – log
nn
| cos
| cos
x –x –
sinx
sinx| +| c+c
22 22 cos x + sin x cos x − sin x
⇒ ∫ 2 + 2 sin x
dx + ∫
2 + 2 sin 2x
dx
1
Sol 18: f’(x) = x –
x2 1
⇒ ∫ 2 + [1 − (sin x + cos x)2 ] × d(sin x − cos x)
 1  x2 1
f(x) = ∫ f '(x)dx
= ∫  x2 
 x −  dx = + +c
2 x 1
1 1
+ ∫ 2 + [(sin x + cos x)2 − 1] × d(sin x + cos x)
f(1) = + 1 + c = ⇒ c = –1
2 2
1
x2 1 ⇒ ∫( × d(sin x − cos x)
∴f(x) = + –1 3) − (sin x − cos x)2
2
2 x
1
Sol 19: ∫ (x3m + x2m + xm )(2x2m + 3xm + 6)1/mdx + ∫ (1)2 + (sin x + cos x)2 × d(sin x + cos x)
Put xm = t and integrate.
1 1
x3 + 3x + 2 ⇒ ∫( 2
3) − p 2
dp + ∫
1 + q2
2
dq
Sol 20: ∫ (x2 + 1)2 (x + 1) dx

x3 + 3x + 2 = x3 + x + 2x + 2 1 3 +p
⇒ log + tan−1 (q) + c
= x(x2 + 1) + 2(x + 1) 2 3 3 −p

x(x2 + 1) + 2(x + 1) Where p =

sin x − cos x & q =
sin x + cos x
I= ∫ (x2 + 1)2 (x + 1) dx
x 1
= ∫ + 2∫ dx
2
(x + 1)(x + 1) (1 + x2 )2 Sol 22:
2
(x + 1) − 1  1  cos 2x cos2 x − sin2 x
= ∫ (x2 + 1)(x + 1) dx + 2∫  1 + x2  dx =I ∫ =
sin x
dx ∫ =
sin2 x
dx ∫ cot2 x − 1dx

On putting
1 dx 1
= 2∫ dx – ∫ +∫ dx cot x= sec θ & − cosec2 dx= sec θ tan θ dθ
(1 + x2 )2 (x2 + 1)(x + 1) (1 + x2 )

Put x = tanq sec θ tan θ

We =
get, I ∫ sec2 θ − 1 × dθ
dx = sec2qdq − cosec2 x
sec θ tan2 θ
2
sec θ 1  (x − 1) 1  −∫
= dθ
= 2∫ dθ + tan−1 x + ∫  − dx 1 + sec2 θ
4
sec θ 2  (1 + x ) x + 1 
2
 2 2 . 4 8 | Indefinite Integration

(cosx + sinx)dx = dt
sin2 θ 1 − cos2 θ
= −∫ dθ = − ∫ dθ
cos θ + cos3 θ cos θ(1 + cos2 θ) 1 1
⇒ x + log(sinx − cos x) + c
2 2
(1 + cos2 θ) − 2 cos2 θ cos θ ∴ 1 1
= ∫ cos θ(1 + cos θ) 2
= − ∫ sec θdθ + 2∫
2
1 + cos θ
dθ
∫ t ∫=
dt =
t
dtlogt
nt=
= nt=n(sinx
n(sinx
log – cos
– cos
x) x)

d(sin θ) −1
 1 2a − x 
⇒ − ∫ sec θdθ + 2∫
2
1 + cos θ
Sol 25: ∫ x sin  .
2 a
dx

 
d(sin θ)  1 2a − x  
⇒ − ∫ sec θ dθ + 2∫    dsin−1  
2 − sin2 θ −1 1 2a − x 2 a
sin  .  ∫ xdx − ∫   xdx  dx
∫
2 a   dx  
1 2 + sin θ     
⇒ − log | sec θ + tan θ | +2 × log +c   
2 2 − sin θ
x2  1 2a − x 
⇒ sin−1  
1 2 + 1 − cos2 θ 2 2 a 
⇒ − log | sec θ + sec2 θ − 1 | + log +c  
2 2 − 1 − cos2 θ  
 
2
x 1 1 –1 
1 2 + 1 − tan2 x – ∫ × × ×  dx
− log | cot x + cot2 x − 1 | +
⇒
2
log +c
 2  2a − x  2a 2 2a − x 
1−
2 − 1 − tan2 x   
  4a2  

x2  1 2a − x 
Sol 23: ∫
(
x2 + 1 log(x2 + 1) – logx2 )dx ⇒
2
sin−1 
2
 a



x4
2a x2 1
 1  1 
+
8a ∫ ×
2a – x
dx
 1 + 2 log  1 + 2   4a2 – 2a + x
 x  x  
=∫ dx
x3
1
1+
1 2
= t ⇒ – dx = dt
Sol 26: ∫ cos4x sin2 x dx
2
x x3
1 1 t3/2 1 t3/2  (sin2 x + cos2 x)2
– ∫ t logtdt – (logt)
=
2 2  3/2
–∫ × dt 
t 3 / 2 
∫ sin2 x cos4 x
dx

1 2 2 1/2   sin4 x + cos4 x + 2sin2 x cos2 x 

=
2 3
3/2
 – (log)t + ∫ t dt 
3
= ∫  sin2 x cos4 x
 dx

  

   sin2 x 1 2 
1 2 
3/2 3/2
1  1 4 1 
= – log  1 +  1 +  +  1 +  + c   = ∫  cos4 x + sin2 x + cos2 x  dx
2 3  x2   x2  9 x2    
  
2
1 1
3/2
  1  2 = ∫ tan x sec2 xdx + ∫ cosec2 xdx + 2∫ sec2 xdx
= – 1 +  log  1 + 2  –  + c
3 x2    x  3 tan3 x
= – cotx + 2tanx + c
3
sinx
Sol 24: ∫ sinx − cos x dx 1
Sol 27: I
= ∫ (a + b cos θ)2 dθ
1 sinx − cos x + sinx + cos x 1 1 dt
2∫
= dx = ∫ 1dx + ∫
(sinx − cos x) 2 2 t sin θ
Let P =
(a + b cos θ)
Put sinx – cosx = t
 M a them a ti cs | 22.49

dP (a + b cos θ)cos θ − sin θ(0 − b sin θ) sec θ tan θ sec θ tan θ

= =dx = dθ dθ
dθ (a + b cos θ)2 2x 2 sec θ
Now, from (i)
a cos θ + b(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) a cos θ + b  
= dx  1  sec θ ⋅ tan θdθ
(a + b cos θ)2 =
(a + b cos θ)2 ∫ 4 ∫ 2  2 sec θ
x x −1  sec θ sec θ − 1 
Y −a
Let a + b cos θ= Y ⇒ cos θ=  1  sec θ tan θ
= b ∫  
 sec θ ⋅ tan θ  2 sec θ
dθ
 Y −a  
a +b
dP  b  aY + b2 − a2 1 1 1
sec−1 (x2 ) + c
= =
dθ  2
= ∫ 2 dθ= 2
θ + c=
2
 Y − a  bY 2
 a + b  
  b 
dx
Sol 29: I = ∫
dP a  1   b2 − a2  1 sin3 x sin (x + α )
⇒ =  + 
dθ b  Y   b  Y 2
1
= ∫ 3
dx
2 sin x[sin x cos α + sin α cos x]
dP a  1   b2 − a2  1 
⇒=  + 
dθ b  a + b cos θ   b   a + b cos θ  1
 = ∫ 4
sin x(cos α + cot x sin α )
dx
Integrating,

a 1 b2 − a2 1 1 1
∫ b ∫ (a + b cos θ) sin α ∫ cos α + cot x sin α
=P dθ + dθ =− d(cos α + cot x sin α )
b a + b cos θ

−(b2 − a2 ) 1 a 1 1 1
⇒
b ∫ (a +=
b cos θ)2
dθ
b ∫ a + b cos θ
dθ − P =−
sin α ∫ t
dt ; where t = cos α + cot x sin α

1 b a 1  −2
⇒ ∫
2  b ∫ a + b cos θ
= dθ dθ =
− P cos α + cot x sin α + c
2 2
(a + b cos θ) (a − b )   sin α

b a sin θ  1
=  I1 −
b (a b cos )
+c Sol 30: I = ∫ dx
a − b2
2
 + θ  (1 + x ) x − x2

1 put x= sin2 θ & dx= 2sin θ cos θ dθ

Where I1
= ∫ a + b cos θdθ
2sin θ cos θdθ 1 − sin θ
⇒ I
= ∫ 2
= 2∫
4 cos2 θ
dθ
2  a−b  (1 + sin θ) sin θ − sin θ
tan−1  tan(θ / 2) + c1
a2 − b2  a + b 
 x 1 
=
⇒ 2(tan θ − sec θ) + c = 2  − +c
 1− x 1 − x 

Sol 28: [Here, x4 =
−1 (x2 )2 − 1 , which is of the form,
cos 8x − cos 7x
x2 − a2 hence substitution x = sec θ may be tried]
2 Sol 31: I = ∫ 1 + 2 cos 5x
dx

dx dx 5x 5x
Now, ∫ = ∫  …(i) 1
2sin
2
cos 8x − 2 sin cos 7x
2
x x4 − 1 x (x2 )2 − 1 = ∫ dx
2 5x 5x
sin + 2 cos 5x sin
Let x2= sec θ, then 2x dx= sec θ tan θ dθ 2 2
 2 2 . 5 0 | Indefinite Integration

 21x 11x   19x sin 9x  Sol 34: [Here e2x − 4 =− (ex )2 − 22 , which is of the
 sin − sin  −  sin − 
1  2 2   2 2 
= ∫ form x2 − a2 , hence substitution= ex 2sec θ may be
2 15 x
sin tried]
2
ex ex
15x 15x Now, ∫ dx = ∫ dx …(i)
2sin cos 3x − 2sin cos 2x e2x − 4 (ex )2 − 22
1 2 2
= ∫ dx
2 15 x
sin ex 2 sec θ, then ex=
Let = dx 2sec θ tan θdθ
2
1 1 1 Now from (i),
= ∫ (cos 3x − cos 2x)dx = sin 3x − sin 2x + c
2 3 2 ex 2sec θ tan θ 2sec θ tan θ
∫ 2x dx
= ∫ = dθ ∫ 2 tan θ
dθ
e −4 4 sec2 θ − 4
x3 + 1
Sol 32: I = ∫ x(x − 1)3 dx = ∫ sec θ=
dθ log | sec θ + tan θ | +c  …..(ii)

x3 + 1 A B C D ex
=+ + + ex 2 sec θ
 = ∴ sec
= θ
x(x − 1)3 x x − 1 (x − 1)2
(x − 1)3 2

put x =1 ⇒ D =2 e2x e2x − 4

∴ tan=
θ sec2 θ −=
1 1
−=
4 2
put x =
0 ⇒ A=
−1

put x =
−1 & x =
2 ⇒ B=
2 & c=
1 ex ex e2x − 4
From (ii), ∫ dx =
log
2
+
2
+c
−1 2 1 2 22x − 4
∴=I ∫ dx + ∫ dx + ∫ dx + ∫ dx
x x −1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3  ex + e2x − 4 
= log  +c [ ex + e2x − 4 > 0]
1 1  2 
=− log | x | +2 log | x − 1 | + − +c  
x − 1 (x − 1)2
= log(ex + e2x − 4 ) − log 2 +=
c log(ex + e2x − 4 ) + c'
1
Sol 33: I = ∫ 2
dx
 1   1 
x + x − x +1
2  ∫
Sol 35:
= I (log x) ⋅  − − −  dx
2 
 2(1 + x)   2(1 + x) x 
put t = x + x2 − x + 1 [Taking u = log x]
t2 − 1 2t2 − 2t + 2 1 log x 1 dx
⇒ x
= = and dx dt =− ⋅ + ∫ ….(i)
2t − 1 (2t − 1)2 2 (1 + x)2 2 x(1 + x)2

t2 − t + 1 1 1+x−x 1 1
⇒ 2∫
I= dt Now, = = −
t(2t − 1)2 x(1 + x)2
x(1 + x)2 x(1 + x) (1 + x)2
t2 − t + 1
A B C
let =+ + 1+x−x 1 1 1 1
t(2t − 1) t 2t − 1 (2t − 1)2
2 = − =− −
x(1 + x) (1 + x)2 x 1 + x (1 + x)2
Solving by partial fraction method, we get
dx 1 1 1 
A = 1, C =
3
and B = −
3 ∴ ∫ x(1 + x)2 =∫  x − 1 + x − (1 + x)2 dx
2 2  

3 3 1 1 x 1
=I 2 log t − log (2t − 1) − +c = log x − log(1 + x) + = log +
2 2 (2t − 1) 1+x 1+x 1+x

where t = x + x2 − x + 1 [Here x > 0 a log x occurs in the integrand]

1 log x 1 x 1
∴ From (i), I =
− + log + +c
2 (1 + x)2 2 1 + x 2(1 + x)
 M a them a ti cs | 22.51

Sol 36: Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c Exercise 2

f(0) = c = –3
Single Correct Choice Type
f(1) = a + b + c = – 3
∴ 3/2
or a + b = 0 a = 1, b = –1  x 
f(2) = 4a + 2b + c = – 1
Sol 1: (A) ∫  1 + x5  dx

or 4a + 2b = 2 3/2
x x −6
∴f(x) = x – x – 3
2 ∫ 3/2
dx = ∫ 3/2
dx
15/2  1   1 
x 1 + 5  1 + 5 
x2 − x − 3 x(x − 1) 3  x   x 
∫ dx = ∫ dx – ∫ dx
x3 – 1 (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) (x3 − 1) 1
Put 1 + =t
x5
x 3
= ∫ (x2 + x + 1) dx – ∫ (x3 − 1) dx ⇒ –5x–6dx = dt or x–6dx = –
1
dt
5
  1 dt 1 1
  ∴I= – ∫
5 t 3/2
– × (–2)
=
5 t
+c
1 2x + 1 dx  3
∫ dx – ∫ –∫ dx
2  (x + x + 1)
2 2
 
2  (x 3
− 1)
  1  3  2 1 2 x5
  x +  +  
  ∴I= +c= +c
 2   2   5 5 1 + x5
 1
1+
1 x5
xx++ 1
11 2 11 2 2 −1 22
= log n(x
n(x2++xx++1)1)–– ×× tan tan−1 (sin8 x − cos8 x)
22 22 33 33 Sol 2: (B) − ∫ dx
22 1 − 2sin2 x cos2 x
 1 x+2 
– ∫  −  dx (sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x)(sin4 x + cos4 x)
 x − 1 (x + x + 1) 
2 = –∫ dx
1 − 2sin2 x cos2 x
(sin2 x − cos2 x) (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 − 2sin2 x cos2 x)
1 11 2 2 2 1 1 1 −1 −2x 2x1+ 1
+2x +1 = –∫ dx
= n(xn(x
log + x+++x1)
n(x +x 1)
+– 1) tan1−1 – –n(x
– – tantan –n(x – 1)
–n(x
1)
log(x –−1)1)
2 22 3 33 3 33 1 − 2sin2 x cos2 x
1 11 2x  2x
+2x1+ 1
+1 3 33    1
+ +∫+ ∫ ∫ 2 2 + ++ 2 2  dx
 dx  dx = – ∫ (sin2 x − cos2 x)dx = – ∫ (– cos2x)dx = sin2x + c
2 22x x+xx+++x1+
2
x1+ (x 2
1 (x+(xx+++x1)
+x 1)
+ 1) 2

1 2x + 1 Sol 3: (C)
= log(x2 + x + 1) – tan− – log(x
n(x + 1)
− 1)
3 3   nx)x − x ×11 1dx  
(A) xx∫ ∫xlog
∫nxdx
=
= =xx(x((logx)x
nxdx
nxdx nx)x − ∫−−∫x∫×x ×dxdx
(nx)x    = x logx – x + cx
2 2

  xx x   
3  2x + 1 
+ tan−1   x ∫x ∫ | x| x|dx
(B)=
=
2
|dx x x2log
2
| –x2++cxcx
nn| x| x| –x
3  3 
2×
2 x
(C) x ∫ e= dx x ex + c  = xex + cx
2
(x + x + 1) 2 2x + 1
 
= log
n + tan−1 +c
| x −1 | 3 3 dx
(D) ∫
a2 + x2

x = atanθ, dx = asec2qdq

sec2 θdθ
⇒I= ∫ =
asec θ ∫ sec θdθ
x x2 + a2
= log|secθ + tanq| + c = log + +c
a a
2 2 . 5 2 | Indefinite Integration

 x 
Sol 4: (B) ∫ 1 + 2 tanx(secx + tanx)dx dx 1 −1  
Sol 7: (A) ∫ a 2 =
a
tan  a 
b + x   
= ∫ 1 + 2 tanxsecx + 2 tan2 x dx b×  b 
b  b

= ∫ tan2 x + sec2 x + 2 tanx sec xdx  b

1
= tan−1  x +c
ab  a
 
= ∫ (tanx + sec x)dx = ∫ tanxdx + ∫ sec xdx
= –log|cosx| + log|secx + tanx| + c 1 + x7 − 2x7
Sol 8: (C) I = ∫ x(1 + x7 )
dx
= log|secx| + log|secx + tanx| + c
1 2x6 2x6
2sinx cos x 2
2 tanx sec x = ∫ x 1 + x7 dx = logx –
− ∫ 1 + x7 dx
Sol 5: (C) I = ∫ sin4 x + cos4 x dx = ∫ tan4 x + 1
dx
Let tan2x = t let1 + x7 = t ⇒ 7x6dx = dt
∴ I = 2tanx sec2x dx = dt 2 1 2
I = logx – ∫
7 t
dt = logx – nt + c
7
1
∴I= ∫ t2 + 1 dt 2
= logx – n(1 + x7 ) + c
7
∴ I = tan–1(t) + c = tan–1(tan2x) + c
1
 1  Sol 9: (A) Let log|x| = t ⇒ dx = dt
x
tan–1(tan2x) = tan–1  2  = cot (cot x)
–1 2
 cot x  t 1
tan–1(tan2x) =
π
– cot–1(tan2x) + c
∴I = ∫ 1+t
dt = ∫ 1+t –
1+t
dt
2
= –cot – (tan2x) + c1 (t + 1)3/2
= × 2 – (t + 1)1/2 × 2 + c
3
1  t +1  2
Sol 6: (C) ∫ cos3 θ dθ = 2(t + 1)1/2  − 1  + c = (t + 1)1/2 (t – 2) + c
2sin θ cos θ  3  3
2
((log ) 1/2 (log|x| – 2) + c
1/2
1 = n | x|x|| ++11)
= ∫ 2 cos7/2 θ sin1/2 θ
dθ 3

Dividing and multiplying by cos4θ Sol 10: (C)

sec 4 θ x 4 + 2x2 + 1 – 2x2 (x2 + 1)2 – 2x2
I= ∫ 2 tan 1/2
θ
I= ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x(x2 + 1)2 x(x2 + 1)2
let tan1/2θ = t 1 2x 2x
1
= ∫ x – (x2 + 1)2 dx = log|x| – ∫ (x2 + 1)2 dx
∴ × sec2 θdθ =dt
2 tan θ
let x2 + 1 = t ⇒ 2xdx = dt
2
∴I= ∫ 2 sec θdt 1

∴I = log|x| – ∫ t2 dt
t5 
= ∫ (
2 1 + t 4 dt =) 2 ×t +  + c

 5  = log|x| +
1
+ c = log|x| +
1
+c
t 1 + x2
=
5
2
(
5 tan θ + tan2 θ × tan θ + c ) A = 1, B = 1

I= 2
(tan2 θ + 5) tan θ + c
Sol 11: (B) I = ∫ 2sinx(cos2x + cos x)dx
5 2
= ∫ 2sinx(2cos x − 1 + cos x)dx
 M a them a ti cs | 22.53

Let cosx = t ⇒ –sinxdx = dt 2sinxcosx = (cosx+sinx)2 – 1

3
2 4t And d(cosx + sinx) = (–sinx + cosx)dx
∴I= ∫ 2(1 − t − 2t )dt = 2t – t2 –
3
+c
4 cos3 x ∴ let cosx + sinx = t
= 2cosx – cos2x – +c
3 1
 4 cos3 x − 3cos x 
∴I= ∫ dt
t2 − 1 (t)
= cosx –   – cos2x + c
 3 
  ∴ I = sec–1(t) + c = sec–1(cosx+sinx) + c
1 1
= cosx – cos3x – cos2x – +c
3 2
Previous Years’ Questions
1 cos2x
= cosx – cos3x – +c
3 2
(x2 − 1)dx
1
Sol 1: (C) Let I = ∫ , dividing numerator
Sol 12: (B) I = ∫ sin2xcos2xcos4xcos18xcos16xdx x3 2x 4 − 2x2 + 1
2
and denominator by x5
1 cos32x
=
32 ∫ sin32xdx = – 1024 + c 1 1 
 3 − 5  dx
x x 
=∫ 
3 2 2 1
Sol 13: (B) I = ∫ x f(x )dx 2− 2 + 4
x x
let x2 = t
1 2 1  4 4
Put 2 − + t ⇒  −  dx =
= dt
2∫
∴I = tf(t)dt 3
x 2
x 4
x x5 
t 1
( ∫ f(t)dt ) dt
1

2∫
= f(t)dt – ∫ 1 dt 1 t 2
2
4∫ t 4 1
∴I
= = · +c

1 2 2 2
= x F(x ) − ∫ f(x2 )d(x2 )
2  
1 2 1
= 2− + +c
2 x 2
x4
4e2x + 6
Sol 14: (D) I = ∫ 9e2x − 4dx
4ex + 6e− x
⇒ 4e + 6 = a(9e – 4) + b× 18 × e
2x 2x 2x
Sol 2: Given, ∫ 9ex − 4e−x dx = Ax + B log (9e 2x
– 4) + c

⇒ 9a + 18b = 4 4e2x + 6
–4a = 6
LHS = ∫ 9e2x − 4 dx
3
∴a=– Let 4e2x + 6 = A (9e2x – 4) + B(18e2x)
2
27 35 ⇒ 9A + 18B = 4
18b = 4 + ⇒b=
2 36 and –4A = 6
3 35
3 35 18e2x ⇒A= – and B =
∴I = ∫ 2 36 9e2x − 4 dx
– dx + 2 36

3x 35 A(9e2x − 4) + B(18e2x )
= – – 3x+ + 35log
n(9e2x
n(9e2x− −4)4)+ +c c
∴∫ dx
2 2 3636 9e2x − 4
3 35 1
A= – and B = 9e2x − 4
= A ∫ 1dx + B ∫ dt, where t =
2 36 t
=Ax + B log (9e2x–4) + c
cos x − sinx
Sol 15: (A) I = ∫ 2sinx cos x ( cos x + sinx )
dx
3 35
= – x + log(9e2x − 4) + c
2 36
 2 2 . 5 4 | Indefinite Integration

3 35 3 35
∴ A= – , B= ∴ A= – , B=
2 36 2 36
and C = any real number and C = any real number
4
sinx and I3 = ∫ sin x cos4 x dx
Sol 3: Let I = ∫ sinx − cos x dx
1 3x sin 4x sin8x
Again, let sin x = A (cos x + sin x) + B (sin x – cos x),
=
128 ∫ (3 − 4 cos 4x + cos8x)dx = –
128 128
+
1024
then A + B = 1 and A – B = 0
∴I = I1 + I2 + I3
1 1
⇒A= ,B=
2 2 cos 4x cos2x cos6x
= − – + + sin2x + tanx − 2x
1 1 16 8 24
(cos x + sinx) + (sinx − cos x) 3x sin 4x sin8x
∴I = ∫ 2 2 dx + − +
(sinx − cos x) 128 128 1024

1 cos x + sinx 1 x2
= ∫
2 sinx − cos x
dx + ∫ 1dx + c
2
Sol 6: Let I =
(a + bx)2
Put a + bx = t
1 1
= log(sinx − cos x) + x + c
2 2 ⇒ bdx = dt
2
xdx  t −a
Sol 4: Let I = ∫ 1 + x4  
b  dt 1  t2 − 2at + a2 
∴I = ∫ · = ∫   dt
t 2 b b3 t2 
1 2x  
= ∫
2 1 + (x2 )2
dx
1  2a a2  1  a2 
Putx2 = u ⇒ 2xdx = du
= ∫ 
b3 
1 − + 
t t2 
dt = 
b3 
t − 2a log t −  +c
t 
1 du 1 1 −1 2
tan−1 (u) + c = tan (x ) + c
2 ∫ 1 + u2 2
=∴ I = 1  a2 
2 =  a + bx − 2a log (a + bx) − + c
3 a + bx 
b  
Sol 5: Let I1 = ∫ sinx sin2x sin3x dx
tanx + 1
1
= ∫ (sin 4x + sin2x − sin6x)dx
Sol 7:
= Let I ∫( tanx + cot x )dx = ∫ tanx
dx
4
Put tanx = t2 ⇒ sec2x dx = 2t dt
cos 4x cos2x cos6x
= − − + 2t
16 8 24 ⇒ dx = dt
1 + t4
2 2
I2 = ∫ sec2 x ·cos2 2xdx = ∫ sec x (2cos x − 1)2 dx
t2 + 1 2t t2 + 1
=
= ∫ (4 cos2 x + sec2 x − 4)dx = ∫ (2cos2x + sec2 x − 2)dx
∴I ∫ 2 t4 + 1
= · dt 2 ∫ t 4 + 1 dt
t
1 1
= sin2x + tanx – 2x 1+ 2
1+
= 2∫ t dt = 2∫ t2 dt
1 2

( 2)
2x 2x 2  1 2
A(9e − 4) + B(18e ) t + −2+2
∴∫ dx t2 t −  +
2x
9e −4  t
1 1
1 Put t – = u ⇒ 1+ dt = du
9e2x − 4
= A ∫ 1dx + B ∫ dt, where t = t t2
t
du
∴I = 2∫
= Ax + B log (9e2x – 4) + c u + ( 2)2
2

3 35 2  u 
=– x+ log (9e2x − 4) + Cc ⇒I= tan−1  +c
2 36
2  2
 M a them a ti cs | 22.55

 tanx − cot x   1 
= 2 tan−1  +c I = 2 cos−1 x − log 1 + 1 − x − log | x | + c
 2   2 
 

(x + 1)  π π
sin  x − +  dx
Sol 8: ∫ x(1 + xex )2 dx sinxdx  4 4
Sol 10: (C) 2 = 2∫
 π  π
ex (x + 1) sin  x −  sin  x − 
This can be rewritten as ∫ 2ex (1 + xex )2 dx  4  4

 π  π π
let 1 + xex =t ⇒ ex (1 + x)dx =dt = 2 ∫  cos + cot  x −  sin  dx
 4  4 4
dt
Now integration becomes ∫ t2 (t − 1)  π  π
∫ dx + ∫ cot  x − 4  dx =x + n sin  x − 4  + c
=
1 A Bt + C
⇒ =+ (using partial fraction)
t (t − 1) t − 1
2
t2 dy dy
Sol 11: (D) = y +3⇒ = dx
dx y +3
⇒ 1= t2 (A + B) + (C − B)t − C
dy dy
Comparing, we get C = -1, B =- 1 and A = 1 = y +3⇒ = dx
dx y +3
Now our integration becomes log ( y + 3) =x + c
dt 1 t +1 1 1 2
x =0⇒ y =2
∫ t2 (t − 1)= ∫ t − 1 dt − ∫ t 2
dt
= ∫ t − 1 dt − ∫ t dt − ∫ t dt ⇒ log5= 0 + c
−2 +1
t t −1 1 c = log5
= log (t − 1) − log(t) − = + C log + + Cc
−2 + 1 t t
log ( y + 3) =x + log5
In5
x
Putting t= 1 + xe , we get y + 3 = ex − log5 ⇒ y + 3 elog2 + log5
x x y + 3 = 10 ⇒ y = 7
dtdt xexe 11
∫ ∫t2t(t2 (t− −1)=1)= lnlog
ln
x x
1 1+ +xexe
++ + +c c
x x
1 1+ +xexe
Sol 12: (D)
1
1 − x dx 2 5sinx
Sol 9: Let I = ∫   · ∫ sinx − 2cos xdx
1 + x  x
 
 2 ( cos x + 2sinx ) + ( sinx − 2cos x ) 
Put x = cos θ ⇒ dx = –2cos θ sin θ d θ
2
⇒ ∫ dx
 sinx − 2cos x 
1  
 1 − cos θ  2 −2cos θ ·sin θ
∴ I ∫  1 + cos θ  · cos2 θ dθ  cos x + 2sinx 
= ∫  sinx − 2cos 
 dx + ∫ dx + k
θ θ θ θ
sin 2sin · 2sin · cos = 2log sinx − 2cos x + x + k
2· −2sin θ 2 2 2
= ∫ dθ = − ∫ dθ
θ cos θ θ ∴a=2
cos cos · cos θ
2 2
θ
2sin2
2 dθ = −2 1 − cos θ dθ
Sol 13: (C) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ψ ( x )
= −2∫ ∫ cos θ
cos θ
( )
I = ∫ x5 f x3 dx

= 2∫ (1 − sec θ)dθ = 2[ θ − log | sec θ + tan θ |] + c dt 1

Put x3 =t ⇒ x2dx = = ∫ tf ( t ) dt
3 3
 1 1 
⇒ I = 2 cos−1 x − log + −1 +c 1
 x x  = tψ ( t ) dt 
3 
2 2 . 5 6 | Indefinite Integration

JEE Advanced/Boards
=
1 3
3 
 ( ) 
1
3
( )
x ψ x3 − 3∫ x2 ψ x3 dx  + c =x3 ψ x3 dx + c ( )
  x + 1  1
Exercise 1
  1  x+ 
Sol 14: (D)
= I ∫ e x  + x  1 −  e x  dx
  x2   x x x
1
  Sol 1: (i) ∫ tan 2 tan 3 tan 6 dx
x+
= x.e x +c
  x x 
  tan + tan  
As ∫ ( xf ' ( x ) + f ( x ) ) dx =xf ( x ) + c x
= ∫ tan 1 − 

3 6 

dx
2 x
 tan 
 2 
dx
Sol 15: (D) ∫  x x x
( )
3/ 4
x2 x 4 + 1 = ∫  tan 2 − tan 3 − tan 6 dx
dx 1 x x x
∫ 3/ 4
⇒ 1+
x 4
t4
= = ∫ tan 2 dx – ∫ tan 3 dx – ∫ tan 6 dx
 1 
x3  1 + 4 
 x  x x x
= 2logsec – 3logsec – 6logsec + c
1 2 3 6
−4 =dx =4t3dt
5
x  x
tan(logx)tan  log  tan(log2)
dx  2
(ii)
x3
= t3dt ∫ x
dx

1/ 4 1
−t3dt  1  Put logx = t ⇒ dx = dt
∫ t3
=−t + c =−  1 +


x4 
+c x

∫ tant tan(t(t − log2)tan(log2)dt

n2)tan(n2)dt

2x12 + 5x3 ∫ tant

= ∫ tant – tan(t
– tan(t − n2)
(t − log2)
n2) tan( n2)
dtdt
−tan(log2)
− −tan( n2)
Sol 16: (A) ∫ dx
( x5 + x3 + 1 ) = logsect – logsec(t – log2) – xtan(log2) + c
 2 5 
 3+ 6 sec(logx)
x x  = log − x tanlog | 2 | + c
∫ 3
dx  x
sec  log 
 1 1  2
1 + 2 + 5  
 x x 
Sol 2: Put x = asec2θ – btan2q
1 1
Let 1 + + t
=
x2 x5 2(α − β)sec2 θ tan θdθ
∫
dt −2 5 (α − β)tan2 θ (α − β)tan2 θ(α − β)sec2 θ
= −
dx x3 x6
2sec2 θ tan θ
−dt 1 1 x10 = ∫ tan2 θ × (α + β)tan θ sec θdθ
∫ t3 = 2t2 + c= + c= +c
( )
2 2
 1 1  2 x5 + x3 + 1
2 1 + 2 + 5  2 sec θ
 x x  = ∫
α − β tan2 θ
dθ

Put tanθ = t sec2qdθ = dt

dt
Or secqdθ =
1 + t2
 M a them a ti cs | 22.57

2 dt 2 t –3dt cos(x − a)
( α − β) ∫ t 2 1 + t 2 (α − β) ∫ t –2 + 1 ∫
∴I = = Sol 5: dx
sin(x + a)

∴1 + t–2 = u ⇒ –2t–3dt = du
cos x cosa − sinx sina
1 ∫ sinx cosa + cos x sina
dx
Or t–3dt = – du
2
1 2 –du –1 1 − tanx tana
= ×
2 ( α − β) ∫ =
( α − β)
×2 u = ∫ tanx + tana
dx = ∫ cot(a + x) dx
u

–2 1
= 1+ x5 + 3x 4 – x3 + 8x2 – x + 8
( α − β) t2 Sol 6: ∫ (x2 + 1)
dx

–2 1 –2 sec2 θ
= 1+ = (x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 5)(x2 + 1) x+3
( α − β) tan2 θ (α − β) tan2 θ = ∫ 2
(x + 1)
dx + ∫
x2 + 1
dx

–2 (α − β)sec2 θ –2 (x − β) x4 1
= = = + x3 – x2 + 5x + log(x
n(x22++4)4)++6 tan−1‒1 x + c
3tan x+c
α − β (α − β)tan2 θ α − β (x − α ) 4 2

 1 + x  ( x + 1) (x)1/2 + 1
Sol 7: ∫ = ∫ x1/2 dx
n  n    dx
  1 − x 
x(3 x + 1) (x1/3
+1)
Sol 3: ∫ 1 − x2 Put x1/6 = t ⇒ dx = 6t5dt
1 + x 
n 
Put log  =t (t3 + 1)t5 (t3 + 1)t2
1 − x  6∫ dt = 6 ∫ dt
t3 (t2 + 1) (t2 + 1)
 1 − x  1 − x + 1 + x 
⇒   ×  dx =
dt
1 + x  (1 − x)2   (t3 – t + 1)(t2 + 1)
= 6∫ 
t −1 
2
+  dt
 2   (t + 1) (t2 + 1) 
Or  dx = dt
2 
1 − x   t 4 t2 
dt = 6  – + t  + 3log(1 + t2) – 6tan–1t + c
∴∴I I=
= lnln( t()t ) dt
∫∫log  4 2 
22
Where t = x1/6
1
= ∴ I∫ 1. lnln( t( t) )dtdt
=∫log
2 2
−1 x
Integration by parts,
Sol 8: ∫ sin a+ x
dx , a > 0

1  d   x = atan2q
=I log(t)∫ 1dt −  ∫ (Iog(t) ) ∫ 1dt  dt 
2  dt   dx = 2atanqsec2qdq
1 atan2 θ
= t(logt − 1) + c −1
2 ∫ sin asec2 θ
2a tanθ sec2θ dq

1   1 + x     1 + x   
log   log  log    − 1 + c 2a∫ (sin−1 sin θ)tan θ sec2 θ dθ
2   1 − x     1 − x   
tanθ = t ⇒ sec2qdθ = dt

x x
x x
e e
x x 2a∫ t tan−1 tdt
nx  and d   =   [−logx]
Sol 4: d   =   [logx] [– nx]
e
  e
  x
  x  1 1 
2a tan−1 t ∫ tdt – ∫ × t2dt 
x x x x x x  2 1+t 2

 x x   e e  x e
∴ ∫ ∫   logxdx
nxdx+++∫ ∫   nxdx
nxdx nxdx =   –   + c
logxdx
e
  e  x
  x  e x
 2 2 . 5 8 | Indefinite Integration

 t2 1 
= 2a (tan–1 t) – t − tan−1 t   + c (
x2 + 1 log(x2 + 1) – logx2 )dx
 2 2 

Sol 11: ∫ x 4

1 1 
= at2tan–1t +  tan−1 t – t  2a + c  1  1 
2 2   1 + 2 log  1 + 2  
 x  x  

∴ t = tanθ =
x ∫ x3
dx
a
1 2
1+ =t⇒– dx = dt
x x 1 x 1 x x 2
x3
∴ I = a tan−1 +  tan−1 –  2a + c
a a  2 a 2 a 
1 1 t3/2 1 t3/2 
– ∫ t logtdt – (logt)
= –∫ × dt 
2 2  3/2 t 3 / 2 
x 1 x 1 x
= x tan−1 +  tan−1 –  2a + c
a  2 a 2 a 
1 2 3/2 2 1/2 
=  – (logt)t + ∫ t dt 
x x 2 3 3 
x
= xtan–1 a + atan–1 a – a +c
a  
1 2 
3/2 3/2
1  1 4 1 
  = – log  1 +  1 +  +  1 +  + c  
−1 x x 2 3  x2   x2  9 x2  
=  tan  (a + x) − a +c   
 a  a
  3/2
1 1   1  2
 x  x = – 1 +  log  1 + 2  –  + c
= x  x tan−1 − a  + atan−1 +c 3 x2    x  3
 a  a

sinx tanx sec x

xlogx Sol 12: f(x)
= =
Sol 9:∴ ∫ dx sin x + 4 cos2 x
2
tan2 x + 4
(x2 − 1)3/2
 xlogx  tanx sec x
xnx  1 1 =
∴ ∫  2 3/2 

− dx + ∫

dx sec2 x + 3
 (x − 1)
2 3/2 2
1)  x x − 1  x x2 − 1
 Putting sec x = t, dx sec x tan x = dt so
logx  logx
∴ ∫  −d  + sec–1x + c = − + sec–1x + c
 2  dt 1 sec x
 x −1 x2 − 1 tan−1
∫ f(x)dx
= ∫=
t2 + 3 3 3
+c

log6 [(sinx)6cos x ]1/6 cos x

Sol 10: ∫ sinx
dx
cos2 x (1 + sinx)
1
Sol 13: ∫ sinx(1 − sinx)(1 + cos x)dx = ∫ sinx(1 + cos x) dx
log (sinx) + log6 6cos x  cos x
6 6 
∫ sinx
dx
 x x 
2
x 
2

 sin + cos   tan + 1 

2 2 1 2
 1   = ∫   dx = ∫   dx
  log(sinx) 1 cos x   x x 2 x 4 x 2 x
6 2sin cos × 2cos tan cos
∫   (log6)sinx + 6 sinx  cos x  dx 2 2 2 2 2
  
   x x
Let tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = 2dt
 1 1 cos x 1 cos2 x  2 2
= ∫ log(sinx) + dx
 6 log6 sinx 6 sinx 
1 ( t+ 1)
2
1  1
= ∫ dt = ∫  t + 2 +  dt
1 log2 (sinx) 1 2 t 2  t
= + ∫ (cosecx − sinx)dx
6 log36 6
tt22 11
== ++tt++ log
nn||tt||++CcC
1  log2 (sinx) x  44 22
=  + ntan + cos x  + c
6  log36 2 
 M a them a ti cs | 22.59

3x2 + 1 emz 1
= cos z + ∫ emz sin z dz
Sol 14: ∫ (x2 − 1)3 dx
m m

 3(x2 – 1) + 4  (3x2 + 1)(x2 − 1) emz 1  emz emz 

∫  (x2 − 1)3 dx or ∫ (x2 − 1)4
dx = cos z + 
m m  m
sin z − ∫
m
cos z dz 

 

 3x2 (x2 − 1) + (x2 − 1)  3x 4 − 2x2 − 1 emz emz 1

= ∫  (x2 − 1)4
 dx =

∫ 2
(x − 1) 4
dx = cos z + sin z − 1
 m m 2
m2
 x 4 + 1 – 2x2 – 4x 4 + 4x2   1  emz
= ∫ 
–
(x2 − 1)4
 dx Or,  1 + =  1 (m cos z + sin z)
   m2  m2

 (x2 − 1)2 − 2.2x2 (x2 − 1)  emz (m cos z + sin z)

= ∫ –  (x2 − 1)4
 dx =∴1 +c
  m2 + 1
Or,
 x  x
= ∫ –d   =– 2 +c −1 x −1
2 2  em tan  1 x  em tan x (m + x)
 (x − 1)  (x − 1)2 =1 m ⋅ + = +c +c
m2 + 1  x2 + 1

x2 + 1  (m2 + 1) x2 + 1
(ax2 − b)dx
Sol 15: ∫
x c2 x2 − (ax2 + b)2 x
Sol 17: [Here occurs, ∴ put
= x a tan2 θ ]
a+ x
(ax2 − b) acx2 – bc
∫ ⇒∫ dx Put
= x a tan2 θ, then=
dx 2a tan θ sec2 θdθ
2 (ax2 + b)2 2 2 (ax2 + b)2
cx 1− c x 1−
c2 x 2 c2 x 2 Now,
−1
2acx2 − (acx2 + bc) =I ∫ sin (sin θ)2a tan θ sec2 θd=
θ 2a∫ θ ⋅ (tan θ sec2 θ)dθ
= ∫ dx
(ax2 + b)2  sec2 θ
(cx2 ) 1 − sec2 θ 
c2 x 2 = 2a θ − ∫1 dθ  + c
 2 2 
2
2acx2 – (ax2 + b)c 1 [ ∫ tan θ sec θd=θ ∫ zdz, where= z sec θ]
= ∫ (cx)2
×
2
dx
 ax2 + b 
1− = a[θ sec2 θ − tan θ] + c
 cx 
 
 x a+ x x
= a tan−1  − +c
2
ax + b  (2ax)cx − c(ax + b)  2
a a  a 
Put =t =   dx 
cx  (cx)2 
 
 ax2 + b   x x π
dt dsin  e +e +
∴∫ = sin t + c = sin  cx  + c
–1 –1


4
1 − t2   Sol 18:
dx
1  π   e x e– x 
Sol 16: Put z = tan‒1x, then dz = dx and x = tan z = cos  e x
+ e– x
1+x 2 +  – 
 4  2 x 2 x 
mz
 
e mz
=Now, I ∫=2
dz ∫ e cos z dz
Also
d 
sin  e x
− e– x
+
π

1 + tan z dx  4
emz emz  π   e x 2e– x 
= cos z − ∫ ( − sin z)dz x
– e– x
m m = cos  e +  + 
 4  2 x 2 x 

2 2 . 6 0 | Indefinite Integration

  x π  5x 4 + 4x5
dsin  e + e

– x
+  
4 
Sol 21: ∫ (x5 + x + 1)2 dx
2∫ 
∴I =
  π 
 +dsin  e x − e– x +   5x5 + 5x 4 + x + 1 – x5 – x – 1
  4   = ∫ (x5 + x + 1)2
dx

  π  π 
= 2 sin  e x
+ e– x
+  + sin  e
x
– e– x
+  (x5 + x + 1) + (5x 4 + 1)(x + 1)
  4  4  = ∫– (x5 + x + 1)2
dx


= 2sin  e

x
+
π
 cos e
4 ( )
– x
=
 x +1  x +1
∫  x5 + x + 1  x5 + x + 1
–d  =  – + c or
x5
+c
x5 + x + 1
= 2  sin e
 ( ) + cos (e )  cos (e ) + c
x x – x

 a2 tan2 x + b2 
Sol 22: ∫  a4 tan2 x + b4  dx

 
(x2 + x)
Sol 19: ∫ (ex + x + 1)2 dx 1 b2 (a2 + b2 ) + a2 (b2 + a2 )tan2 x
⇒
(a2 + b2 )
∫ a4 tan2 x + b 4
dx

 x(ex + x + 1) − xex 
= ∫  (ex + x + 1)2  dx
 1
 2 2 2x 
 a b (1 + tan + 1 dx
  ⇒ ∫
a2 + b2  a4 tan2 x + b 4 
 
 x xex 
= ∫  ex + x + 1 (ex + x + 1)2  dx
 –
1  a2b2 + b 4 + (a2b2 + a4 )tan2 x 
  ⇒ ∫
a2 + b2  a4 tan2 x + b 4
 dx

  

  
 1 × x − 1  x   
= ∫   x   dx  
  x 2
 1 +  x + 1   e  x +1 e  1   a2  2 1 
1 + x  2 ∫ 2 
   ⇒   sec x × + 1  dx
  ex    e  
2
a + b  b  a 4 
2 
  4 tan x + 1  
x +1 –x  b  
Put +1 =t ⇒ dx = dt
x
e ex 2
a 2
 dt 1  1   sec x
1 1 b
 
∫  – +  dt = – logt –
t t2  t
+c ⇒ 2
a + b2
x+
a2 + b2
∫ 2
dx
 a2 
1 +  2 tanx 
 x +1  1 b 
= –log  + 1 – +c  
x  x + 1 
 e 
 x + 1 a2 a2
 e  Put tanx = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt
b2 b2
1 1 dt
ecos x (x sin3 x + cos x) ∴ x+ ∫ 1 + t2
Sol 20: ∫ sin2 x
dx 2
a +b 2 2
a +b 2

cos x  cos x  1  a2 
∫ e  sin2 x + x sinx  dx Or  x + tan−1 tanx  + c
2 2 2
a + b  b 
cos x
∫e (cot x cosecx + x sinx)dx
cos2 x cos3 x
⇒– ∫ e cos x
(1 − cos tx cosecx − x sinx − 1)dx
Sol 23: ∫ 1 + tanxdx = ∫ sinx + cos x dx
= – ∫ ecos x (1 − cosecx cot x) + (x + cosecx)ecos x (– sinx)dx
  1 3cos x 1 cos3x
4 ∫ sinx + cos x
= dx + ∫ dx
4 sinx + cos x
= – ∫ decos x (x + cosecx) = –ecosx(x + cosecx) + c
 M a them a ti cs | 22.61

1 cos x cos2x − sinx sin2x 3 cos x x

= ∫ dx + ∫ dx Again, ∫ dx =− 1 − x2
4 (sinx + cos x) 4 sinx + cos x 1−x 2

1   sin2x cos x − cos2x sinx   ∴ from (i),

= ∫
4 
(cos2x − sin2x) + 
 sinx + cos x
 dx
  1 − 1 − x2 
=I (x log x − x)sin−1 x + 1 − x2 log x − log  +c
3 cos x  x 
4 ∫ sinx + cos x
+ dx  

1 1 (x2 + 1)ex (x2 − 1) + 2

= ∫ (cos2x − sin2x)dx + ∫ dx Sol 25: ∫ dx = ∫ ex dx
4 4 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
1 cos xdx 3 cos xdx
− ∫ + ∫  x2 − 1
4 sinx + cos x 4 sinx + cos x 2  x x −1 2 
=∫ ex  +  dx =∫ e  +  dx
 (x + 1) 2
(x + 1)   x + 1 (x + 1)2 
1 x 1 cos xdx
= (sin2x + cos2x) + + ∫
8 4 2 sinx + cos x x x −1
=∫ e [f(x) + f '(x)]dx, where f(x) =
x +1
1 x
= (sin2x + cos2x) +  x −1 
8 4 = ex f(x)=+ c ex  +c
1  cos x + sinx + cos x − sinx   +1
x
+ ∫  dx
4  cos x + sinx 
f(z)
Sol 26: [Here e occurs, where f(x) = sin x
1 x 1   cox − sinx  
= (sin2x + cos2x) + + ∫ 1 +   dx
8 4 4   cos x + sinx   ∴ Put z = f(x) = sin x]
Put z = sin x, then dz = cos x dx
11 xx 11
= (sin2x
(sin2x++cos2x)
cos2x)++ ++ log
n(cos
n(cosxx++sinx)
sinx)++cc
88 22 44 esin x 3
=Now, I ∫ cos3 x (x cos x − sin x)dz
Sol 24:
sin x
xlog x x = ∫e (x − tan x sec2 x)dz
I =(x log x − x)sin−1 x − ∫ dx + ∫ dx ...(i)
1 − x2 1 − x2  −1
z z 1 
[Integrating by parts taking sin x as u] ‒1
= ∫e sin z − ⋅
2
 dz [ sin=
x z]
 1 − z 2 1 − z 
x log x
Now in order to evaluate ∫ dx
z
 −1 1 1 z 
1 − x2 = ∫e sin z + − −
2 3/2
 dz
 1 − z2 1 − z 2 (1 − z ) 
Put x= sin θ, then dx= cos θ dθ
 1   1 z 
xlog x z
 sin−1 z −
∴ ∫ dx
= ∫ sin θ log sin θ dθ = ∫e 
+
 
−
2 3/2
(1 − z ) 
 dz
1 − x2 1 − z2   1−z
2

= − cos θ log sin θ − ∫ − cos θ cot θdθ

z 1
sin−1 z −
∫ e [f(z) + f '(z)]dz, where f(z) =
=
cos2 θ 1 − z2
= − cos θ log sin θ + ∫ dθ
sin θ  1 
= ez f(z) +=
c ez  sin−1 z − c esin x (x − sec x) + c
 +=
 
 1 − z2 
1 − sin2 θ
= − cos θ log sin θ + ∫ dθ
sin θ dx dx
Sol 27: I
= ∫= ∫
2 2
= − cos θ log sin θ + ∫ (cosec θ − sin θ)dθ 1 − (x + 2x) 2 − (x + 2x + 1)

dx dx
= − cos θ log sin θ + log | cosec θ − cot θ | + cos=
θ ∫=2
∫ ...(i)
2 − (1 + x) (2) − (1 + x)2
2
 1 − 1 − x2 
=− 1 − x2 log x + log   + 1 − x2 Let z = 1 + x, then dz = dx
 x 
 
 2 2 . 6 2 | Indefinite Integration

From (i), z 2 a2
∫ z 2 + a2 dz
= z + a2 + log  z + z 2 + a2  + c
dz 1 + x  2 2  
−1 z
=I ∫ = sin = + c sin−1  +c
( 2)2 − z 2 2  2   3
 −x +  2
4  3 23
=  x +  +
dx  sinx cos x  2  4 16
Sol 28: ∫ sec x + cosecx = ∫  sinx + cos x  dx
 2 
23 3  3 23 
+ log  x + +  x +  + +c
1  1 + 2sinx cos x − 1  32  4  4 16 
2 ∫  sinx + cos x 
=   dx  

4x + 3
1 (sinx + cos x)2 − 1 =I 2x2 + 3x + 4
= ∫ dx 8
2 (sinx + cos x)
 2x2 + 3x + 4 
23 4x + 3
1 1 1 + log  + +c
= ∫ (sinx + cos x)dx – ∫ dx 16 2  4 2 
2 2 2 1 (sinx + cos x)
 
2
1 1 dx z xn + 1 , then dz = nxn−1dx
Sol 30: Let =
=
2
[sinx − cos x] –
2 2
∫  π dx dx
sin  x +  Now, I
= ∫= ∫ nxn−1 ⋅ x
 4
(
x xn + 1 ) (x n
+1 )
x π
sec2  +  1 dz 1 dz
 …(i)
n ∫ xn xn + 1 n ∫ (z − 1)z
1 1  2 8  dx = =
= [sinx − cos x] –
2 2 2
∫ x π
2 tan  + 
( )
2 6 1 A B A(z − 1) + Bz …(ii)
Let =+ =
11 11 xx ππ z(z − 1) z z − 1 z(z − 1)
= [sinx
[sinx−−cos
cosx]x]–– ntan
ntan ++ ++cc
log
22 22 22 22 88
1
∴ A(z − 1) + Bz = …(iii)
11  1 xx ππ
sinx−−cos
= [sinx cosx]x–– ntan
ntan ++  ++cc
log
Putting Z = 0 we get, ‒A = 1
22  2 22 22 88
∴ A =‒1
 3  Putting Z = 1, we get B = 1
Sol 29=I ∫ 2x2 + 3x + 4 dx
= ∫ 2  x2 + x + 2 dx
 2 
1 dz 1  1 1 
∴ From =
I ∫ = ∫ − + dz
3 n z(z − 1) n  z z − 1 
= 2 ∫ x2 + x + 2dx
2
1
= [ − log | z | + log | z − 1 |] + c
2 2 n
3 3 3
= 2 ∫ x2 + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ +   −   + 2dx
4 4 4 1 z −1 1 xn
= log = +c log +c
n z n xn + 1
2
 3 23
= 2∫  x +  + dx ...(i)
 4  16 cos x − sinx
Sol 31: ∫ 16 − 9 (1 + sin2x ) dx
3 23 3
Let, z =
x + , then dz =
dx. Let = a
=
4 16 4
(cos x − sinx)
Then from
= (i), I 2 2
2 ∫ z + a dz ∫ 16 − 9(sinx + cos x)2 dx
Now, Let 3(sinx + cosx) = t
 M a them a ti cs | 22.63

⇒ (3cosx – 3sinx)dx = dt ⇒ dx = sec2qdq

1 dt 11 11 44++t t  11 44++3cos
3cosxx++3sinx
3sinx 7 1 − tan2 θ
∫ = . . log
nn =  log
nn  = 4logx + +6tan x + 6 ∫
–1 dθ
3 16 − t 2 2.4
2.4 33 44−−t t 24
24 44−−3cos
3cosxx−−3sinx
3sinx x (1 + tan2 θ)

7
= 4logx + + 6tan–1x + 6 ∫ cos2θdθ
co tx − tanx x
Sol 32: ∫ 1 + 3sin2x
dx
7 1
= 4logx + + 6tan–1x + 6 sin2θ
x 2
cos x − sinx
2∫ dx
( )
sin2x (1 + 3sin2x) ∵sin2θ =
2 tan θ
1 + tan θ 2
=
2x
1 + x2
  7 6x
(cos2x cos x + sin2 x sinx) + (cos2x sinx − sin2x cos x) 
2∫  dx ∴I = 4logx + + 6tan–1x + +c

 (
sin2x (1 + 3sin2x) ) 

x 1 + x2

dx
 cos2x(ssinx + cos x) − sin2x(cos x − sinx) 
2∫  dx
Sol 34: ∫ cos3 x − sin3 x
 2sin2x(1 + 3sin2x) 
dx
1 ∫ (cos x − sinx)(1 + cos x sinx)
⇒ ∫ (sinx + cos x)2 + 2sin2x
(sinx + cos x)2 (cos x − sinx)2 + 2sinx cos x
 (sinx + cos x)2.cos2x − 2sin2 x(cos x − sinx) 
= ∫ (cos x − sinx)(1 + cos x sinx) dx
×∫  dx
 (sinx + cos x)2 2sin2x  (cos x − sinx) sinx cos x
 
∫ (1 + cos x sinx) dx + 2∫ (cos x − sinx)(1 + cos x sinx) dx
 
1   2sin2x  dx
⇒ ∫ 2 cos x − sinx 2 (cos x − sinx)
 2sin2x   sinx + cos
= 
x ∫ dx + ∫ dx
1 +  3 1 + (sinx + cos x)2 3 2 − (sinx + cos x)2
 (sinx + cos x)2 
2 1 2 + sinx + cos x
 2 sin2x  = tan−1 (sinx + cos x) + log +c
= tan  −1
+c 3 3 2 2 − sinx − cos x
 sinx + cos x 
 
x2
5 4
4x – 7x + 8x − 2x + 4x − 7 3 2 Sol 35: ∫ (x cos x − sinx)(x sinx + cos x)dx
Sol 33: ∫ x2 (x2 + 1)2
dx

(x cos x − sinx)2 + (x sinx + cos x)2

5 4
4x − 7x + 8x – 2x + 4x − 7 3 2 ∫ (x cos x − sinx)(x sinx + cos x)
dx
∴
x2 (x2 + 1)2
x cos x − sinx x sinx + cos x
A B Cx + D Ex2 + Fx + G
= + + +
∫ x sinx + cos x dx + ∫ x cos x − sinx dx
x x2 x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
–1
5 2
(4x − 7x + 8x − 2x + 4x – 7) 3 2
+ ∫ (x cos x − sinx)(x sinx + cos x) dx
∫ x2 (x2 + 1)2
dx
 x cos x + sinx − sinx  x sinx + sinx − cos x
= ∫  dx + ∫ dx
4  7  6 6(1 – x )   x sinx +2cos x  x cos x − sinx
= ∫  x  x2  x2 + 1 (1 + x2 )2 
 + – + +  dx
  cos2 x + sin2 x − 1
+ ∫ dx
 1 − x2  (x sinx + cos x)(x cos x − sinx)
7
= 4logx + + 6tan–1x + 6 ∫   dx
x  (1 + x2 )2  x sinx + cos x
  n
= log +c
Put x = tanq x cos x − sinx
2 2 . 6 4 | Indefinite Integration

 cos
cosθθ++sin
sinθθ  1
Sol 36: ∫∫cos2
cos2θθlog
nn   ddθθ Put x + =t
 cos
cosθθ−−sin
sinθθ  x
 cos θ + sin θ  ⇒(1 – x–2)dx = dt
n 
⇒log
⇒  ∫ cos2θdθ
 cos θ − sin θ  dt
∫
 dn  cos
cosθθ ++ sin
sinθθ 
 

t2 − 2
dlog cos θ − sin θ  
cos θ − sin θ Put t = 2 secq
− ∫∫
− 
d θ
 ∫∫
cos2
cos2θdθddθθ
θd θ
 dθ 
 2 sec θ tan θdθ
 
∫ 2 tan θ
= log|secθ + tanq|
11  cos
cosθθ++sin
sinθθ    22 sin2
sin2θθ 
⇒⇒ sin2
sin2θθlog
n
n   ––∫ ∫  ×× ddθθ
22  cos
cosθθ− −sin
sinθθ  cos2
cos2θθ 22   x2 + 1 x4 + 1
= log
n + +c
11  cos
cosθθ++sin
sinθθ   2 sin2θ  2x 2x
⇒ sin2
sin2
θθ nn 
log  ––∫ ∫ tan2θd×θ dθ
22  cos
cosθθ−−sin
sinθθ  cos2θ 2 
x2 + 1 x4 + 1
111  cos
cos
cos
θθ+θ+sin
+sin
sin
θθθ 1 1 2 sin2θ  Or log
n + +c
⇒ sin2
sin2
sin2
θθ θnnn
log  ––∫– log
n(sec2
n(sec2
× θθ)d)dθθ dθ x x
222  cos
cos
cos
θθ−θ−sin
−sin
sin
θθθ 22cos2θ 2 
(1 + x2 )
 1 − tan θ   (1 − tan θ × sec2 θ  (C) ∫ dx
=    − (1 + tan θ)sec2 θ  1  1
 1 + tan θ   (1 − tan θ) 2  x  − x  x2 + 2
2
 x  x
(1 − tan θ) 2sec2 θ 2(1 + tan2 θ) 2 (1 + x –2 )
= × = =
(1 – tan θ) (1 – tan θ)2 2
(1 − tan θ) cos2θ ∫ 2
dx
1   1
 − x x −  + 2
 x   x
Sol 37: A → s; B → p; C → q; D → r 1
x– = t ⇒ (1 + x–2)dx = dt
x −14 x
(A) ∫ dx dt
3 2 1 = –∫
x x + +1
x2 t t2 + 2

x − x –3 t= 2 tanθ
∫ 1
dx
x2 + +1 dt = 2 sec2θ dq
x2
1 2 sec2 θdθ 1
Put x2 + +1=t = –∫
x 2
2 tan θ 2 sec θ
–
2
∫ cosecdθ
 2 dt  1  dt 11
 2x − 3  dx = or  x −  dx = = nncosec
log cosecθθ−−cot
cotθθ++cc
 x  2 
3
x  2 22

1 dt 1 x 4 + x2 + 1 11 xx44 ++11−− xx
x2 + ⇒ −− log
nn ++cc
2∫ t
= t +c = + 1+ c = +c
x2 x 22 (x22 −−1)
(x 1)

x2 − 1
(B) ∫ dx
1 + x 4 + x2
x 1 + x4 (D) ∫ dx
2 –2
1 + x4
x −1 (1 − x )
∫ 1
dx ⇒ ∫
2
dx 



x 2
x + 2  1 1 1 1  –4 
x2 x +  − 2 = ∫  × × 
 x  1  1  x5 
  1 
 1 + 4  2  1 + 4 – 1 2 1+
 x   x  x4
 
 M a them a ti cs | 22.65

 1   4
– tan−1  1+ –1+ c ⇒  1 −  dx = dt
 x4   x2 
 
dt 1 t
  ∴∫ = tan−1 + c
1 2
t (4) 2 4 4
dtan−1  1+ 4 –1
∴  x 
   4
dx 1 x+ 
−1
∴I = tan  x +c
1  1  4  4 
= × 1+ –1  
    
 1 x4
1+ 1 + 4 – 1  
 x  1  x2 + 4 
  Or I= tan−1   +c
4  4x 
 
  
  
 1  1  1 –4
= × (x − 1)2 x2 − 1 − 2x + 2
 x   1  1
 1 +   2 1 + 4 − 1  2 1 + 4
x5 Sol 3: (D) ∫ x 4 + 2x2 + 1 dx = ∫ (x2 + 1)2
dx
 4  x  x
(x2 − 1) –2x 2dx
= ∫ 2
dx + ∫ (x2 + 1)2 dx + ∫ (1 + x2 )2
 1
Exercise 2 x2  x + 
 x

Single Correct Choice Type Put x2 + 1 = t and Put x = tanθ

dx = sec2qdq
−1 −1
tan x − cot x
Sol 1: (D) ∫ tan−1 x + cot−1 xdx  1 
1 − 2 
x  dt sec2 θdθ
π = ∫ dx + ∫ – + 2∫
∴ 2
t2 sec 4 θ
tan–1x + cot–1x =  1
2 x + 
 x
 −1 x π
 2 tan −  1
2 2  dx = 4 tan−1 xdx – dx Put x + =u
π∫ ∫
I = ∫ x
 π 
  du 1
 2  = ∫ + + 2∫ cos2 θdθ
2 2
u x +1
4   dtan−1 x   
= ∫ tan−1 x ∫ dx − ∫    ∫ dx  dx  –x + c 1 1 2
1  (x2 + 1) 2 ∫
π   dx   = – + + (cos2θ + 1)dθ
     
x + 
4 4  x   x
= x tan−1 x − ∫   dx − x + c
π x  1 + x2  (1 − x)
1
= + sin2θ + θ + c
44 22 x +1 2
2

= tan−1−1xx–– log
xxtan n(1++xx2 2) ) –x + c
n(1
ππ ππ (1 − x) 1 2× x
= + + tan−1 x + c
1+x 2 2 1 + x2
x2 − 4 x2 − 4
Sol 2: (A) ∫ x 4 + 24x2 + 16 dx = ∫  16 
dx
=
(1 − x)
+
x
+ tan−1 x + c =
1
+ tan−1 x + c
x2  x2 + 24 + 2  1+x 2
1 + x2 1+x 2
 x 

 4   4  x4 − 4
1 – 2  1 − 2 
 x 
Sol 4: (A) ∫ dx
 x  x2 x 4 + x2 + 4
= ∫
 2 16 
dx = ∫ 2
dx
x + + 8 + 16
 4 2 x4 − 4
   x +  + (4)
 x2   x ∫ 4
dx
2 2
x ×x x +1+
4 x2
Put x + =t
x
2 2 . 6 6 | Indefinite Integration

 4 x
2 sin
x − 3  2
 x  I= ∫
∫ 4
dx
2cos2
α
− 2cos2
x
x2 + 1 + 2 2
x2
x
2 sin
2
Put x2 +
4  8 
+ 1 = t ⇒  2x −  dx =
dt
= ∫ 2
dx
x 2
 x3   x
α  cos 
2 cos 1− 2 
1 dt 1 4 2  cos α 
x2 + 1 +
2∫ t 2
= = .2 t + c = +c  
x2  2

 x
 x 4 + x2 + 4   – sin 
  1 2
=   +c × 2x  
x 2  cos α 
 
 2  dx
= ∫ 2
 sec x + tanx − 1   x
Sol 5: (A) ∫   dx  cos 
 tanx − sec x + 1  1− 2
 cos α 
sec x + tanx − (sec2 x − tan2 x)  
2
= ∫ (tanx − sec x + 1)
dx 
x
cos
(sec x + tanx)[1 − sec x + tanx] 3 =t ∴I= 2
= ∫ [tanx − sec x + 1]
dx Let
α ∫– dt
cos 1 − t2
2
= ∫ (sec x + tanx)dx  x
 cos 
= log|secx + tanx| + logsecx + c 2
= 2cos–1(t) + c = 2cos–1   +c
 cos α 
 
s = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ………….  2
sx = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + ………… 3x 4 – 1
s(1 – x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ……….
Sol 8: (B) I = ∫ (x 4 + x + 1)2 dx
1 1
s(1 – x) = ∴s= 4x 4 + x – (x 4 + x + 1)
1−x (1 − x)2 = ∫ (x 4 + x + 1)2
dx
1 (1 − x)−1
∴∫ dx = + c = (1 – x)–1 + c
(1 − x)2 –1 × –1 x(4x2 − 1) 1
= ∫ (x 4 + x + 1)2 – (x 4 + x + 1) dx
(x2 − 3) x (x2 − 9 + 6) 1
Sol 6: (C) ∫e
x

(x + 3)2
dx = ∫e (x + 3)2
dx Let ∫ x 4 + x + 1 = I1
 x −3 6 
= ∫e
x
 +  dx (4x3 + 1) 4x3 + 1
2  ∴I = x ∫ – ∫∫ dx – I1
 x + 3 (x + 3)  (x 4 + x + 1)2 (x 4 + x + 1)2
∫ e ( f(x) + f '(x)) dx
x
= = exf(x) + c
(x 4 + x + 1)−1 (x 4 + x + 1)−1
(x − 3)
=x×
–1
– ∫ –1
dx – I1
= ex +c
(x + 3) –x
= + c + I1 – I1
4
(x + x + 1)
1 − cos x
Sol 7: (B) I = ∫ cos α − cos x
dx
3x
Sol 9: (C) ∫e cos 4xdx

Let 3x =t
 M a them a ti cs | 22.67

1 t 4t  
1/3
∴I =
3 ∫ e cos dt
3 1/3  
 x   x 
1 t
= ∫=
4t 1 t 4t 4 4t  I = ∫  4  dx = ∫  4 
dx
3
e cos dt
3 3 ∫ e  cos − sin  dt
 3 3 3
4 
 (x − 1)   16  1  
 x 1 − 4  
  x  
4 t  4π 
+
9 ∫e  sin  dt
 3  = ∫
1 1
dx
4/3 5
 1  x
1  t 4t  4 t  4t 4 4t  1 − 4 
 x 
= ∫
3 
e cos  + ∫ e  sin + cos  dt
3 9  3 3 3
1 4
16 4t Let 1 – =t ∴ dx = dt
– ∫ et cos dt x 4
x5
27 3
25 1 4t 4 4t 1 1 1 t –1/3 3
I = et cos + et sin + c ∴I = ∫ t 4/3 × 4 dt =
4
×
1
+ c = – t–1/3 + c
4
9 3 3 9 3 –
3
et  4t 4t  −1/3 1/3
I=  3 + 4 sin  +c 3  1  3  x4 
25  3 3 =– 1 – 4  +c=–   +c
4  x  4  x 4 − 1 
∴3A = 4B
u
Sol 13: (A) I = ∫e sin2xdx
Sol 10: (C) When u = x
p + xp + 2q−1 + qxp + 2q−1 − q(xq−1 + xp + 2q−1 ) x x
I= ∫ p+q 2
dx I= ∫ e sin2xdx= ∫ e (sin2x + 2cos2x − 2cos2x)dx
(x + 1)
x
(p + q)xp + q−1 xq − qxq−1 (xp + q ) + 1 = ∫e (sin2x + 2cos2x) − 2∫ ex cos2x
= ∫ dx
(xp + q + 1)2 x
= ∫e (sin2x + 2cos2x)
uv '− vu'
It is of the form –2∫ ex (cos2x − 2sin2x + 2sin2x)dx
2
u
∴ Where u = x p+q
+ 1 and v = –xq ∴ 5 I = ∫ ex (sin2x + 2cos2x)dx

v –xq –2∫ ex (cos2x − 2sin2x)dx

∴I = +c = +c
u xp + q + 1 = exsin2x – 2excos2x + c

Sol 11: (B) Let f–1(x) = t When u = sinx

sin x
∴f(f–1(x)) = x I= ∫ 2e cos x sinxdx

∴f(t) = x Put sinx = t ∴ cosxdx = dt

−1
∴ ∫ f (x)dx ∴I = 2 ∫ tet dt which is solvable

∫ tdx = ∫ tf '(t)dt
= tf(t) – ∫ f(t)dt = tf(t) – g(t)
Previous Years’ Questions
= f–1(x) (x – g)(f–1(x))
cos3 x + cos5 x

1/3

Sol 1: (C) Let I = ∫ sin2 x + sin4 x dx
 x 
Sol 12: (B)   dx
(cos2 x + cos4 )·cos x dx
( )
4
 x4 − 1



= ∫ (sin2 x + sin4 x)
Put sinx = t ⇒ cosx dx = dt
 2 2 . 6 8 | Indefinite Integration

[(1 − t2 ) + (1 − t2 )2 ] Put ex = u ⇒ exdx = du

∴ I= ∫ t2 + t 4
dt
(u2 − 1)
∴ J – I =∫ du
1 − t2 + 1 − 2t2 + t 4 1 + u2 + u4
⇒ I= ∫ t2 + t 4
dt
 1   1 
2 − 3t2 + t 4 1 − 2  1 − 2 
⇒ I= ∫ t2 (t2 + 1)
dt ....(i)
= ∫ 
u 
du = ∫ 
u 
du
1 2  1
2
1+ 2 +u
Using partial fraction for, u u +  − 1
 u
y2 − 3 y + 2 A B 1
=1 + + ( where y = t2 ) Put u + =t
y (y + 1) y y +1 u

⇒ A = 2, B = –6  1  dt
⇒ 1 − dt = ∫
 du =
 u2  2
t −1
y2 − 3 y + 2 2 6
∴ =1 + −
y (y + 1) y y +1 1 t −1 1 u2 − u + 1
= log
= +c log +c
2 t +1 2 u2 + u + 1
∴ Eq. (i) reduces to,
 2 6  2 1 e2x − ex + 1
I= ∫  1 + t2 − 1 + t2  dt = t−
t
− 6 tan−1 (t) + c =
2
log
e2x + ex + 1
+c

2
= sin x – – 6 tan–1(sinx) + c
sinx  2sinx − sin2x 
Sol 4: Given, f(x) = ∫   dx
 x3 
x
Sol 2: (A) Given,f(x) = for n ≥ 2
(1 + xn )1/n On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

f(x) x 2sinx − sin2x 2sinx  1 − cos x 

∴ff(x) = = f’(x) = =  
[1 + f(x) ] n 1/n
(1 + 2x ) n 1/n
x 3 x  x2 
x
and fff(x) =  2 x 
(1 + 3xn )1/n  sinx   2sin 2 
x lim f '(x) = lim2   
∴g(x) = fofo...of
   (x) = x →0 x →0  x   x2 
n times (1 + nxn )1/n 



xn−1dx 1 n2 xn−1dx  
=Let I ∫=
n− 2
x g (x)dx ∫ = ∫
n2 (1 + nxn )1/n

sin2 x 
(1 + nxn )1/n  2  =1
= 4 · 1 · lim  
 4× x 
x →0 2
d  
(1 + nxn )   2 
1dx   
= ∫
n2 (1 + nxn )1/n
dx

1 x
∴ I=
1 1−
(1 + nxn ) n + c Sol 5: (i) Let I = ∫ 1 + sin dx
2
n(n − 1)

x x x x
ex ⇒I= ∫ cos2 + sin2 + 2sin cos dx
Sol 3: (C) Since, I = ∫ dx 4 4 4 4
e4x + e2x + 1
e3x  x x
J =∫ dx ⇒I= ∫  cos 4 + sin 4  dx
1 + e2x + e4x
x x
(e3x − ex ) = 4sin – 4cos + c
∴J – I = ∫ dx 4 4
1 + e2x + e4x
 M a them a ti cs | 22.69

1/ 4
x2  1  (x 4 + 1)1/ 4
(ii) Let I = ∫ 1−x
dx = − 1 +


x4 
+c= −
x
+c

Put 1 – x = t2 ⇒ –dx = 2t dt
1− x
(1 − t2 )2 · ( −2t)
Sol 9: Let I = ∫ 1+ x
dx
∴I = ∫ dt
t
 2t3 t5  Put x = cos2 θ ⇒ dx = – 2sin θ cos θ d θ
2 4
= −2∫ (1 − 2t + t ) dt = −2  t − + +c
 3 5  1 − cos θ
 =∴I ∫ 1 + cos θ
· ( −2sin θ cos θ)dθ
 2 1 
= −2  1 − x − (1 − x)3/2 + (1 − x)5/2  θ θ
 3 5  = − ∫ 2 tan · sin θ cos θ dθ = −2∫ 2sin2 · cos θ dθ
2 2

Sol 6:=
Let I ∫ (e
log x
+ sinx)cos x dx = −2∫ (1 − cos θ) cos θ dθ = −2∫ (cos θ − cos2 θ) dθ

= ∫ (x + sinx)cos x dx = −2∫ cos θ dθ + ∫ (1 + cos2 θ) dθ

1
=∴I ∫ x cos x dx + 2 ∫ (sin2x) dx = −2sin θ + θ +
sin2 θ
+c
cos2x 2
= (x ·sinx − ∫ 1·sinx dx) − +c
4 = −2 1 − x + cos−1 x + x(1 − x) + c
cos2x
= xsinx + cosx – +c
4
sin−1 x − cos−1 x
(x − 1)ex
Sol 10: Let I = ∫ sin−1 x + cos−1 x
dx
Sol 7: Let I = ∫ (x + 1)3 dx
π 
sin−1 x −  − sin−1 x 
 x + 1 − 2  x  2  dx
⇒ I = ∫ e dx = ∫
3  π
 (x + 1) 
2
 1 2  x 2  π
∫  (x + 1)2 − (x + 1)3  e
−1
= dx = ∫  2sin x −  dx
  π  2

1 1 4
sin−1 x dx − x + c
π∫
x
dx − 2∫ ex · = ...(i)
= ∫e ·
(x + 1)2 (x + 1)3
dx


Applying integration by parts, Now, ∫ sin−1 x dx

 1 −2  Put x= sin2θ ⇒ dx = sin2θ

=  ·ex − ∫ ex · dx 
2
 (x + 1) (x + 1)3  = ∫ θ ·sin2θ dθ
1 ex θ cos2θ 1
−2∫ ex · dx = + c = − + ∫ cos2θ dθ
(x + 1)3 (x + 1)2 2 2
θ 1
= − cos2θ + sin2θ
dx dx 2 4
Sol 8: Let I ∫=
= ∫
x (x + 1)3/ 4
2 4

3/ 4
1  1 1
x 2 · x3  1 + 4  = − θ(1 − 2sin2 θ) + sin θ 1 − sin2 θ
 x  2 2
4 1 1
Put 1 + x–4 = t ⇒ – dx = dt = − sin−1 x (1 − 2x) + x 1−x ...(ii)
x5 2 2 
1 dt 1 t1/ 4 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
− ∫
∴I = − ·
= +c
4 t3/ 4 4 1/4
 2 2 . 7 0 | Indefinite Integration

4  1 1   1 
I=  − (1 − 2x)sin
−1
x+ x − x2  − x + c Now, I1 = ∫   dx
3 4
π  2 2   x+ x
2 Put x = t12 ⇒ dx = 12t11dt
= x − x2 − (1 − 2x)sin−1 x  − x + c

π 
t11 t8 dt
∴ I1 = 12∫ dt = 12∫
cos2x t4 + t 3 t +1
Sol 11: Let I = ∫ sinx
dx
dt
= 12∫ (t7 − t6 + t5 − t 4 + t3 − t2 + t − 1)dt + 12∫
2
cos x − sin x 2 t +1
= ∫ = dx ∫ cot2 x − 1 dx
sin2 x  t8 t7 t6 t5 t 4 t3 t2 
= 12  − + − + − + − 1  + 12 log
In (t(t++1)1)
Put cot x = sec θ ⇒ –cosec2xdx = sec θ tan θ d θ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 
 

sec θ · tan θ  In (1 + 6 x ) 
∴I
= ∫ sec2 θ − 1 · dθ And I2 = ∫   dx
2 3
−(1 + sec θ)  x + x 
sec θ · tan2 θ Put x = u6 ⇒ dx = 6u5 du
= −∫ dθ
2
1 + sec θ
log (1 + u) 5 log (1 + u)
2 =∴ I2 ∫ =6u du ∫ ⋅ 6u5 du
sin θ u2 + u3 u2 (1 + u)
= −∫ dθ
cos θ + cos3 θ
u3  u3 − 1 + 1 
6∫ In(1 + u)du= 6 ∫ 
+ u)du
log(1  In(1
log(1+ u)du
+ u)du
1 − cos2 θ (u + 1)  u+1 
= −∫ dθ  
cos θ(1 + cos2 θ)
 1 
= 6 ∫  u2 − u + 1 − log(1
 In(1 + u)du
+ u)du
(1 + cos2 θ) − 2cos2 θ  u+1
= −∫ dθ
cos θ (1 + cos2 θ) In(1 + u)+ u)
log(1
= 6 ∫ (u2 − u + 1) log
In(1(1++u)du 6 ∫6 ∫
u)du− − du du
(u +(u1)+ 1)
cos θ II I|
= − ∫ sec θ dθ + 2∫ dθ
1 + cos2 θ  u3 2 
= 6  − u + u  log(1
In (1 ++u)u)
 3 2 
cos θ
= − log | sec θ + tan θ | + 2∫ dθ
2 − sin2 θ 2u3 − 3u2 + 6u 1 2
−∫ du − 6 [In(1 + u)]
[log(1 + u)]2
u+1 2
dt
= − log | sec θ + tan θ | + ∫ 2 − t2 , where sin θ = t = (2u3 – 3u2 + 6u) log (1 + u)
 11u 
= − log | sec θ + tan θ | +2 ·
1
log
2 + sin θ
+c − ∫  2u2 − 5u +  du − 3[In(1
[log(1+ u)]2 2
+ u)]
 u+1
2 2 2 − sin θ
= (2u3 – 3u2 + 6u) log (1 + u)
− log cot x + cot2 x − 1
=
2u3
2u3 55 22 
=
−− −− uu ++11u
11u−−11
11log
InIn(u
(u++1)
1) [log(1
−−3[In(1 +22u)]2
+ u)]
1 2 + 1 − tan2 x
=  33 22  3[In(1 + u)]
+ log +c  
2 2 − 1 − tan2 x
3 2/3 12 7/12 12
∴=I x − x + 2x1/2 − x5/12 + 3x1/3 − 4x1/ 4
2 7 5
 1 In(1 + 6 x )  – 6x1/6 – 12x1/12 + 12 log (x1/12+1)
12: Let I
Sol= ∫  3 x + 4 x + 3
x + x 
 dx
 + (2x1/2 – 3x1/3 + 6x1/61111/1) log(1+ x1/6)
∴ I = I 1 + I2 ,
 2 2 1/2 5 5 1/31/3 1/61/6 
− −  x1/2
x − − x x 11x 11x − −1111 In(1+ +x1/6
In(1
log x1/6))
 1  In(1 + 6 x ) 3 3 2 2 
=where I1 ∫=
3  dx , I2 ∫ dx
4 3
 x+ x x+ x
 M a them a ti cs | 22.71

– 3 [log (1 + x1/6)]2 + c ∴ From Eq. (i)

3 2/3 12 7/12 4 1/2 12 5/12 1 1 3 x

= x − x + x − x I=– log |x+1| + log |x2 +1| + tan–1x + +c
2 7 3 5 2 4 2 2
x +1
1
+ x1/3 − 4x1/ 4 − 7x1/6 − 12x1/12  2x + 2 
2 Sol 14: Let I = ∫ sin−1   dx
 2 
(2x1/2
++(2x 1/2
3x1/3
−−3x 1/3
6x1/6
−−6x 1/6
++11) In(1++xx1/6
11)log
In(1 1/6
))  4x + 8x + 13 
 2x + 2 
+ 12log(1 + x1/2) − 3[log(1 + x1/6)]2 + c −1   dx
= ∫ sin
 (2x + 2)2 + 9 
 
x3 + 3x + 2 x3 + 2x + x + 2 Put 2x + 2 = 3 tan θ ⇒ 2dx = 3sec2qdθ
Sol 13: =
2 2 2 2
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
−1
 3tan θ  3
2 = ∴I ∫ sin   · sec2 θ dθ
x(x + 1) + 2(x + 1) x 2  2  2
= = +  9 tan θ + 9 
(x2 + 1)2 (x + 1) (x2 + 1)(x + 1) (x2 + 1)2
−1  3tan θ  3 2
Again,
x
=
Ax + B
+
C = ∫ sin 
 3sec θ
 · sec θ dθ
 2
(x + 1)(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2

−1  sin θ  3 2
⇒ x = (Ax + B) (x + 1) + C (x2 + 1) = ∫ sin 
 cos θ · sec θ
 · sec θ dθ
 2
Putting x = –1,we get –1 = 2C ⇒ C = –1/2
3
sin−1 (sin θ)·sec2 θ dθ
2∫
Equation coefficient of x2, we get =

0 = A + C ⇒ A = –C = 1/2
3 3
= ∫ θ ·sec2 θ dθ = [θ · tan θ – ∫ 1· tan θ dθ]
Putting x = 0,we obtain 2 2
0 = B + C ⇒ B = –C = 1/2
3
= [θ tanθ − log sec θ ] + c
3
x + 3x + 2 x +1
1 2 2
= +−
2 2
(x + 1) (x + 1) 2(x + 1) 2(x
2 + 1) (x + 1)2
2
 2
3  −1  2x + 2   2x + 2   2x + 2  
= tan  ·
   − log 1 +   +c
x3 + 3x + 2 2  3   3   3   1
∴I = ∫ dx  
(x2 + 1)2 (x + 1)  2x + 2  3   2x + 2 
2
= (x + 1)tan−1   − log  1 +   + c
1 dx 1 x +1 dx  3  4   3   1
=– ∫  
2 x + 1 2 ∫ x2 + 1
+ dx + 2∫
(x2 + 1)2
 2x + 2  3
1 1 1 = (x + 1)tan−1  2
 − log(4x + 8x + 13) + c
⇒ I = – log |x+1| + log |x +1| + tan x + 2I1 ...(i)
2 –1
 3  4
2 4 2
dx  3 
where I1 = ∫  let log3 + c1 = c
(x2 + 1)2  2 

Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ d θ

Sol 15: For any natural number m, the given integral
sec2 θdθ 2 1 can be written as,
I1 ∫ ∫ cos θ= 2∫
∴
= = dθ (1 + cos2θ)dθ
(tan2 θ + 1)2
3m
I= ∫ (x + x2m + xm )(2x3m + 3x2m + 6xm )1/m dx
1 1  1 1 tan θ
= θ + sin2θ = θ+ ·
2 2  2 2 (1 + tan2 θ) 3m
⇒I
= ∫ (2x + 3x2m + 6xm )1/m (x3m−1 + x2m−1 + xm−1 ) dx
1 1 x
= tan−1 x + ·
2 2 (1 + x2 ) Put 2x3m + 3x2m + 6xm = t
 2 2 . 7 2 | Indefinite Integration

⇒ (6mx3m–1 + 6mx2m–1 + 6mxm–1)dx = dt 1  1 t2 

=
−  + 
11  11 7 
1
+1 r 2 
dt 1 tm
1/m 1 1 1 2
=∴ I ∫=
t ·
6m 6m  1  =
−  + ( sec x + tanx )  + k .
11 7
( sec x + tanx )
11/2
 + 1  
m 
(m+1)
1
= · (2x3m + 3x2m + 6xm ) m +c
6(m + 1)

Sol 16: (C)

(
ex e2x − 1 ) (z 2
−1 ) where z = ex
=J−I ∫ e=4x
+ e2x + 1
dx ∫ z 4 + z + 1 dz
  1 1 
 1 −1 − 2  dx  dx
1  e e+x + e−ex−−x 1− 1 
x
  z z2  = 1 In
 x
In
= log 
J −J −
I= ∫ ∫ z +z +1 1− 1− 1 2 2  e e+x +e−ex−+x 1+ 1 
I=
 
  z z 

1  exex++e−ex− x−−11 
∴ J − I = 1In
log
In    + c.
22  exex++e−ex− x++11 
 

sec2 x
Sol 17: (C) I = ∫ 9
dx
( sec x + tanx ) 2

Let sec x + tanx =

t
⇒ sec x − tanx =
1/t
sec x ( sec x + tanx ) dx =
dt
S
dt 1  1 
sec x=
dx , t += sec x
t 2 t

 1
t +  1  −9 2 −12 
1  t  dt
I= ∫
2
=
9 t
∫
2 
t + t 2 dt

t 2

 −9 +1 −13 +1 
1t 2 t 2 
=  
2 9 13
− + 1 − 2 + 1
 2 

 −7 −11 
1 t 2 t 2 
=  + 
2 7 11 
− −
 2 2 

1 −7 1 −11
− t 2 − t 2
=
7 11

1 1 1 1
=
− −
7 2 11 11 2
7
t t