24.

DIFFERENTIAL
E Q U AT I O N S

1. INTRODUCTION
An equation containing an independent variable, dependent variable and differential coefficients is called a
differential equation.
2 3 3
dy  d2 y   dy   d4 y  dy
(i) = sin x (ii)   + x  = 0 (iii)  4  −4 5 cos 3 x
=
dx  dx2   dx   dx  dx
   

2. ORDER OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in the differential equation. For
example, the order of the above mentioned differential equations are 1, 2, and 4 respectively.

3. DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative when differential coefficients
are free from radicals and fractions. For example the degrees of above differential equations are 1, 2, and 3
respectively.

Table 24.1: Degree of differential equation

Differential Equation Order of D.E. Degree of D.E

dy
+ 4y = sin x 1 1
dx
4
 d2 y   dy 5
 2  +  − y = ex 2 4
 dx   dx 
 

d2 y dy
− + 3y =
cos x 2 1
dx 2 dx

dy x4 − y 4
= 1 1
dx xy x2 + y 2 ( )
2 4 . 2 | Differential Equations

Differential Equation Order of D.E. Degree of D.E

2
dy  dy 
y =+
x a2   + b2
dx  dx 
2 1 2
 dy  dy
⇒ (x – a ) 
2 2
 –2xy +(y2 – b2)=0
dx
  dx

3/2 2 3
  dy  
2
d y   dy    d2 y 
2 2
= 1+   ⇒ 
 − 1+  0
= 2 2
 dx2    dx  
dx2   dx     

4. CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Differential equations are first classified according to their order. First-order differential equations are those in
which only the first order derivative, and no higher order derivatives appear. Differential equations of order two or
more are referred to as higher order differential equations.
A differential equation is said to be linear if the unknown function, together with all of its derivatives, appears in
the differential equations with a power not greater than one and not as products either. A nonlinear differential
equation is a differential equation which is not linear.
e.g. y’ + y = 0 is a linear differential equation,
y” + yy’ + y2 = 0 is a non linear differential equation,

Procedure to form a differential equation that represents a given family of curves

Case I:
If the given family F1 of curves depends on only one parameter then it is represented by an equation of the form
F1(x, y, a) = 0  … (i)
For example, the family of parabolas y2 = ax can be represented by an equation of the form
f(x, y, a): y2 = ax
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to x, we get an equation involving y’, y, x and a.
g(x, y, y’, a) = 0  … (ii)
The required differential equation is then obtained by eliminating a from equation (i) and (ii) as
F(x, y, y’) = 0  … (iii)

Case II:
If the given family F2 of curves depends on the parameters a, b (say) then it is represented by an equation of the
form F2(x, y, a, b) = 0  … (iv)
Differentiating equation (iv) with respect to x, we get an equation involving y’, x, y, a, b.
g(x, y, y’, a, b) = 0  … (v)
Now we need another equation to eliminate both a and b. This equation is obtained by differentiating equation (v),
wrt x, to obtain a relation of the form h(x, y, y’, y”, a, b) = 0  … (vi)
The required differential equation is then obtained by elimination a and b from equations (iv), (v) and (vi) as F(x, y,
y’, y”) = 0  … (vii)
 M a them a ti cs | 24.3

Note: The order of a differential equation representing a family of curves is the same as the number of arbitrary
constants present in the equation corresponding to the family of curves.

5. FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

If an equation is dependent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant are given, then the differential
equation is obtained as follows:
(a) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x) as many times as the number of
arbitrary constants in it.
(b) Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
dy d2 y
(c) Hence on eliminating arbitrary constants results a differential equation which involves x, y, , …….
m dx dx2
d y
(where m=number of arbitrary constants).
dxm

Illustration 1: Form the differential equation corresponding to y2 = m(a2 – x2), where m and a are arbitrary
constants.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Since the given equation contains two arbitrary constant, we shall differentiate it two times with respect to x
and we get a differential equation of second order.
We are given that y2 = m(a2 – x2) … (i)
Differentiating both sides of (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy
2y = m(–2x) ⇒ y = –mx  … (ii)
dx dx
2
d2 y  dy 
Differentiating both sides of (ii) w.r.t. to x, we get y +   = –m … (iii)
 dx 
2
dx
 d2 y  dy 2  dy
From (ii) and (iii), we get, x  y +   = y
 dx   dx
 dx 2

This is the required differential equation.

Illustration 2: Form diff. equation of ax2 + by2 = 1  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Similar to the above problem the given equation contains two arbitrary constants, so we shall differentiate it
two times with respect to x and then by eliminating a and b we get the differential equation of second order.

dy
ax2 + by2 = 1 ⇒ 2ax + 2by =0 ⇒ a + b (yy” + (y’)2) = 0
dx
2
y ⇒ d2 y  dy  y dy
Eliminating a and b we get y’ = yy” + (y’)2 y +   – =0
x dx2  dx  x dx

Illustration 3: Form the differential equation corresponding to y2 = a(b2 – x2), where a and b are arbitrary
constants.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Similar to illustration 1.

We have, y2 = a(b2 – x2) … (i)
2 4 . 4 | Differential Equations

In this equation, there are two arbitrary constants a, b, so we have to differentiate twice, Differentiating the given
dy dy
equation (i) w.r.t. ‘x’. We get 2y = –2x.a ⇒ y = –ax  … (ii)
dx dx
2
d2 y dy dy d2 y  dy 
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get y + . −a ⇒ y
= +  = −a  … (iii)
dx2 dx dx dx2  dx 
Substituting the value of a in (ii), we get
2 2
dy  d2 y  dy   dy d2 y  dy  d2 y  dy  dy
y
=  y +    2 x ⇒ y
= xy +   ⇒ xy + x  − y 0
=
dx  dx
2
 dx   dx dx2  dx  dx 2
 dx  dx

Illustration 4: Find the differential equation of the following family of curves: xy = Aex + Be–x + x2  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here in this problem A and B are the two arbitrary constants, hence we shall differentiate it two times with
respect to x and then by eliminating constant terms we will get the required differential equation.
Given: xy = Aex + Be–x + x2  … (i)
dy
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘x’, we get x + y = Aex – Be–x + 2x
dx
Again differentiating with respect to ‘x’, we get

d2 y dy dy d2 y dy
x +1 + 1. = Aex + Be–x + 2 ⇒ x +2 = xy – x2 + 2
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dx

Illustration 5: Prove that x2 – y2 = c(x2 + y2)2 is a general solution of the differential equation
(x3 – 3xy2)dx = (y3 – 3x2y)dy  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here only one arbitrary constant is present hence we shall differentiate it one time with respect to x and then
by substituting the value of c we shall prove the given equation.
Let us find the differential equation for x2 – y2 = c(x2 + y2)2
... (i)

Differentiating (i), with respect to ‘x’, we get 2x – 2y

dy
dx
( 

)
=c.2 x2 + y 2  2x + 2y
dy 
 
dx 
... (ii)

Substituting the value of c from (i) in (ii), we get

x2 − y 2
⇒ x=
−y
dy
(x 2
) 
+ y 2  2x + 2y
dy 
⇒

(x2 + y2)  x − y
dy 
 = (x – y )
2 2

 2x + 2y
dy 

dx
(x ) dx  dx dx 
2
2
+ y2    
dy dy
⇒ [2y(x2 – y2) + y(x2 + y2)] = x(x2 + y2) – 2x(x2 – y2) ⇒ (3x2y – y3) = 3xy2 – x3
dx dx
⇒ (x3 – 3xy2)dx = (y3 – 3x2y)dy As this equation matches the one given in the problem statement. Hence the given
equation is the solution for the differential equation.
Hence proved.

Illustration 6: Find the differential equation of the family of curves y = ex(acosx + bsinx) (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Since given family of curves have two constants a and b, so we have to differentiate twice with respect to x.
We have, y = ex(acosx + bsinx)  … (i)
 M a them a ti cs | 24.5
Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get
dy
=ex(acosx + bsinx) + ex(–asinx + bcosx) = y + ex (–asinx + bcosx)
dx
dy
⇒ – y = ex(–asinx + bcosx) … (ii)
dx
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
d2 y dy dy
– = ex(–asinx + bcosx) + ex(–acosx – bsinx) = – y – ex (acos x + bsinx)
dx 2 dx dx
d2 y dy dy ∴ d2 y dy
⇒ − =– y – y [ ex(a cosx + bsinx) = y] ⇒ −2 + 2y = 0
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dx

This is the required differential equation.

Illustration 7: Find the differential equation of all circles which pass through the origin and whose centers lie on
the y axis.  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As circles passes through the origin and whose centers lie on the y axis hence g = 0 and point (0, 0) will satisfy
general equation of given circle.
The general equation of a circle is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0  … (i)
Since it passes through origin (0, 0), it will satisfy equation (i)
⇒ (0)2 + (0)2 + 2g.(0) + 2f.(0) + c = 0 ⇒ c=0
⇒ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
This is the equation of a circle with center (–g, –f) and passing through the origin.
If the center lies on the y-axis, we have g = 0,
⇒ x2 + y2 + 2.(0).x + 2fy = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2fy = 0 … (ii)
Hence, (ii) represents the required family of circles with center on y axis and passing through origin.
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
  dy  
 x + y.   
2x + 2y
dy
+ 2f
dy 
= 0 ⇒ f = –  dx  

dx dx   dy  
  dx  

Substituting this value of f in (2), we get

  dy  
 x + y.   
x2 + y2 – 2y   dx   = 0 ⇒ (x2 + y2) dy – 2xy – 22  dy  = 0 ⇒ (x2 – y2) dy – 2xy = 0
2y  
  dy   dx dx
     dx 
dx
   
This is the required differential equation.

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

Curves representing the solution of a differential equation are called integral curves.
Nitish Jhawar (JEE 2009, AIR 7)
2 4 . 6 | Differential Equations

6. SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Finding the dependent variable from the differential equation is called solving or integrating it. The solution or the
integral of a differential equation is, therefore, a relation between the dependent and independent variables (free
from derivatives) such that it satisfies the given differential equation.
Note: The solution of the differential equation is also called its primitive.
There can be two types of solution to a differential equation:
(a) General solution (or complete integral or complete primitive)
A relation in x and y satisfying a given differential equation and involving exactly the same number of arbitrary
constants as the order of the differential equation.
(b) Particular solution
A solution obtained by assigning values to one or more than one arbitrary constant of general solution

dy
Illustration 8: The general solution of x2 dx = 2 is  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: First separate out x term and y term and then integrate it, we shall obtain result.
dy 2 2 2
= ⇒ dy = dx Now integrate it. We get y = – +c
dx x 2
x 2 x

Illustration 9: Verify that the function x + y = tan–1y is a solution of the differential equation y2y’ + y2 + 1 = 0
 (JEE MAIN)
Sol: By differentiating the equation x + y = tan–1y with respect to x we can prove the given equation.
We have, x + y = tan–1y ... (i)
Differentiating (i), w.r.t. x we get

dy 1 dy dy  1 + y 2 − 1 
1+ = ⇒ 1+   =0
dx 1 + y 2 dx dx  1 + y 2 
dy
⇒ (1 + y2) + y2 dx = 0 ⇒ y2y’ + y2 + 1 = 0

 dy 
Illustration 10: Show that the function y = Ax +  2x + 2y  is a solution of the differential equation
 dx 
2
d y dy
x2 2 + x dx – y = 0  (JEE MAIN)
dx
B
Sol: Differentiating y = Ax + twice with respect to x and eliminating the constant term, we can prove the given
equation. x

dy
We have, y = Ax + ⇒ xy = Ax2 + B  ... (i)
dx
dy
Differentiation (i) w.r.t. ‘x’. we get ⇒ x + 1.y = 2Ax ... (ii)
dx
Again differentiating (ii) w.r.t., ‘x’, we get
dy
x +y
d2 y dy dy d2 y dy dx d2 y dy
⇒ x. + + = 2A ⇒ x +2 = ⇒ x2 +x −y =0
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dx x dx 2 dx

dy
Which is same as the given differential equation. Therefore y = Ax + is a solution for the given differential
equation. dx
 M a them a ti cs | 24.7

dy
x2 + 1 log  x2 + 1  show that (x2 + 1)
Illustration 11: If y. = + xy + 1 = 0 (JEE MAIN)
  dx

x2 + 1 log  x2 + 1 − x  one time with respect to x, we

Sol: Similar to the problem above, by differentiating y. =
 
will prove the given equation.

We have, y. 2
x= + 1 log  x2 + 1   ... (i)
 
Differentiating (i), we get

(1 / 2)  2 x/ x2 + 1  – 1
dy 1 2x dy x x − x2 + 1
x2 +1 + y=  +  ⇒ = x2 + 1 ;
dx 2 2 dx x2 + 1 x2 + 1  x2 + 1 − x 
2
x +1 x +1 − x
 
2
dy x − x +1 dy dy
(x2 +1) + xy = ; (x2 + 1) + xy = –1; (x2 + 1) + xy + 1 = 0
dx x2 + 1 – x dx dx

Illustration 12: Show that y = acos(logx) + bsin(logx) is a solution of the differential equation:
d2 y dy
x2 2 + x dx + y = 0  (JEE ADVANCED)
dx

Sol: As the given equation has two arbitrary constants, hence differentiating it two times we can prove it.
We have, y = acos(logx) + bsin(logx) ... (i)
dy asin(logx) bcos(logx)
Differentiating (i) w.r.t ‘x’. we
= get ; – +
dx x x
dy
x = –asin(logx)+bcos(logx)  ... (ii)
dx
Again differentiating with respect to ‘x’, we get

d2 y dy acos (logx ) bsin (logx )

x = + −
dx2 dx x x
d2 y dy d2 y dy d2 y dy
⇒ x2 +x = –[acos(logx) + bsin(logx)] ⇒ +x = –y ⇒ +x +y=0
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
Which is same as the given differential equation
Hence, y = acos(logx) + bsin(logx) is a solution of the given differential equation.

7. METHODS OF SOLVING FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATION

7.1 Equation of the Form dy/dx = f(x)

To solve this type of differential equations, we integrate both sides to obtain the general solution as discussed
below
dy
= f (x) ⇒ dy = f(x)dx
dx
Integrating both sides we obtain
= ∫ dy ∫ f ( x ) dx + c ⇒ y= ∫ f(x)dx + c
2 4 . 8 | Differential Equations

dy 2
Illustration 13: The general solution of the differential equation = x5 + x2 – is  (JEE MAIN)
dx x

Sol: General solution of any differential equation is obtained by integrating it hence for given equation we have to
integrate it one time to obtain its general equation.
dy 2
We have: = x5 + x2 –
dx x
 2 1 x 6 x3
Integrating, y = ∫  x5 + x2 –  dx + c = ∫ x5
dx + ∫ x 2
dx − 2 ∫x dx + c
C ⇒ y = + – 2log|x| + c
 x 6 3
Which is the required general solution.

d2 y
Illustration 14: The solution of the differential equation cos2x = 1 is  (JEE MAIN)
dx2

Sol: By integrating it two times we will get the result.

d2 y d2 y
cos2x =1 ⇒ = sec2x
2 2
dx dx
dy
On integrating, we get = tanx + c1
dx
Integrating again, we get y = log(secx) + c1x + c2

7.2 Equation of the form dy/dx = f(x) g(y)

To solve this type of differential equation we integrate both sides to obtain the general solution as discussed below
dy
=f(x)g(y) ⇒ g(y)−1 dy =f(x)dx
dx
Integrating both sides, we get ∫ (g(y))−1 dy = ∫ f(x)dx

Illustration 15: The solution of the differential equation log(dy/dx) = ax + by is  (JEE MAIN)
dy
Sol: We can also write the given equation as = eax + by . After that by separating the x and y terms and integrating
dx
both sides we can get the general equation.
dy dy 1 1
= eax + by ⇒ =eax + by ⇒ e–bydy = eax dx ⇒ − e−by = eax + c
dx dx b a
dy
Illustration 16: The solution of the differential equation =ex+ y + x2ey is  (JEE MAIN)
dx

Sol: Here first we have to separate the x and y terms and then by integrating them we can solve the problem above.
dy
The given equation is = ex+y + x2ey
dx

⇒
dy
dx
= ex.ey + x2ey ⇒ e–ydy = (ex + x2)dx, Integrating, ∫e
−y
( )
dy =∫ ex + x2 dx + c

e− y x3 1 1 1 x3
⇒ + ex + + c ⇒ − = ex + x3 + c ⇒ ex + + =C
−1 3 ey 3 ey 3
 M a them a ti cs | 24.9

7.3 Equation of the Form dy/dx = f (ax+by+c)

dy 1  dy 
To solve this type of differential equation, we put ax + by + c = v and
=  − 0
dx b  dx 
dy
\ = dx
a + bf ( v )
dy
So solution is by integrating ∫
a + bf ( v ) ∫
= dx

dy 2
Illustration 17: (x + y)2 dx = a  (JEE MAIN)

dy dt
Sol: Here we can’t separate the x and y terms, therefore put x + y = t hence = − 1 . Now we can easily
separate the terms and by integrating we will get the required result. dx dx

 dt  dt a2 a2 + t2 t2dt
Let x + y = t ⇒ t2  dx − 1  = a2 ; = +1 = ⇒ ∫ =x+c
  dx t2 t2 t2 + a2
dy x+y
⇒ t – a tan–1 dx = x + c ⇒ y − atan−1 =c
a

dx x + y −1
Illustration 18: =  (JEE MAIN)
dx x + y +1
Sol: Put x + y +1 = t2 and then solve similar to the above illustration.
let x + y +1 = t2
 dt  t2 − 2 2tdt t2 + t − 2 2t2
⇒  2t − 1 = ⇒ = ⇒ ∫ (t− 1)(t+ 2) dt= x+c
 dx  t dx t

 1 4  2ln | t − 1 | 8ln | t + 2 |
⇒ 2∫  1 + −  dt =
x+c ⇒ 2t + − x+c
=
 3(t − 1) 3(t + 2)  3 3

2ln | x + y + 1 − 1 | 8ln | x + y + 1 + 2 |
⇒ 2 x + y +1 + − = x+c
3 3

dy
Illustration 19: = cos(10x + 8y). Find curve passing through origin in the form y = f(x) satisfying differential
dx
equations given  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here first put 10x + 8y = t and then taking integration on both sides we will get the required result.
Let 10x + 8y = t
dy dt dy dt
⇒ 10 + 8 = ⇒ – 10 = 8cost ⇒ ∫ 8 cos t + 10 ∫ dx =x+c
dx dx dx
dp 1 + p2 dy dt 2dp
=p tant / 2 = ⇒=
dx 2(1) dx dx 1 + p2
2dp
1 + p2 2dp dp
∴∫ + 10 = ∫ =∫ =x+c
 1 − p2  1p2 + 18 p2 + 9
8
 1 + p2   tan(t / 2) 
⇒ tan−1(P/ 3) =x + c ⇒ tan−1 
   =x + c
 3 
 tan(t / 2) 
⇒ tan−1(P/ 3) =x + c ⇒ tan−1   =x + c ⇒ 3tan(x =
+ c) tan(10x + 84)
 3 
⇒ 3tan(x =
+ c) tan(10x + 84)
2 4 . 1 0 | Differential Equations

7.4 Parametric Form

Some differential equations can be solved using parametric forms.
Case I:
x = rcosθ y = rsinθ
Squaring and adding x2 + y2 = r2  ... (i)
−y
tanθ = ∫e dy =∫ (ex + x2 )dx + c  ... (ii)
xdx + ydy = rdr  ... (iii)
e− y x3
sec2θ dθ = = ex + + c ⇒ xdy – ydx = x2sec2θ dθ x = rcosθ; xdy – ydx = r2dθ
–1 3
Case II:
If x = rsecθ, y = rtanθ
x – y = r 
2 2 2
... (i)
1 1
=ex + x3 + c = sinq  ... (ii)
e y 3
⇒ xdx – ydy = rdr; xdy – ydx = cosθ x2 dq ⇒ xdy – ydx = r2secqdq

Illustration 20: Solve xdx + ydy = x(xdy – ydx) (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By substituting x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ the given equation reduces to rdr = rcosθ(r2dθ). Hence by separating
and integrating both sides we will get the result.
Let x = rcosθ, y = rsinq
Hence the given equation becomes rdr = rcosθ(r2dθ)

dr 1 1 y
− = sin θ + c ⇒ − = +c
∫ r=
2 ∫ cos θdθ r
⇒
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
dy
x+y 2 2
Illustration 21: Solve dx = 1 − x − y  (JEE ADVANCED)
dy x2 + y 2
x −y
dx
Sol: Similar to the problem above, by substituting x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ the given equation reduces to

r dr 1 − r2
= . Hence by integrating both sides we will get the result.
r 2 dθ r
dy
x+y 2 2
dx = 1 − x − y xdx + ydy 1 − x2 − y 2
⇒ =
dy x2 + y 2 xdy − ydx x2 + y 2
x −y
dx
Let x = rcosθ, y = rsinq

rdr 1 − r2 dr
= ⇒ ∫ =θ+c ⇒ sin–1r = θ + c
2
r dθ r 1−r 2

y
⇒ sin−1=
x2 + y 2 sin−1 +c
x2 + y 2
 M a them a ti cs | 24.11

xdx + ydy ydx − xdy

Illustration 22: =  (JEE ADVANCED)
2
x +y 2 x

Sol: Similar to the above illustration.

Let x = rcosθ, y = rsinq

rdr r2 dr
⇒ − = ⇒ ∫ sec θdθ + ∫ =0
2
r dθ r cos θ r
⇒ log(secθ + tanθ) + logr = c ⇒ x2 + y 2 + y  x2 + y 2  + Cx =
0
 

7.5 Homogeneous Differential Equations

A differential equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if it can be y = f(x)
dy f ( x, y )
put in the form = , where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are both homogeneous P(x,y)
dx g ( x, y )
function of the same degree in x and y.
dy f ( x, y )
To solve the homogeneous differential equation = ,
dx g ( x, y )
dy dy
substitute y = vx and so = v+x
dx dx
dy dx dv
Thus differential reduces to the form v + x = f(v) ⇒ = x
dx x f(v) − v
dy dv
Therefore, solution=
is ∫ ∫ f (v) − v + c Figure 24.1
x

Illustration 23: Find the curve passing through (1, 0) such that the area bounded by the curve, x-axis and 2
ordinates, one of which is constant and other is variable, is equal to the ratio of the cube of variable ordinate to
variable abscissa. (JEE MAIN)
x
y3
Sol: By differentiating ∫ ydx = , we will get the differential equation.
c
x
x
y3 x,3y 2 y '− y 3 ,1 dy x2 + y 2
A = ∫ ydx = ⇒y= ⇒ x2 = 3xyy’ – y2 ⇒ =
c
x x2 dx 3xy
(On differentiating the first integral equation w.r.t x)
dt 1 + v2 3v 1 3
Put y = vx; v + x = ⇒ ∫ 1 − 2v 2 dv = ∫ x dx ⇒ − log 1 − 2v 2 = logx + logc ⇒ (x2 – 2y2)3 = cx2
dx 3v 4

Given this curve passes through (1, 0). So, c=1 Hence the equation of curve is (x2 – 2y2)3 = cx2

dy y y
Illustration 24: The solution of differential equation = + tan is  (JEE MAIN)
dx x x

Sol: Here by putting y = xv and then integrating both sides we can solve the problem.
dy dv
Put y = xv ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
dv dv
Hence the given equation becomes x + v = v + tanv ⇒ x =tanv
dx dx
y
sin  
⇒
dv
=
dx
⇒ log sinv = logx + logc ⇒
sin v
=c⇒  x  = c ⇒ cx = sin  y 
 
tan v x x x x
 2 4 . 1 2 | Differential Equations

dy y 2 − 2xy − x2
Illustration 25: Solve = given y at x = 1 is –1 (JEE ADVANCED)
dx y 2 + 2xy − x2

Sol: Similar to the problem above, by putting y = vx, we can solve it and then by applying the given condition we
will get the value of c.
Let y = vx

dv  v 2 – 2v – 1  dv (v 3 + v 2 + v + 1)
⇒ v+x =   ⇒x = –
dx  v 2 + 2v – 1  dx v 2 + 2v – 1
 
v 2 + 2v − 1 2v(v + 1) – (v 2 + 1)
⇒ ∫ dv = c – logx ⇒ ∫ dv = c – logx
( v + 1) ( v2 + 1) (v + 1)(v 2 + 1)

⇒ log 
(
 v2 + 1 x 
)
 = logc ⇒
(v 2
−1 x ) =c⇒
x2 + y 2
=c
 v +1 
 
( v + 1) y+x

⇒ k(x2 + y2) = x + y
Given at x = 1, y = – 1 ⇒ 2k = 0. Hence the required equation is x + y = 0

2
 dy  dy
Illustration 26: Solve y   + 2x – y = 0 given y at x = 1 is 5 (JEE ADVANCED)
dx
  dx

−b ± b2 − 4ac dy −2x ± 4x2 + 4y 2

Sol: As we know, when ax2 + bx + c =0 then x = . Hence from given equation =
2a dx 2y
so by putting y = vx and integrating both side, we will get the result.

 dy  dy
Given y   + 2x –y=0
 dx  dx

dY −2x ± 4x2 + 4y 2 dy −x ± x2 + y 2
⇒ = ⇒ =
dX 2y dx y
Let y = vx

dv ± v 2 + 1 − 1 dv ± v2 + 1 − 1 − v2
⇒ x
= −v ⇒x =
dx v dx v

vdv vdv
⇒ ∫ = logx + C ⇒ ∫ = logx + C
± v + 1   v 2 + 1 + 1 

2 2 2
± v + 1 − (1 + v )
 

⇒ – ln   v 2 + 1 + 1  = logx + C ⇒ x   v 2 + 1 + 1  = c
   
dy 7X – 3Y
Given at x = 1, y = v = = ⇒ C=  6 + 1
dx –3X + 7Y

⇒  y 2 + x2 + =
x  6 +1

This is the required equation.

Note: The obtained solution has 4 equations.
 M a them a ti cs | 24.13

7.6 Differential Equations Reducible to Homogenous Form

dv a1 x + b1 y + c1 a b
A differential equation of the form = , where 1 ≠ 1 can be reduced to homogeneous form by
dx a2 x + b2 y + c θ2 b2
adopting the following procedure
dy dy
Put x = X + h, y = Y + k, so that =
dx dx

dY a1 X + b1 Y + (a1h + b1k + c1 )
The equation then transforms to =
dX a2 X + b2 Y + (a2h + b2k + c2 )

Now choose h and k such that a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and a2h + b2k + c2 = 0. Then for these values of h and k the
equation becomes

dy a1 X + b1 Y
=
dx a2 X + b2 Y
This is a homogeneous equation which can be solved by putting Y = vX and then Y and X should be replaced by
y – k and x – h.

dy ax + by + c a b
Special case: If = and = = m say, i.e. when coefficient of x and y in numerator and
dx a' x + b' y + c' a' b'
denominator are proportional, then the above equation cannot be solved by the method discussed before because
the values of h and k given by the equation will be indeterminate. In order to solve such equations, we proceed as
explained in the following example.

dy 3x − 6y + 7
Illustration 27: Solve =  (JEE MAIN)
dx x − 2y + 4

Sol: Here the coefficient of x and y in the numerator and denominator are proportional hence by taking 3 common
from 3x – 6y and putting x – 2y = v and after that by integrating we will get the result.

dy 3x − 6y + 7 3 ( x − 2y ) + 7 dy dy
= = ; Put x – 2y = v ⇒ 1 – 2 =
dx x − 2y + 4 x − 2y + 4 dx dx

dv  3v + 7 
Now differential equations reduces to 1 − 2
= 
dx  v+4 
dv  v+2  2 
⇒ = −5   ⇒ ∫  1 + v + 2  dv =
−5∫ dx
dx v+4

⇒ v + 2log v + 2 =−5x + c ⇒ 3x − y + log x − 2y + 2 =c

Illustration 28: Solution of differential equation (3y – 7x + 7)dx + (7y – 3x + 3) dy = 0 is (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By substituting x = X + h, y = Y + k where (h, k) will satisfy the equation 3y – 7x + 7 = 0 and 7y – 3x + 3 =0 we

can reduce the equation and after that by putting Y = VX and integrating we will get required general equation.
dy 7x − 3y − 7
The given differential equation is =
dx −3x + 7y + 3
Substituting x = X + h, y = Y + k, we obtain

dY (7X – 3Y) + (7h − 3k – 7)

=  ... (i)
dX (–3X + 7Y) + (–3h + 7k + 3)
2 4 . 1 4 | Differential Equations

Choose h and k such that 7h – 3k – 7 = 0 and –3h + 7k + 3 = 0.

This gives h = 1 and k = 0. Under the above transformations, equation (i) can be written as

dY dV dY 7X − 3Y
Let Y = VX so that = V+X , we get =
dX dX dX –3X + 7Y

dV −3V + 7 dV 7 − 7V 2 dX 7 2V 3
V+X = ⇒X = ⇒ –7 = . dV − dV
dX 7V − 3 dX 7V − 3 X 2 V2 − 1 2
V −1
Integrating, we get
7 3 V −1
–7logX = log(V2 – 1) – log – logC ⇒ C = (V + 1)5 (V – 1)2X7 ⇒ C = (y + x – 1)5 (y – x + 1)2
2 2 V +1
Which is the required solution.

7.7 Linear Differential Equation

A differential equation is linear if the dependent variable (y) and its derivative appear only in the first degree. The
general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is
dy
+ Py = Q ….. (i)
dx
where P and Q are either constants or functions of x.

This type of differential equation can be solved when they are multiplied by a factor, which is called integrating
factor.
Pdx  dy 
Multiplying both sides of (i) by e∫ , we get e∫ 
pdx
+ Py  = Qe∫
pdx

 dx 
On integrating both sides with respect to x, we get

ye∫ ∫ Qe∫ + c which is the required solution, where c is the constant and e∫
Pdx Pdx pdx
= is called the integrating factor.

dy 1 ey
Illustration 29: Solve the following differential equation: + =  (JEE MAIN)
dx x x

dy e− y 1
Sol: We can write the given equation as e− y + = . By putting e–y = t, we can reduce the equation in the
dx x x
dt
form of + Pt = Q hence by using integration factor we can solve the problem above.
dx

dy 1 ey dy e− y 1
We have, + = ⇒ e− y + =  ... (i)
dx x x dx x x
dy dt t 1 dt 1 1
Put e–y = t. so that in equation (i), we get – + =⇒ − 
− t= ... (ii)
dx dx x x dx x x
This is a linear differential equation in t.
 1
1 1 ∫  − dx −1 1
Here, P = − and Q = − ∴ I.F. = e∫
Pdx
= e  x  = e− log x = elog x =
x x x
dy 3x – 6y + 7 3(x − 2y) + 7
∴ The solution of (ii) is, t.(I.F.)
= = =
dx x − 2y + 4 x − 2y + 4

1 1 1 t 1 e− y 1
t =∫  −  dx + C ⇒ = +c ⇒ = +C
x x x x x x x
 M a them a ti cs | 24.15

x
y(x)
Illustration 30: The function y(x) satisfy the equation y(x) + 2x ∫ 1 + x2 dx = 3x 2
+ 2x + 1. Prove that the substitution
x 0
y(x)
z(x) = ∫1 dx converts the equation into a first order linear differential equation in z(x) and solve the original
0 + x2
equation for y(x)  (JEE MAIN)
y (x)
Sol: By putting z’(x) = we will get the linear differential equation in z form and then by applying integrating
1 + x2
factor we get the result.
d(x)
Let z’(x) = ⇒ z’(x) × (1 + x2) + 2x(z(x)) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
1 + x2
dz 2x 3x2 + 2x + 1
⇒ + z =  ... (i)
dx 1 + x2 x2 + 1
This is a first order linear differential equation in z.
2x
∫ dx
∴ I.F. = e∫ = e ∫ ( Q × I.F ) dx + c
Pdx 1 + x2 = 1 + x2 ∴ Solution of (i) is z(I.F.) =

x3 + x 2 + x x 4 x3 x 2
⇒ z (1 + x2) = ∫ (x2 + 1)dx + C ⇒ z (1 + x2) = + + + C and y = 3x2 + 2x + 1 – 2xz
x2 + 1 4 3 2

Illustration 31: Solve the differential equation ysin2x.dx – (1 + y2 + cos2x)dy = 0 (JEE MAIN)
dt
Sol: Similar to illustration 28, by putting –cos 2x = t, we can reduce the equation in the form of + Pt = Q hence
by using integration factor we can solve the problem given above. dx

We have, ysin2x.dx – (1 + y2 + cos2x)dy = 0

dx cos2x 1 + y 2
⇒ sin2x. − = ... (i)
dy y y
dx dt dt 2  1 + y2 
Putting –cos 2x = t so that 2sin2x = in equation (i), we get + t=
2 
dy dy dy y  y 
 
2 1 + y2
Here, P = and Q = 2
y y
2
∫y
∫ Pdy e=
dy
∴ I.F. = e= y2 ∴ The solution is t.(I.F.) = ∫ (Q × I.F.)dy + C

1 + y2 2 y4
⇒ t.y2 = 2 ∫ .y dy = 2 ∫ y + y 3 dy ⇒ t.y2 = y2 + +C
y 2
y2
On putting the value of t, we get –.cos2x = 1 + + Cy −2
2
dx
Illustration 32: Solve ylogy + x – logy = 0  (JEE MAIN)
dy
dx
Sol: By reducing the given equation in the form of Q we can solve this as similar to above illustrations.
+ Px =
dy
dx dx x 1
We have, ylogy +x –logy = 0 ⇒ + =
dy dy y log y y
This is a linear differential equation in x.
1
1 1 ∫ dy
Here P = , Q = ; I.F. = e y log y = elog(logy) = logy
y log y y
2 4 . 1 6 | Differential Equations

1 1
The solution is, x(I.F.) = ∫ ( Q × I.F. ) + C ; xlogy = ∫ y (log y ) dy + c =
2
(log y)2 + C
1 1
x= log y + C
2 log y

dx
Illustration 33: Solve (x + 2y3) = y (JEE ADVANCED)
dy
dx
Sol: By reducing given equation in the form of + Px = Q and then using the integration factor we can solve this.
dy
dx dx x + 2y 3 x dx 1
(x + 2y3) =y⇒ = = + 2y 2 ⇒ 2y 2
− x=
dy dy y y dy y
1
– ∫ dy 1
y
I.F = e = ;
y
1
Solutions is x. = y2 + C
y

Alternate method: xdy + 2y3dy = ydx

ydx − xdy x x

⇒ 2ydy = ⇒ 2ydy = d   ⇒ y2 = +C
y 2
y y

Illustration 34: Let g(x) be a differential function for every real x and g’(0) = 2 and satisfying g(x+y) = eyg(x) +
2exg(y) ∀ x and y. Find g(x) and its range.  (JEE ADVANCED)

g ( x + h) − g ( x )
Sol: By using g’(x) = lim and solving we will get g(x).
b →0 h
g ( x + h) − g ( x )
g’(x) = lim
b →0 h
e g(x) + 2ex g(h) − g(x)
h
eh − 1 g(h)
⇒ g’(x) = lim ⇒ g’(x) = g(x) lim + 2ex lim ⇒ g’(x) = g(x) + 2ex
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

At x = 0, g(x) = 0 ⇒ g(0) = 0
dy
– y = 2ex ⇒ I.F. = e–x
dx
Solution is y.e–x = 2x + C
g(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0 ⇒ g(x) = 2xex
g’(x) = 2ex + 2xex = 2ex(x + 1)
g’(x) = 0 at x = -1; g(–1) = –2/e
 2 
⇒ Range of g(x) =  − e , ∞ 
 

dy
Illustration 35: Find the solution of (1 – x2) + 2xy = x 1 − x2  (JEE ADVANCED)
dx
dy
Sol: By reducing given equation in the form of + Py = Q and then by using integration factor i.e.
dx
 dy 
e∫ + Py  = Qe∫ we can solve the problem.
Pdx pdx

 dx 
 M a them a ti cs | 24.17

2x
dy 2x x 1 − x2 ∫ 2 dx 1
e∫
Pdx
+ y = ; I.F. =
= e=1− x
dx (1 − x )
2
1−x 2
1 − x2

1 x 1 x −1 −2x
2 ∫
Solution
= is y. y ∫ dx + c = ∫ (1 – x2 )3/2 dx + C = dx + c
( )
3/2
1 − x2 1 − x2 1 − x
2
1 − x2
-1
1 1
y = +c
(
1 − x2 ) 1 − x2 -1

Figure 24.3

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

Every linear differential equation is of degree 1 but every differential equation of degree 1 is not linear
Shivam Agarwal (JEE 2009, AIR 27)

7.8 Equations Reducible to Linear form

(a) Bernoulli’s Equation

dy
A differential equation of the form + Py = Qyn, where P and Q are function of x and y is called Bernoulli’s
dx
equation. This form can be reduced to linear form by dividing yn and then substituting y1–n = v
dy
Dividing both sides by yn, we get, y–n dx + P.y–n+1 = Q
dy dv dv
Putting y–n+1 = v, so that , (1 – n)y–n dx = , we get + (1 – n)P.y = (1 – n)Q
dx dx
Which is a linear differential equation
dy
(b) If the given equation is of the form + P. f(y) = Q.g(y), where P and Q are functions of x alone, we divide the
dx
– ln(1–x2 ) 1
e∫
Pdx
equation by f(y), and then we get= e=
1 − x2
f (y)
Now substitute = v and solve.
g( y )

dy
Illustration 36: Solve = xy + x3 y 2  (JEE MAIN)
dx
1 dy 1 −1
Sol: By rearranging the given equation we will get – x = x3 and then by putting = t and using the
y 2 dx y y
integration factor we can solve it.
dy dy 1 dy 1
= xy + x3 y 2 ⇒ x3 y 2
− xy = ⇒ – x = x3
dx dx y 2 dx y
−1 dy
put = t ⇒ + tx = x3
y dx
2 /2 2 /2 x2 /2
This is a linear differential equation with I.F. = ex ⇒ t ex 3
∫ e x dx
=
2 4 . 1 8 | Differential Equations

Illustration 37: Find the curve such that the y intercept of the tangent is proportional to the square of ordinate of
tangent (JEE MAIN)
dy −1
Sol: Here X = 0 and Y= y – mx i.e. x – y = –ky2. Hence by putting = 1 and applying integration factor we
dx y
will get the result.
dy
X = 0 ⇒ Y= y – mx ⇒ x – y = –ky2
dx
1 dy 1 1 –k
⇒ – . =
y 2 dx y x x

−1 dt t –k
Put =t ⇒ + =
y dx x x

⇒ I.f. = x
−x
⇒ Solution is t.x = –kx + C ⇒ = –kx + C
y

7.9 Change of Variable by Suitable Substitution

Following are some examples where we change the variable by substitution.

dy
Illustration 38: Solve ysinx = cos x(sinx – y 2 )  (JEE MAIN)
dx
dt
Sol: Here by putting y2 = t, the given equation reduces to + ( 2cot x ) t = 2cosx and then using the integration
dx
factor method we will get result.
dy
ysinx = cos x(sinx – y 2 )
dx
1 dt
Let y2 = t ⇒ sinx = cosx (sinx – t)
2 dx
dt dt
= 2cos x − (2cot x)t
⇒ ⇒ + ( 2cot x ) t = 2cosx
dx dx

I.F. = sin2x
2
⇒ Solution is tsin2x = ∫ 2cos x.sin xdx

2sin3 x
y 2=
sin2 x +c
3

dy
= ex − y (ex − ey ) 
Illustration 39: Solve (JEE MAIN)
dx

Sol: Simply by putting ey = t and using the integration factor we can solve the above problem.
dy
( )
2
dy ex − ex e y
= ex − y (ex − ey ) ⇒ e= y
dx
dx
dy
Put ey = t ⇒ + tex = (ex)2;
dx
x
I.F. = e∫
edx
= ee
x x
Solution is tee = ∫ (ex )2 .ee dx
 M a them a ti cs | 24.19

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

If we can write the differential equation in the form

f(f1(x, y) d(f1(x, y)) + φ(f2(x, y)d(f2(x,y)) + …… = 0, then each term can be easily integrated separately. For
this the following results must be memorized.
(i) d(x + y) = dx + dy (ii) d(xy) = xdy + ydx

 x  ydx − xdy  y  xdy − ydx

(iii) d  = (iv) d  =
y y2 x x2

 x2  2xydx − x2dy  y 2  xydx − y 2dx

(v) d  = (vi) d  =
 y  y2  x  x2
   
 x2  2xy 2dx − 2x2 ydy  y 2  xydx − 2xy 2dx
(vii) d  = (viii) d  =
 y2  y4  x  x4
   
 x  ydx − xdy  y  xdy − ydx
(ix) d  tan−1  = (x) d  tan−1  =
 y  x2 + y 2  x x2 + y 2

xdy + ydx   x   ydx − xdy

(xi) d[log(xy)] = (xii) d  log    = ‘
xy  y  xy

  y   xdy − ydx
1
2
(  xdx + ydy
(xiii) d  log x2 + y 2  =
 x2 + y 2
) (xiv) d log    =
  x  xy

 1  xdy + ydx  ex  yex dx − ex dy

(xv) d −  = (xvi) d =
 xy  x2 y 2  y  y2
 
 ey  xey dy − ey dx
(xvii) d  = (xviii) d(xmyn) = xm–1yn–1 (mydx + nxdy)
 x  x2
 
dt t 1 x + y  xdy − ydx
(xix) d + (xx) d  log = 2
dx x 2 x−y x − y2
1 −n
d f ( x, y )  f ' ( x, y ) 1 1 1  1  dx dy
(xxi) = (xxii) d −  = d  − d  = −
1−n
( f ( x, y ) ) y x y  x  x2 y 2
n

Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009, AIR 30)

8. EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The differential equation Mdx + Ndy = 0, where M and N are functions of x and y, is said to be exact if and only if
∂M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x

Rule for solving Mdx + Ndy = 0 when it is exact

(a) First integrate the terms in M w.r.t. x treating y as a constant.
(b) Then integrate w.r.t. y only those terms of N which do not contain x.
2 4 . 2 0 | Differential Equations

(c) Now, sum both the above integrals obtained and quote it to a constant i.e. ∫ Mdx + ∫ Ndy =
k , where k is a constant.
(d) If N has no term which is free from x, the ∫ Mdx = c (y constant)

Following exact differentials must be remembered:

xdy − ydx y ydx − xdy x

(i) xdy + ydx = d(xy) (ii) = d   (iii) = d 
x y
2 2
x y
xdy + ydx dx + dy xdy − ydx  y
(iv) = d(logxy) (v) = dlog(x + y) (vi) = d  n 
xy x+y xy  x
ydx – xdy  x xdy − ydx  y ydy − xdx  y
(vii) = d  n  (viii) = d  tan−2  (ix) = d  tan−1 
xy  y
2
x +y 2
 x 2
x +y 2
 x

 ex  yex dy − ex dy
(x) d  =
 y  y2
 

9. ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY
Definition 1: Two families of curves are such that each curve in either family is orthogonal (whenever they intersect)
to every curve in the other family. Each family of curves is orthogonal trajectories of the other. In case the two
families are identical then we say that the family is self-orthogonal
Slope –1/dy/dx
= -1/dy/dx
Slope =

Slope = dy/dx
Slope = dy/dx

Figure 24.4: Orthogonal trajectories

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

Orthogonal trajectories have important application in the field of physics. For example, the equipotential
lines and the streamlines in an irrotational 2D flow are orthogonal.
Ravi Vooda (JEE 2009, AIR 71)

9.1 How to Find Orthogonal Trajectories

Suppose the first family of curves F(x, y, c) = 0  ... (i)
To find the orthogonal trajectories of this family we proceed as follows. First, differentiate (i) w.r.t. x to find
G(x, y, y’, c) = 0  ... (ii)
Now eliminate c between (i) and (ii) to find the differential equation H(x, y, y’) = 0  ... (iii)
 M a them a ti cs | 24.21

The differential equation for the other family is obtained by replacing y’ with –1/y’. Hence, the differential equation
the orthogonal trajectories is H(x, y, –1/y’) = 0  ... (iv)
General solution of (iv) gives the required orthogonal trajectories.

Illustration 40: Find the orthogonal trajectories of a family of straight lines through the origin.  (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Here as we know, a family of straight lines through the origin is given by y = mx.
Hence by differentiating it with respect to x and eliminating m we will get an ODE of this family and by putting –1/y’
in place of y’ we will get an ODE for the orthogonal family.
The ODE for this family is xy’ – y = 0
The ODE for the orthogonal family is x + yy’ = 0
Integrating we find x2 + y2 = c, which are family of circles with center at the origin.

10. CLAIRAUT’S EQUATION

The differential equation
y = mx + f(m),  ... (i)

dy
where m = is known as Clairaut’s equation.
dx

To solve (i), differentiate it w.r.t. x, which gives

dy dm df(m)
=m+x +
dx dx dx
dm dm
⇒ x + f '(x) =0
dx dx
dm
either = 0 ⇒ m = c ... (ii)
dx

or x + f’(x) = 0  ... (iii)

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

•• If m is eliminated between (i) and (ii),the solution obtained is a general solution of (i)
•• If m is eliminated between (i) and (iii), then the solution obtained does not contain any arbitrary
constants and is not the particular solution of (i). This solution is called singular solution of (i)
Chinmay S Purandare (JEE 2012, AIR 698)
2 4 . 2 2 | Differential Equations

PROBLEM SOLVING TACTICS

Think briefly about whether you could easily separate the variables or not. Remember that means getting all the x
terms (including dx) on one side and all the y terms (including dy) on the other. Don’t forget to convert y’ to dy/dx
or you might make a mistake.
If it’s not easy to separate the variables (usually it isn’t) then we can try putting our equation in the form y’ + P(x)y = Q(x).
In other words, put the y’ term and the y term on the left and then you may divide so that the coefficient of y’ is 1.
 ex  xey dy − ey dx
Then we can use the trick of the integrating factor in which we multiply both sides by . d   = . This
 x  x2
 
makes things much simpler, but it’s best to see why from doing problems, not from memorizing formulas.

FORMULAE SHEET

(a) Order of differential equation: Order of the highest derivative occurring in the differential equation

(b) Degree of differential equation: Degree of the highest order derivative when differential coefficients are free
from radicals and fractions.
dy
(c) General equation : = f (x) ⇒ y = ∫ f ( x ) dx + c
dx
dy
(d) = f(ax + by + c) , then put ax + by + c = v
dx
dy
(e) If =f(x)g(y) ⇒ g(y)−1 dy =f(x)dx then ∫ (g(y))−1 dy = ∫ f(x)dx
dx

(f) Parametric forms

y
Case I: x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ ⇒ x2 + y2 = r2; tanθ = ; xdx + ydy = rdr; xdy – ydx = r2dq
x
y
Case II: x = rsecθ, y = rtanθ ⇒ x2 – y2 = r2; = sinθ; xdx – ydy = rdr; xdy – ydx = r2secqdq
x
dy f ( x, y ) dx dv
(g) If = , then substitute y = vx ⇒ ∫ =∫ +c
dx g ( x, y ) x f (v) − v

dv a1 x + b1 y + c1
(h) If = , then substitute x = X + h, y = Y + k
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2

dY a1 X + b1 Y + (a1h + b1k + c1 )
⇒ =
dX a2 X + b2 Y + (a2h + b2k + c2 )

choose h and k such that a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and a2h + b2k + c2 = 0.

dy
ye∫ ∫ Qe∫
Pdx Pdx
(i) If the equation is in the form of + Py = Q then= +c
dx
 M a them a ti cs | 24.23

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards xdy − ydx  y

(y – b)2 = 2(y – b) = d  tan−1  (x – a)
x +y2 2
 x
Example 1: Find the differential equation of the family
of curves y = Aex + Be–x Differential equation is,
Sol: By differentiating the given equation twice, we will dy
2(x – a) = y – b.
get the result. dx
dy
= Aex − Be− x Example 4: Show that the function y = bex + ce2x is a
dx
solution of the differential equation.
d2 y
⇒ =Aex + Be–x = y d2 y dy
dx2 −3 +2y = 0
dx 2 dx
Example 2: Find differential equation of the family of Sol: Differentiating given equation twice we can obtain
curves y = c(x – c)2 , where c is an arbitrary constant. the required differential equation.
Sol: By differentiating the given family of curves and y = bex + ce2x
then eliminating c we will get the required differential
dy
equation. ⇒ = bex + 2ce2x = y + ce2x
dx
y = c(x – c)2
d2 y
dy ⇒ =bex + 4ce2x = y + 3ce2x
⇒ = 2(x – c)c dx2
dx
x−c y d2 y dy
By division, = ⇒ −3 + 2y =
0
2 dy / dx dx 2 dx
2y
or c=x– dy 1 − y2
dy / dx Example 5: Solve: + =0
dx 1 − x2
Eliminating c, we get
2 Sol: By separating x and y term and integrating both
 dy 
  = 4c (x – c) = 4cy
2 2 sides we can solve it.
dx
 
dy dx
∫ = –∫
 2y 
= 4y 4y x −  1 − y2 1 − x2
 dy / dx 
3
⇒ sin–1y = – sin–1x + c or sin–1y + sin–1x = c
 dy   dy 
⇒ =
  4y  x − 2y 
 dx   dx  Example 6: Find the equation of the curve that passes
through the point P(1, 2) and satisfies the differential
Example 3: Find the differential equation of all equation
parabolas which have their vertex at (a, b) and where –2xy
the axis is parallel to x-axis. ∫ f(x)dx + C = x2 + 1 : y > 0
Sol: Equation of parabola having vertex at (a, b) and Sol: By integrating both sides we will get general
axis is parallel to x-axis is (y – b)2 = 4L(x – a) where L is equation of curve and then by substituting point (1, 2)
a parameter. Hence by differentiating and eliminating L in that we will get value of constant part.
we will get required differential equation.
dy 2xy dy 2x
∴ 2(y –b)
dy
= 4L dx
= −
x2 + 1
⇒ ∫ y
= −∫
2
x +1
dx
dx
On eliminating L, we get ⇒ log|y| = –log(x2 + 1) + logc0
2 4 . 2 4 | Differential Equations

⇒ log(|y| (x2 + 1)) = logc0 dy dy

Example 9: Solve: tanx : 0 < x <
+ sec x =
dx dx
⇒ |y|(x2 + 1) = c0
dy
As point P(1, 2) lies on it, Sol:The given equation is in the form of + px = q
dx
hence by using integration factor method we can solve it.
2(1 + 1) = c0 or c0 = 4
–2xy dy 2xy
I.F. = = =–
∴ Curve is y(x2 + 1) = 4 x =1 2 dx x2 + 1
= secx + tanx
Example 7: Solve:
dy
=
(x − y) + 3
dx 2 ( x − y ) + 5 Solution is y(secx + tanx)

Sol: By putting x – y = t and integrating both sides we = ∫ tanx ( sec x + tan) dx

will obtain result.
∫ ( sec )
2
= ∫ sec x tanx dx + x − 1 dx
dy dt
Put x – y = t; then, 1 – = = secx + tanx – x + c
dx dx
or (y – 1) (secx + tanx) = c – x
Differential equation becomes
dy t+3 dt t+3 t+2
1− = or =1– = Example 10: Solve:
dx 2t + 5 dx 2t + 5 2t + 5
2t +5 dt sinx.cosy.dx + cosx.siny.dy = 0
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ t + 2 dt = 2t + ∫1+2 given, y =
π
when x = 0.
4
⇒ x + c = 2t + log|t + 2| = 2(x – y) + log|(x – y + 2)|
Sol: Here by separating variables and taking integration
Example 8: x dy + y(x + y)dx = 0: xy > 0
2 we will get the general equation and then using the
given values of x and y we will get value of constant c.
Sol: We can write the given equation as We have,
3
 dy   dy  dy sinx.cosy.dx + cosx.siny.dy = 0
=
  4y  x − 2y  =–
dx
   dx  dx On separating the variables, we get
and then by substituting y = vx and integrating we will dt
⇒
dx
get required general equation.
Integrating both sides, we get
dy y (x + y)
=– (Put y = vx) sinx sin y
dx x2 ∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos y dy =
0

dy [Dividing by cosx cosy], we get

⇒ v+x = –v(1 + v)
dx
⇒ log|secx| + log|secy| = logC
dv dv dx
⇒ =–2v – v2 or ∫ v ( v + 2) = ∫ x
dx ⇒ log|secx| |secy| = logC
⇒ secx.secy = C ... (i)
dx 1  1 1  π
⇒ −∫ = ∫  −  dv On putting y = , x = 0 in (i),
x 2  v v +2 4
π
d2 y dy we have C = sec0.sec
⇒ –log|x| = –3 0 (log|v| – log|v+2| + c0
+ 2y = 4
2 dx
dx
y 2
⇒ C (1). ( 2) = 2
x Substituting the value of C in (i) we get
V 2 yx2
or x = c or x = c or =c
V+2 y y + 2x 1 1
+2 secx. = 2 ⇒ cosy = sec x
x cos y 2
 1 
⇒ y = cos–1  sec x 
 2 
 M a them a ti cs | 24.25

Example 11: Solve the differential equation x 1

⇒ = |logx| + c
dy y 2
= x2e−3y , given that y =0 for x =0.
dx
Example 13: Solve the following differential equation
Sol: Similar to the problem above we can solve it.
dy
cos2x + y = tanx
dy dx
Here, = x2e−3y  ….. (i)
dx
Sol: Here by reducing the given equation in the form of
On separating the variables, we have
dy
⇒ e3ydy=x2dx + py = q and then using integration factor we will
dx
Integrating both sides, we get get the result.
dy
∫e
3y
= ∫ x2dx We have, cos2x + y = tanx
dx
e3y x3 dy
⇒ = +c  ….. (ii) ⇒ + y.sec2x = tanx.sec2x
3 3 dx
2x
putting: y = 0 for x = 0, in (ii), we obtain I.F. = e∫
sec
= etanx
0
e 1
3
=0+C⇒
3
=C [e0 = 1] y.(I.F.) = ∫ Q. ( I.F. ) dx + c
2
On substituting the value of C in (ii), we get y.etanx = ∫ tanx sec xetan x dx = ∫ tet dt
∴ e3y = x3 + 1  tanx = t 
tet − ∫ et dt + c  2 
which is the required particular solution of (i) sec xdx = dt 
= tet – et + c
Example 12: Solve the following differential equation:
dy = tan x etanx – etanx + c
2x2 dx – 2xy + y2 = 0 y = tanx – 1 + ce–tanx

Sol: Here by rearranging the given equation we will dy

Example 14: Solve x – y = x2
dx
get elog(sec x + tan x) = ∫ tanx(sec x + tanx)dx . Now by
Sol: As similar to the problem above, we can reduce the
substituting y = vx and then integrating we can solve
dy
the illustration above. given equation as therefore by using integration
dx
dy
2x2 = 2xy – y2 factor we can solve this.
dx
dy
dy 2xy − y 2 We have, x −y =x2
⇒ =  ….. (i) dx
dx 2x2
dy dy 1
Put y = vx so that = v + x
dv
in (i), we get
⇒ x
− y= ... (i)
dx dx dx x
This is a linear differential equation in y
dv 2x ( vx ) − ( vx ) 2
⇒ v+x = 2xy − y 2
dx 2x2 Here, P = – and Q = x
2x2
dv v2 1
⇒ v+x =v– ∫ − dx
I.F. = e∫
pdx
dx 2 Now, =e x

xdv –v 2 dv dx −1 1
= ⇒ = e–logx = elog = x–1 =
dx 2 v 2 2x x
Integrating, we have ∴ The solution of (i) is

⇒
1
=
1
|logx| + c y(I.F.) = ∫ ( Q × IF. ) dx + C =x+C
4 4
⇒ y = x2 + Cx
2 4 . 2 6 | Differential Equations

Example 15: Solve the following differential equation: Integrating, we get

dv 1 –v
+ y = cosx – sinx. logx – e (sinv + cosv) = c
dx 2
dy 1 –y/x  y y
Sol: Here given equation is in the form of Q,
+ Py = or logx = c + e .
dx  sin − 4 cos 
2  x x
where P = 1 and Q = cosx – sinx hence by using
integration factor we will get result. Example 2: Solve:
Given differential equation is xdy – ydx = xy3(1 + logx)dx
dy
+ y = cosx – sinx ... (i) Sol: We can reduce the given equation in the form of
dx
x x
The given differential equation is a linear differential – d   = x2(1 + logx)dx. Hence by integrating L.H.S.
y y
equation x
with respect to and R.H.S. with respect to x we will
y
dy
On comparing with + Py = Q get the solution.
dx
P = 1, Q = cosx – sinx ydx − xdy
∴ – = xy(1 + logx)dx
y2
I.F. = e∫ = ex
pdx
x
or –d   = xy (1 + logx)dx
∴ required solution of (i) is y
y (I.F.) = ∫ Q. ( I.F ) dx + c or –
x x
d   = x2(1 + logx)dx
y y
⇒ y.ex = ∫ (cos x − sinx)ex dx + c
x x
⇒ y.ex = x x Integrating, − ∫ d  
∫ cos xe dx − ∫ sinx.e dx + c y y
Integrating by parts, we get
∫ x (1 + logx ) dx
2
=
∫ e dx − ∫ ( − sinx ) e dx 2 x dx + c
x x
⇒ y.ex = cosx – ∫ sec
x x
⇒ y.ex = excosx + ∫e sinxdx – ∫e sinxdx + Cc 2
1 x x3 x3 1
or –   = (1 + logx) − ∫ . dx
y.ex = excosx + c 2 y  3 3 x
∴ y = cosx + ce–x 2
−1  x  x3 x3
  = (1 +log x) − +c
2 y 3 9
JEE Advanced/Boards
Example 1: Solve Example 3: Find the equation of the curve passing
through (1, 2) whose differential equation is
 y /x y y
 xe – y sin  dx +xsin dy =0; x>0 y(x + y3)dx = x(y3 – x)dy
 x  x

Sol: Simply by putting y = vx and integrating we can Sol: Similar to example 2 we can solve the problem
solve the problem above. above by reducing the given equation as –
 y y y ydy y y 1
 e x − sin  + sin =0 d  + d ( xy ) =
0.
 x x xdx x  x  x y2
2
 
Put y = vx (xy + y4)dx = (xy3 – x2)dy
 dv 
∴ (ev – vsinv) + sinv  v + x  = 0 or y3(ydx – xdy) + x(ydx + xdy) = 0
 dx 
dx xdy − ydx
⇒ ∫ + e− v sinvdv = or –x2y3 + xd(xy) = 0
x ∫
0
x2
 M a them a ti cs | 24.27

y y 1 dy
or – d  + d ( xy ) =
0 Given y = 1 and = 0 at x = 1
x  x  x2 y 2 dx
⇒ C1 = 0 and C2 = 2
Integrating, we get
2
Therefore, the required solution is y = x log x – x + 2
1y 1
–   − = Ac
=
2 x  xy Example 6: By the elimination of the constant h and k,
find the differential equation of which (x–h)2+(y–k)2=a2,
or y3 + 2x – 2cx2y = 0
is a solution.
As it passes through (1, 2), condition is
Sol: Three relations are necessary to eliminate two
5
8 + 2 + 4c = 0 ⇒ c = – constants. Thus, besides the given relation we require
2
two more and they will be obtained by differentiating
Thus curve is y3 + 2x – 5x2y = 0 the given relation twice successively.
Thus we have
Example 4: Form the differential equation representing
the family of curves y = Acos2x + Bsin2x, where A and dy
(x – h) + (y – k) =0 ... (i)
B are arbitrary constants. dx
2
d2 y  dy 
Sol: Here we have two arbitrary constants hence we 1 + (y – k) +  = 0 ... (ii)
dx2  dx 
have to differentiate the given equation twice.
From (i) and (ii), we obtained
The given equation is:
2
y = Acos2x + Bsin2x  ... (i)  dy 
1+ 
Diff. w.r.t. x, y–k=–  dx 
dy d2 y
= –2Asin2x + 2Bcos2x
dx dx2
d2 y   dy 2  dy
Again diff. w.r.t. x, = –4Acos2x – 4Bsin2x 1 +   
2
dx   dx   dx
= –4(Acos2x + Bsin2x) = –4y [Using (i)] x–h=  
2
2
d y
d y
Hence + 4y = 0, which is the required differential dx2
dx2
equation. Substitute these values in the given relation, we
obtained
3 2
  dy 2   d2 y 
Example 5: The solution of the differential equation x 1 +    = 2
a  
  dx    dx2 
d2 y dy    
= 1, given that y = 1, = 0, when x = 1, is
dx 2 dx which is the required differential equation.
d2 y
Sol: By integrating x = 1 twice we will get its
dx2 Example 7: Form the differential equations by elimi-
general equation and then by substituting given values nating the constant(s) in the following problems.
dy
of x, y and we will get the values of the constants. (a) x2 – y2 = c(x2 + y2)2, (b) a(y + a)2 = x3
dx

d2 y d2 y 1 Sol: Given equations have one arbitrary constant,

x =1⇒ = hence by differentiating once and eliminating c and a
dx2 dx2 x
we will get the required differential equation.
dy
⇒ = logx + C1 (a) The given equation contains one constant
dx
Again integrating Differentiating the equation once, we get
2x – 2yy’ = 2c(x2 + y2) (2x + 2yy’)
y = xlogx – x + C1x + C2
2 4 . 2 8 | Differential Equations

x2 − y 2 dx 1
But c = Let P= ∫ = log{(x–y)2 –1}
( x − 3) 2
(x )
2
2
+ y2
dx
Substituting for c, we get ∴ P= ∫ ( x − 3y )

(x – yy’) =
(x 2
+ y2 )( x 2
− y2 ) .2(x + yy’) dP
=
1
 ... (i)
dx ( x − 3y )
(x )
2
2 2
+y
1
or (x2 +y2) (x – yy’) = 2(x2 – y2)(x+yy’) Also P = log{(x – y)2 – 1}
2
⇒ yy’[(x2 + y2) + 2(x2 – y2)]
( x − y ) 1 − dy
 

⇒ x(x2 + y2)–2x(x2 – y2) dP  dx  
∴ = ... (ii)
⇒ yy’(3x – y ) = x(3y – x )
2 2 2 2
dx
{( x − y ) 2
−1 }
Hence, y’ =
(
x 3y 2 − x2 ) Given y(x – y)2 = x
y ( 3x 2
−y ) 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
(b) The given equation contains only one constant. 1 − 2y ( x − y )
dy
Differentiating once, we get ∴ =  ... (iii)
dx ( x − y )( x − 3y )
2a(y + a)y’ = 3x2  ... (i)
From (ii) and (iii)
Multiplying by y + a, we get
2a(y + a)2y’ = 3x2(y + a) dP (x − y){1 − (1 − 2y(x − y) / (x − y)(x − 3 y))}
=
Using the given equation, we obtain dx {
(x − y)2 − 1 }
2x y’ = 3x (y + a)
3 2
or 2xy’ = 3y + 3a
1 =
( x − y )( x − 3y ) − 1 + 2y ( x − y )
or a= (2xy’ – 3y)
3 ( x − 3y ){( x − y 2 ) − 1}
Substituting the value of a in (i) we obtain

2  1  =
{( x − y ) − 1}
2

( x − 3y ) {( x − y ) − 1}
(2xy’ – 3y)  y + (2xy – 3y) y ' = 3x2 2
3  3 
2
(2xy’–3y)(2xy’)y’ = 3x2 dP 1
9 ⇒ =
dx ( x − 3y )
Cancelling x, we obtain
8x(y’)3 – 12y(y’)2 – 27x = 0 It is true from (i)

Example 8: If y(x – y) = x, then show that 2

Hence
dx
∫ ( x − 3y=)
1
2 {
n (x − y) − 1
2
}
dx 1
∫ ( x − 3y ) = 2 log[x–y)2 – 1]
Example 9: Solve: cos(x + y)dy = dx

Sol: As given y(x – y)2 = x, therefore by differentiating Sol: Simply by putting x + y = t we can reduce the given
dy dt
it with respect to x we will get the value of . After equation as = sect + 1 and then by separating the
dx dx
dx 1 variable and integrating we can solve the problem
that differentiate both sides of equation ∫ = given above.
( x − 3y ) 2
log[x–y)2 – 1] w.r.t. x and then by substituting the value We have cos(x + y)dy = dx
dy dy
of we can prove it. ⇒ = sec(x + y)
dx dx
 M a them a ti cs | 24.29

∫ ( sec )
dy dt 2
On putting x + y = t so that 1 + =
dx dx
⇒
= ∫ dx t − tantsect dt

dy dt ⇒ x = tant – sect
or = − 1 we get
dx dx
⇒ x = tan(x + y) – sec(x + y) + C
dt
−1 =sec
dx
Example 11: Solve the equation:
dt
⇒ = 1 + sect dy y y
dx = + x sin
dx x x
dt cost
=dx ⇒ dt = dx
1 + sec t cos t + 1 Sol: Simply by putting y = vx and integrating we
can obtain the general equation of given differential
cos t
∫ cos t + 1 dt = ∫ dx equation.
We have,
 1 
⇒ ∫ 1 −  ' dt = x + C dy y y
 cos t + 1  = + x sin  ... (i)
dx x x
 1 
∫ 1 − 2cos2 (t / 2) − 1 + 1  dt = x + C Put y = vx, so that
 
dy dv
= v+x
 1 2 t dx dx
∫  1 − 2 sec  dt = x + C
2 dy
On putting the value of y and in (i), we get
dx
t
⇒ t – tan =x+C dv
2 v+x = v + xsinv
dx
x+y
x + y – tan =x+C dv dv
2 ⇒ x ⇒ = sin v
dx dx
x+y
y – tan =C Separating the variables, we get
2
dv
 dy  = dx ⇒ ∫ cosecv dv = ∫ dx
Example 10: Solve: sin  dx  = x + y
–1 sin v
 
v
⇒ log tan = x + C  ... (ii)
Sol: Similar to example 9. 2

 dy  On putting the value of v in (ii), we have

dy
We have, sin  dx  = x + y ⇒
–1
= sin(x + y) y
  dx logtan =x+C
2x
Putting x + y = t, so that
This is the required solution
dy dt dy dt
1+ = ⇒ =
dx dx dx dx
Example 12: Solve:
dy dt
Now, substituting x + y = t and = − 1 in (i), x  x 
dx dx
we get 2ye y dx +  y − 2xe y  dy =
0
 
 
dt dt dt
= sint ⇒ = sint + 1 ⇒ dx = dy 2xex/ y
dx dx 1 + sint Sol: We can reduce the given equation as =
dx 2yex/ y
Integrating both sides, we get and then by putting x = vy and integrating we can
dt obtain general equation.
= ∫ dx ∫ 1 + sin2 t dt + c
We have,
1 − sint 1 − sint x  x 
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ 1 − sin2 t dt +C= ∫ cos2 t
dt
2ye y dx +  y − 2xe y  dx =
0
 
 
2 4 . 3 0 | Differential Equations

x 
dx 
x  y2
y = 1+
⇒ 2ye . + y − 2xe y 0 dy x2 
dy   or = ... (i)
  dx 2y
dy 2xex/ y x
⇒ =  ... (i)
dx 2yex/ y Equation (i) is a homogeneous differential equation.
dy dv
Clearly, the given differential equation is a homogeneous So we put y = vx and = v+
differential equation. As the right hand side of (i) is dx dx
x y dy
expressible as a function of   . So, we put Substituting the value of and in equation (i), we
y x dx
get
dt dx
= v ⇒ x = vy and
dx dy dv 1 + v2
v+x =
dv dx 2v
=v+y in (i), we get
dy dv 1 − v 2
or x =  ... (ii)
dv 2vev − 1 dx 2v
v+y =
dy 2ev Separating the variables in equation (ii), we get
v
dv 2ve − 1
y
⇒= −v 2v dx 2v dx
dy 2ev dv = or dv = −  ... (iii)
1−v 2 x 2
v −1 x
dv 1
⇒ y = − Integrating both sides of equation (iii), we get
dy 2ev 2v 1
⇒ 2yevdv = – dy ∫ v 2 − 1 dv = – ∫ x dx
1
⇒ 2evdv = – dy , y ≠ 0 or log|v2 – 1| = –log|x| + log|C1|
y
Integrating both sides, we get or log|(v2 – 1)(x)| = log|C1|  ... (iv)

v 1 y  y2 
∫ e dv – ∫ y dy + logC
2= logc Replacing v by
x
in equation (iv), we get 
 x2
− 1

 
⇒ 2ev = –log|y| + logc x = ±C1

c or (y2 – x2) = ±C1x or x2 – y2 = Cx

⇒ 2ev = log
y
x dy x + 2y − 3
c  x Example 14: Solve: =
⇒ y
2e = log  v =  dx 2x + y − 3
y  y
Sol: Simply by putting x = X + h; y = Y + k were (h, k) will
Example 13: Show that the family of curves for which satisfy the equations x + 2y – 3 =0 and 2x + y – 3 =0 we
the slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) on it is can solve the problem.
x2 + y 2 dy x + 2y − 3
, is given by x2 – y2 = cx =
2xy dx 2x + y − 3

Sol: Here by reading the above problem, we get that Put: x = X + h; y = Y + k

dy x2 + y 2 ⇒ dx = dX; dy = dY
= . Hence by putting y = vx and then
dx 2xy dy dY
integrating both sides we can prove the given equation. ⇒ =
dx dX
We have slope of the tangent Given equation reduces to
x2 + y 2 dy x2 + y 2 dy ( x + h) + 2 ( Y + k ) − 3 X + 2Y + (h + 2k − 3 )
= ⇒ = = = ... (i)
2xy dx 2xy dx 2 ( X + h) + ( Y + k ) − 3 2X + Y + ( 2h + k − 3 )
 M a them a ti cs | 24.31

Choose h and k such that Substituting the value of X and Y in (iv), we get
h + 2k – 3 = 0; and 2h + k – 3 = 0 x+ y −2
⇒ = c2
(x − y)
3
⇒ h=1;k=1
∴
Equation (i) becomes [ X = x – h = x – 1; Y = y – 1]

dY X + 2Y
=  ... (ii) Example 15: Solve the following differential equation:
dX 2X + Y
dy 2
(x2 – 1) + 2xy =
Put: Y = VX dx 2
x −1
dY dV dy
⇒ = V+X Sol: First reduce this into the form of Q and
+ Py =
dX dX dx
then using the integration factor i.e. e∫
Pdx
we can solve
Now equation (ii) becomes:
this.
dV X + 2VX 1 + 2V
V+X = = dy 2
dX 2X + VX 2+V We have, (x2 – 1) + 2xy =
dx 2
x −1
dV 1 + 2V 1 − V2 dy 2x 2
⇒ X= V
−= ⇒ + y= …..(i)
dX 2+V 2+V dx x2 – 1 (x − 1)2 
2

Separating the variables, we have

This is a linear differential equation in y.
2+V dX 2x 2
⇒ dV = Here, P = ,Q=
1−V 2 X
(x )
2 2
x −1 2
−1
Integrating, we get 2x
∫ dx
2 –1)
I.F. = e∫
Pdx x2 −1
2 V dX =e = elog(x = x2 – 1
∫ 1 − V2 dV + ∫ 1 − V2 dV =
∫X
∴ The solution of (i) is
1 1+V 1
⇒ 2. log
2
– log(1 − V 2 ) = logX + logc
1−V 2
y(I.F.) = ∫ ( Q × I.F ) dx + C
∫ (x )
2 2
y.(x2 – 1) = −1 . dx + C
1 + V 
( )
2
⇒ 2log   – log(1 – V )= 2logcX
2
x2 − 1
 1 − V 
1
  1 + V 2 = 2∫ dx + C
1  2
x −1
⇒ log   ×  = log(cX)2
 1 − V  1 − V 2 
 
1 x −1
2 = 2. log +C
1 + V  1 2 x +1
⇒   × = (cX)2
1 − V  1 − V2 ( ) ⇒ y(x2 – 1) = log
x −1
+C
1+V x +1
⇒ = c2 X 2  ... (iii)
(1 − V )
3
 1  x −1 
⇒ y=   log + C
2
 x −1 x +1 
Putting the value of V in (iii), we have
X+Y
⇒ X 2 = c2 X 2  ... (iv)
(X − Y)
3

 Y
∴ V =
 X
2 4 . 3 2 | Differential Equations

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 dy
Q.13 = ex–y + x3e–y
dx
Q.1 Write the order and degree of the differential
dy 1 + cos2y
 dy  Q.14 + 0
=
equation x – cos   =0 dx 1 − cos2x
 dx 
dy 1 − y2 dy
Q.2 Solve the differential equation + 0
= Q.15 x + x2 + y 2 + x2 y 2 + xy =0
dx 1 − x2 dx

Q.3 Write the order and degree of the differential dy x2 y

Q.16 =
dy  dy  dx x3 + y 3
equation + sin   = 0
dx  dx 
dy
Q.17 = sin3x.cos3x + xex
Q.4 How will you proceed to solve the differential dx
dy
equation = 1 + x + y + xy?
dx Q.18 (1 – x2)dy + xydx = xy2dx

Q.5 Find the integrating factor for solving the differential

equation dy
Q.19 x + y = y2
dx
(1 + y2) dx = (tan–1y – x) dy
Q.20 (x – y3)dy + ydx = 0
dr
Q.6 Solve the differential equation = cosθ
dθ dy  dy 
Q.21 y – x = a  y 2 + x2  , where x = a, y = a.
dy dx  dx 
Q.7 To solve the differential equation + 2y = 6ex,
how will you proceed? dx
dy 2
Q.22 xlogx + y = log x
dx x
Q.8 Prove that, the differential equation that represents
all parabolas having their axis of symmetry coincident
Q.23 edy/dx = x + 1, y(0) = 4
with the axis of x is yy 2 + y12 =
0.
π
Q.24 y’ + 2y2 = 0, y(0) =
Q.9 Form the differential equation representing the 2
family of curves y = Acos2x + Bsin2x, where A and B
are constants. π
Q.25 xy’ + y = xcosx + sinx, y   = 1
2
B
Q.10 Prove that, the function y = Ax + is a solution
x dy dy
Q.26 y2 + x2 = xy , given that when x = 1, y = 1
d2 y dy dx dx
of the differential equation: x2 +x −y = 0
dx 2 dx

Q.11 Prove that, the differential equation of which Q.27 (1+sinx2x)dy + (1+y2)cos x dx=0,given that when
π
x= ,y=0
dy 2
1 + 8y2tanx = cy2 is a solution is cos2x = 4y3
dx
Q.28 xydy = (y + 5)dx, given that y(5) = 0
Q.12 Form the differential equation of the family of
curves y = AeBX Q.29 (x + 2)dx = (x2 + 4x + 9)dy, given that y(0) = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 24.33

Exercise 2 Q.6 The solution of the differential equation

d2 y
(x + 2y3) = y is:
Single Correct Choice Type dx2
x x
Q.1 The general solution of the differential equation, y’ (A) = y+c (B) = y 2 + c
+ yφ’(x) – φ(x).φ’(x) = 0 where φ(x) is a known function is: y 2 y

(A) y = ce–φ(x) + φ(x) – 1 x2 y

(C) = y 2 + C (D) = x2 + c
y x
(B) y = ce+φ(x) + φ(x) – 1
(C) y = ce–φ(x) – φ(x) + 1
Q.7 A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve.
(D) y = ce–φ(x) + φ(x) + 1 It meets the x-axis and y-axis in the points A and B
1 1
dy respectively such the + = 1, where ‘O’ is the
Q.2 The differential equation y + x = C, where C is OA OB
dx origin. The equation of such a curve passing through
any arbitrary constant represents:
(5, 4) denotes:
(A) A set of circles with centre on x-axis.
(A) A line. (B) A circle.
(B) A set of circles with centre on y-axis.
(C) A parabola. (D) Pair of straight line.
(C) A set of concentric circles.
(D) A set of ellipses. Q.8 The latus rectum of the conic passing through the
origin and having the property that normal at each
Q.3 The differential equation of all parabolas having point (x, y) intersects the x-axis at ((x + 1), 0) is:
their axis of symmetry coinciding with the axis of x is: (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) None of these
2
d2 y dy d2 y  dy 
(A) y + 0
= (B) x +  = 0 Q.9 The solution of the differential equation
dx  dx 
2
dx2 dy
2 dy π
d2 y dy  2x2y = tan(x2y2) – 2xy2, that given y(1) = is
(C) y +  = 0 (D) None of these dx 2
 dx 
2
dx
(A) sinx2y2 = ex–1 (B) sin(x2y2) = x

Q.4 The solution of the differential equation, (C) cosx2y2 + x = 0 (D) sin(x2y2) = e.ex

1 + y2 
 dy 
xy  =
 dx 
 2 (
 1= x + x
 1 + x 
2
) Q.10 A wet porous substance in the open air loses its
moisture at a rate proportional to the moisture content. If
a sheet hung in the wind loses half its moisture during the
given that when x = 1, y = 0 is: first hour, then the time when it would have lost 99.9% of
π its moisture is: (weather condition remaining same)
(A) log 1 + y 2 = logx + tan–1x –
2 (A) More then 100 hours
1 + y2 π
(B) log = 2tan–1x – (B) More than10 hours
x2 2
(C) Approximately 10 hours
1 + y2 π
(C) log = – 2tan–1x (D) Approximately 9 hours
x2 4
(D) None of these c
Q.11 If y = (where c is an arbitrary constant)
log x
Q.5 Given, y = 1 + cosx and y = 1 + sinx are solution of is the general solution of the differential equation
d2 y dy y x x
the differential equation +y = 1, then its solution = + φ   then the function φ   is
dx2 dx x y y
will be also:
x2 x2 y2 y2
(A) y = 2(1 + cosx) (B) y = 2 + cosx +sinx (A) (B) − (C) (D) –
2
(C) y = cosx – sinx (D) y = 1 + cosx + sinx
y y2 x2 x2
2 4 . 3 4 | Differential Equations

Q.12 A tank contains 10000 liters of brine in which Q.2 A solution of the differential equation
10 kg of salt is dissolved initially at t = 0. Fresh brine  dy  dy
2

containing 20 gms of salt per 100 liters keeps running   −x +y =0 is: (1999)
into the tank at the rate of 50 liters per minute. If the  dx  dx
mixture is kept stirring uniformly, then the amount of (A) y = 2 (B) y = 2x
salt (in kgs) present in the tank at the end of 10 minutes,
is (Assume that there is no overflow of brine is the bank) (C) y = 2x – 4 (D) y = 2x2 – 4

dy
(A) 11.5 (B) 11.15 (C) 10.1 (D) 10.5 Q.3 If y(t) is a solution of (1 + t) 1 and
− ty =
dt
y(0) = –1, then y(1) is equal to:- (2003)
Q.13 Which of the following differential equation is not 
1 1 1 1
of degree 1? (A) − (B) e + (C) e – (D)
2 2 2 2 2
(A) x3y2+ (x+x)2 y1 + exy3=sinx
2 + sin x  dy 
(B) y1/2
2 + (sinx)y1 + xy = x
Q.4 If y = y(x) and   = –cosx, y(0) = 1, then
y + 1  dx 
(C) y1 + y = x + 1 π
y   equals  (2004)
2
(D) None of these
1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) – (D) 1
dy xy + y 3 3 3
Q.14 If = , then the solution of the differential
dx xy + y
equation: dy
Q.5 If = y(log y − log x + 1) , then the solution of
(A) y = xe + c x
(B) y = e + c
x dx

(C) y = Axe x
(D) y = x + A
the equation is (2005)

y y
Q.15 The degree of the differential equation (A) log   = cx (B) log   = cy
2 −3 x x
 d3 y  d2 y dy
 3 + 4 −3 +5 =0 is
 dx  dx 2 dx y y
  (C) y log   = cx (D) x log   = cy
x x
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
Q.6 A right circular cone with radius R and height H
Q.16 The differential equation for all parabolas each contains a liquid which evaporates at a rate proportional
of which has a latus rectum ‘4a’ and whose axes are to its surface area in contact with air (proportionality
parallel to x-axis is: constant = k > 0). Find the time after which the cone is
(A) of degree 2 and order 1 (B) of order 2 and degree 3 empty. (2003)

3
d2 x d2 x dy  Q.7 If length of tangent at any point on the curve y =
(C) 2a = 1 (D) 2a +  = 0
dy 2 dy 2
 dx  f(x) intercepted between the point and the x-axis is of
length 1. Find the equation of the curve. (2005)

Previous Years’ Questions Q.8 If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, –1)
and satisfies the differential equation,
Q.1 The order of the differential equation whose general  1
x +c y(1 + xy) dx = xdy, then f  −  is equal (2016)
solution is given by y = (c1 + c2)cos(x + c3) – c 4 e 5 .  2
where c1, c2, c3, c4, c5 are arbitrary constants, is  (1998) 4 2 4 2
(A) − (B) (C) (D) −
5 5 5 5
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
 M a them a ti cs | 24.35

Q.9 Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equal (x Q.12 Solution of the differential equation cos x dy =
dy π
log x) = + y 2xlogx, (x ≥ 1) . Then y(e) is equal to y(sin x – y) dx, 0 < x <  (2010)
dx 2
 (2015)
(A) y sec x = tan x + c (B) y tan x = sec x + c
(A) e (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 2e (C) tan x = (sec x + c)y (D) sec x = (tan x + c)y

dy
Q.10 If y = sec(tan-1x), then at x = 1 is equal to : Q.13 The differential equation which represents the
dx c x
 (2013) family of curves y = c1e 2 , where c1 and c2 are arbitrary
1 1 constants is (2009)
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2 2 (A) y’ = y2 (B) y” = y’ y

d2 x (C) yy” = y’ (D) yy” = (y’)2

Q.11 equals (2011)
dy 2
Q.14 The solution of the differential equation
−1
 d2 y   dy −3  d y   dy 
2 −2
dy x + y
(A) −   (B)   = satisfying the condition y (1) = 1 is  (2008)
 dx2   dx   dx2   dx  dx x
   
−1 (A) y = log x + x (B) y = x log x + x2
 d2 y   dy −3  d2 y 
(C) −   (D)  
 dx2   dx   dx2  (C) y = xe(x−1) (D) y = x log x + x
   

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1
 y y  y y  dy
2
Q.6 Solve:  x cos + y sin  y =  y sin x − x cos x  x dx
dy x + xy  x x  
Q.1 (i) Solve =
dx x2 + y 2
Q.7 Find the curve for which any tangent intersects
(ii) (x3 – 3xy2)dx = (y3 – 3x2y)dy
the y-axis at the point equidistant from the point of
tangency and the origin
Q.2 Find the equation of a curve such that the projection
of its ordinate upon the normal is equal to its abscissa. Q.8 Solve: (x – y)dy = (x + y + 1)dx

Q.3 The light rays emitting from a point source situated dy x + 2y − 3

at origin when reflected from the mirror of a search light Q.9 Solve: =
dx 2x + y − 3
are reflected as beam parallel to the x-axis. Show that
the surface is parabolic, by first forming the differential dy y − x + 1
equation and then solve it. Q.10 Solve: =
dx y + x + 5

Q.4 The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at dy x + y +1

any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the point Q.11 Solve: =
dx 2x + 2y + 3
of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the
above condition and which passes through (1, 1) 2 ( y + 2)
2
dy
Q.12 Solve: =
dx
( x + y − 1)
2
Q.5 Use the substitution y2 = a – x to reduce the
dy
equation y3. + x + y2 =0 to homogeneous form and
dx
hence solve it.
2 4 . 3 6 | Differential Equations

Q.13 Show that the curve such that the distance dy

Q.2 y = f(x) satisfies the differential equation −y =
between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary dx
point is equal to the distance between the origin and cosx – sinx with the condition that y is bounded when
y
± tan−1 x → +∞. The longest interval in which f(x) is increasing
the normal at the same point, x2 + y 2 =
ce x
in the interval
dy π π  π  π 5π   π
Q.14 If solution of differential equation
– y = 1 – e–x (A)  ,  (B)  0,  (C)  ,  (D)  0, 
dx 3 2  2 2 6   6
and y(0) = y0 has a finite value. When x → ∞, then
find y0. Q.3 The real value of m for which the substitution,
dy
y = um will transform the differential equation 2x4y +
Q.15 Let y = y(t) be a solution to the differential dx
y y4 = 4x6 into a homogeneous equation is:
equation y’ + 2t y = t2, then find lim
t→∞ t
(A) m = 0 (B) m = 1
dy x 1
Q.16 Solve: + y= (C) m = 3/2 (D) m = 2/3
dx 1 + x2 2x 1 + x2 ( )
dy Q.4 The solution of the differential equation
Q.17 Solve: (1 – x2) + 2xy = x(1 – x2)1/2
dx dy 1 1
x2 .cos − y sin =–1 , Where y → –1 as x → ∞ is
dx x x
Q.18 (i) Find the curve such that the area of the
trapezium formed by the co-ordinate axes, ordinate of 1 1 x +1
(A) y = sin –cos (B) y =
an arbitrary point and the tangent at this point equals x x 1
x sin
half the square of its abscissa. x
1 1 x +1
(ii) A curve in the first quadrant is such that the area of (C) y = cos + sin (D) y =
x x 1
the triangle formed in the first quadrant by the x-axis, x cos
a tangent to the curve at any of its point P and radius x
vector of the point P is 2 square units. If the curve Q.5 The equation of a curve for which the product of
passes through (2, 1) find the equation of the curve. the abscissa of point P and the intercept made by a
normal at P on the x-axis equals twice the square of the
dy radius vector of the point P, and passes through (1, 0) is:
Q.19 Solve: x(x –1) –(x–2)y = x3(2x – 1)
dx (A) x2 + y2 = x4 (B) x2 + y2 = 2x4
(C) x2 + y2 = 4x4 (D) None of these
Exercise 2
Q.6 The order and the degree of the differential
Single Correct Choice Type equation whose general solution is, y = c(x – c)2, are
respectively:
 π
Q.1 A curve passes through the point  1,  , and its (A) 1, 1 (B) 1, 2 (C) 1, 3 (D) 2, 1
 4
y y
slope at any point is given by − cos2   , Then the Q.7 the degree of the differential equation
x x 2
d2 y  dy   d2 y 
curve has the equation, y is equal to: + 3  = x n   is
dx2  dx   dx2 
 
 e
(A) y = xtan–1   n x  (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
 

(B) y = xtan–1(log+2) Q.8 Orthogonal trajectories of family of parabolas

y2 = 4a(x + a) where ‘a’ is an arbitrary constant is
1  e
(C) y = tan–1   n x  (A) ax2 = 3cy (B) x2 + y2 = a2
x  
x
−
(D) None of these (C) y = ce 2a (D) axy = c2
 M a them a ti cs | 24.37

Q.9 If the function y = e4x + 2e–x is a solution of the Previous Years’ Questions
d3 ydy
– 13
3 dx Q.1 Le f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ∞) such
differential equation dx = K, then the value
y t2 f(x) − x2 f(t)
of K is:- that f(1) = 1, and lim = 1 for each x > 0.
t→x t−x
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 12 Then f(x) is: (2007)
1 2x2 1 4x2
(A) + (B) − +
x dy f (y / x) 3x 3 3x 3
Q.10 Solution set of the equation −y =x.
dx f '(y / x) 1 2 1
x (C) − + (D)
y x x2 x
(A) f   = cy (B) f   = cx
y x
dy 1 − y2
Q.2 The differential equation = determines
y dx y
(C) f   = cxy (D) None of these
x a family of circles with (2007)
(A) Variable radii and a fixed center at (0, 1)
dy x2 + 2xy + y 2
Q.11 = . Let C1 and C2 be two of it’s (B) Variable radii and fixed center at (0, –1)
dx x2 − 2xy + 2y 2
(C) Fixed radius of 1 and variable center along the x-axis
solutions. C1 passes through, A(1, 2), and line through
origin and A meets C2 at B. Then slope of the tangent (D) Fixed radius of 1 and variable center a long the y-axis
to the curve C2 at B is:
5 9 9 Q.3 Let y = f(x) be a curve passing through (1, 1) such
(A) (B) (C) – (D) None of these that the triangle formed by the coordinates axes and the
9 5 5
tangent at any point of the curve lies in the first quadrant
 dy  and has area 2 unit, from the differential equation and
Q.12 The solution of the differential equation log  
determine all such possible curves. (1995)
= 4x – 2y – 2, y = 1 when x = 1 is:-  dx 
Q.4 A and B are two separate reservoir of water.
(A) 2e2y=
+2
e4x + e2 Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of
reservoir B. Both the reservoirs are filled completely
(B) 2e2y=
−2
e4x + e4 with water, their inlets are closed and then the water
is released simultaneously from both the reservoirs.
(C) 2e2y=
+2
e4x + e4 The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any
instant of time is proportional to the quantity of water
(D) 3e2y=
+2
e3x + e4 in the reservoir at the time. One hour after the water
1
is released the quantity of water in reservoir A is 1
2
Multiple Correct Choice Type times the quantity of water in reservoir B. After how
many hours do both the reservoirs have the same
Q.13 The general solution of the differential equation, quantity of water? (1997)
 dy  y
x  = y n   is: Q.5 Let u(x) and v(x) satisfy the differential equation
 dx  x
du dv
+ p ( x)u =
f ( x ) and + p ( x ) =,
g ( x ) where P(x),
(A) y = xe1 –cx (B) y = xe1 + cx dx dx
f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions. If u(x1) > v(x1)
(C) y = xe.xecx (D) y = xecx for some x1 and f(x) > g(x) for all x > x1, prove that any
where c is an arbitrary constant. point (x, y) where x > x1 does not satisfy the equations
y = u(x) and y = v(x)  (1997)

Q.6 A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the

property that the perpendicular distance of the origin
from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal
to the distance of P from the x-axis. Determine the
equation of the curve.  (1999)
2 4 . 3 8 | Differential Equations

Q.7 A country has food deficit of 10%. Its population Q.13 The function y = f (x) is the solution of the
grows continuously at a rate of 3% per year. Its annual dy xy x 4 + 2x
food production every year is 4% more than that of the differential equation + = in (-1, 1)
dx x2 − 1 1 − x2
last year. Assuming that the average food requirement
3
per person remains constant, prove that the country 2
will become self-sufficient in food after n years, where satisfying f(0) = 0. Then f(x)dx is 
n is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to
∫ (2014)
3
−
ln10 − ln9 2
 (2000)
ln (1.04 ) − ( 0.03) π 3 π 3
(A) − (B) −
3 2 3 4
Q.8 Let f: R → R be a continuous function, which satisfies
π 3 π 3
x
(C) − (D) −
f(x) = ∫ f ( t ) dt . Then the value of f(log 5) is …….  (2009) 6 4 6 2
0
x  π
Q.14 A curve passes through the point  1,  ,
Q.9 If the function f(x) = x3 + e 2 and g(x) = f–1(x), then
 6
Let the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be
the values of g’(1) is ……………….. (2009)
y y
+ sec   , x > 0 , x > 0. Then the equation of the
x x
Q.10 Let y’(x) + y(x)g’(x) = g(x)g’(x), y(0) = 0, x ∈ R, where curve is (2013)
df ( x )
f’(x) denotes and g(x) is a given non-constant y 1
dx (A) sin =  logx +
x
  2
differentiable function on R with g(0) =g(2) = 0. Then the
y
value of y(2) is ………….. (2011) (B) cosec = logx + 2
x

Q.11 A solution curve of the differential equation  2y 

(C) sec  =  logx + 2
dy 2  x 
(x2 + xy + 4x + 2y + 4) - y = 0, x > 0, passes through
dx  2y  1
the point (1, 3). Then the solution curve dy dx  (2016) (D) cos  =  logx +
 x  2
(A) Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point.
(B) Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points Q.15 If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y’ - ytanx
= 2x secx and y(0) = 0, then  (2012)
(C) Intersects y = (x + 2)2
π π2  π  π2
(D) Does NOT intersect y = (x + 3)2 (A) y   = (B) y '   =
4 8 2  4  18
Q.12 Consider the family of all circles whose centers
 π  π2  π  4 π 2π2
lie on the straight line y = x. If this family of circles (C) y   = (D) y '  =  +
is represented by the differential equation Py” + 3 9 3 3 3 2
Qy’ + 1 = 0, where P, Q are functions of x, y and y’
 dy d2 y  Q.16 Let f: [1, ∞) → [2, ∞) be a differentiable function
 here
= y' = , y"  , then which of the following
 dx dx2 
x
 such that= = 3xf(x) − x3 for all x ≥ 1 ,
f(1) 2. If 6 ∫ f(1)dt
1
statements is (are) true ? (2015)
then the value of f(2) is (2011)
(A) P = y + x
(B) P = y − x Q.17 Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on
R (the set of all real numbers) such that f(1) = 1. If the
(C) Q = 1 + y1 + y12 y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x, y) on the
(D) P − Q = x + y − y’ − (y’)2 curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube of the abscissa of P,
then the value of f(–3) is equal to (2010)
 M a them a ti cs | 24.39

Q.18 Interval contained in the domain of definition of 1 2 3 1

non-zero solutions of the differential equation (x – 3)2 Statement-II: y(x) is given by = − 1−
y x x2
y’ + y = 0 (2009)
 (2008)
Q.19 Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation (A) Statement-I is True, statement-II is True; statement-II
2 is a correct explanation for statement-I
x x2 − 1 dy − y =
y 2 − 1 dx 0 satisfy
= y(2)
3 (B) Statement-I is True, statement-II is True; statement-II
is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
 π
= sec y(x) sec  sec−1 x −  and
Statement-I: y(x) =
 6  (C) Statement-I is True, statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, statement-II is True

PlancEssential Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.9 Q.14 Q.20 Q.21 Q.3 Q.6 Q.14 Q.18

Q.26 Q.19

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.3 Q.4 Q.8 Q.10 Q.1 Q.4 Q.5 Q.9

Q.11 Q.16 Q.14 Q.11 Q.13

Previous Years’ Questions Previous Years’ Questions

Q.3 Q.5 Q.8 Q.2 Q.4 Q.7
Q.10
2 4 . 4 0 | Differential Equations

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
Q.1 Order = 1; Degree = 1 Q.2 sin–1y + sin–1x = c

Q.3 Order = 1, degree is not defined Q.4 Separate the variables after factorizing
tan−1 y
Q.5 e Q.6 r = sin θ + c

Q.7 (I.F.)y = ∫ (I.F.).Q Q.9 y” = –4Acos2x – 4Bsin2x = -4y

2
d2 y
 dy  x4
Q.12 y =  Q.13 ey = ex + +c
 dx  4
2
dx
1  1 + x2 – 1 
Q.14 tany – cotx = c Q.15 x2 + 1 + y 2 + 1 + log  +c =0
2  1 + x2 + 1 
 
x3 (cos x)6 (cos x)4
Q.16 log|y| = +c Q.17 y = – + ex(x + 1) + c
3y 3 6 4
1
Q.18 –[logy – log(y – 1)] = – log(1 – x2) + c Q.19 y – 1 = xy
2
 x  2
y3 2 y  a + 1 
Q.20 x = + Q.21 =  1   2 
4 y 
1   x +   a − 1 
y−  a
a 
–2log | x | 2
Q.22 ylog|x| = − +c Q.23 y = (x + 1)log|x + 1| – x + 4
x x
1 2
Q.24 = 2x + Q.25 y = sinx
y π
y π
Q.26 =log|y| + 1 Q.27 tan–1(sinx) + tan1y =
x 4
1
Q.28 y – 5log|y + 5| = log|x| – 6log5 Q.29 y = log(x2 + 4x + 9) – log3
2

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type
Q.1 A Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 B
Q.7 B Q.8 B Q.9 A Q.10 C Q.11 D Q.12 C
Q.13 D Q.14 C Q.15 B Q.16 C

Previous Years’ Questions

dy
Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 T =
dx
d2 y dy
Q.7 x2 +x = ±x + c Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 A Q.11 C
dx 2 dx

Q.12 D Q.13 D Q.14 D

 M a them a ti cs | 24.41

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
 1 x + 2y 
Q.1 (i) c(x – y)2/3 (x2 + xy + y2)1/6 = exp  tan−1  where exp x = e
x
(ii) (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)c
 3 x 3 

y 2 ± y y 2 − x2 c2
Q.2 = log  y ± y 2 − x2  . , where same sign has to be taken
x2   x3
1 a
Q.4 x2 + y2 – 2x = 0 Q.5 log | x2 + a2 | – tan−1   = c, where a = x + y2
2 x
y
Q.6 xycos = c Q.7 x2 + y2 = cx
x
 1
 y+ 
c tan−1  2 
 x+ 1 
 
Q.8 e  2
Q.9 (x + y – 2) = c(y – x)3

−1 y +3 4
Q.10 tan + logc (y + 3)2 + (x + 2)2 =
0 Q.11 x + y + = ce3(x–2y)
x+2 3
y +2
–2 tan−1 1 1
Q. 12 c = e x −3 = (y +2) Q.14 Q.15
2 2

2 1  1  2 1 1 + x2 − 1
Q.16 y 1 + x =c + log  tan arctanx  another form is y 1 + x =c + log
2  2  2 x

Q.17 y = c(1 – x2) + 1 − x2 Q.18 (i) y = cx2 +x (ii) xy =2

Q.19 y(x – 1) = x2(x2 – x + c)

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 C
Q.7 D Q.8 C Q.9 D Q.10 B Q.11 B Q.12 C

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.13 B, C

Previous Years’ Questions

1
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 x + y = 2, xy = 1 Q.4 log3/ 4   Q.6 x2+y2=2x
2
Q.8 0 Q.9 2 Q.10 0 Q.11 A, C Q.12 B, C Q.13 B

Q.14 A Q.15 A, D Q.16 6 Q.17 9 Q.19 C

2 4 . 4 2 | Differential Equations

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards dy
Sol 7: + 2y = 6ex
dx
Exercise 1
This is a linear equation
 dy  dy
= cos−1 x ∴ Integrating factor = e∫
2 dx
Sol 1: x = cos   ⇒ = e2x
 dx  dx
dy
∴ Degree = 1, order = 1 ∴ e2x dx + 2e2xy = 6e3x

2x 6 3x
dy 1 − y2 ⇒ ∫ d(e y) = ∫ 6e3x dx ⇒ e2xy = e +c
Sol 2: =– 3
dx 1 − x2
∴ y = 2ex + ce–2x
dy dx
⇒ ∫– = ∫ Sol 8: Ellipse with their axis coincide with x-axis
1 − y2 1 − x2

x2 y2 2x 2yy '
⇒ –sin–1y = sin–1x + c or sin–1x + sin–1y = c + 1 ⇒
= + 0
=
2
a2
b 2
a b2

dy  dy  b2 x –b2  y − xy ' 
Sol 3: + sin   = 0 ∴ y’ = – ⇒ y” =  
dx  dx  a2 y a2  y 2 

Highest order derivative = 1 –b2  x  –b2  b2 x 

⇒ yy” = 1 – y ' = +  y'
Degree is not defined as differential coefficient is not a2  y  a2  a2 y 
free from radical and fraction.
–b2
∴ yy” + (y’)2 =
a2
dy dy
Sol 4: = 1 + x + y(1 + x) or = (1 + x) (1 + y) For parabola
dx dx
Equation will be y2 = 4ax
(Separation of variables method)
2a
dy ⇒ 2yy’ = 4a or y’ =
⇒∫ = ∫ (1 + x)dx y
(1 + y)
or 2a = yy’
x2
⇒ log(1 + y) = x + +c
2 ⇒ (y’)2 + yy” = 0

Sol 5: (1 + y2)dx = (tan–1y – x)dy Sol 9: y = Acos2x + Bsin2x

dx 1 tan−1 y y’ = –2Asin2x + 2Bcos2x

+ x =
dy (1 + y 2 ) 1 + y2 y” = –4Acos2x – 4Bsin2x = –4y
 1 
∫   dy
 B
∴ Integrating factor = e  1 + y2  −1 y
= etan Sol 10: y = Ax +
x
B
y’ = A –
dr x2
Sol 6: = cosq
dθ 2B
y” =
x3
∫=
dr ∫ cos θdθ
∴ x2y” + xy’ – y
r = sinθ+ c
 M a them a ti cs | 24.43

x2 (2B)  B   B dy
= + xA −  –  Ax +  ⇒ xy = – (1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 )
x 3
 x2   x dx

2B B B y (1 + x2 )
= + Ax – – Ax – =0 ⇒∫ dy = ∫ dx
x x x 1 + y2 x
Hence proved.
⇒ take 1 + y2 = t, differentiating both sides
2ydy = dt
Sol 11: 1 + 8y2tanx = cy2
y2(c – 8tanx) = 1 1 dt 1 1/2
1 + y2
2∫ t 2
I1 = = 2t = t
=
dy
∴ 2y(c – 8tanx) + y2(–8sec2x) = 0
dx
1 + x2 (1 + x2 )
1 dy ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2y = 8y2sec2x x x 1 + x2
2 dx
y
dy dy 1 x
∴ = 4y3sec2x or cos2x = 4y3 =
dx dx ∫ 2
dx + ∫ dx
x 1 + x 1 + x2
Sol 12: y = AeBx x
I3 = ∫ dx
= 1 + x2
⇒ y’ = ABe Bx
1 + x 2

⇒ y” = AB e 2 Bx
1
⇒ yy” = A2B2e2Bx = (y’)2 I2 = ∫ dx
x 1 + x2
2
d2 y  dy 
∴y =  Put x = tanθ; dx = sec2θ dq
 dx 
2
dx
sec2 θdθ
dy = ∫ tan θ sec
= ∫ cosecθdθ = log |cosecθ – cotq|
Sol 13: = ex – y + x3e–y θ
dx
2
1 − cos θ 1  1 − cos θ 
⇒ ∫ ey=
dy x 3
∫ (e + x ) dx = log = log  
sin θ 2  sin θ 
x4
⇒ ey = ex + +c
4 1 (1 − cos θ)2 1  1 − cos θ 
= log = log  
2 (1 − cos θ) 2
2
 1 + cos θ 
dy 1 + cos2y
Sol 14: + =0
dx 1 − cos2x  1 + x2 − 1 
1  sec θ − 1  1
dy dx or I2 = log   = log  
⇒∫ =∫ 2  sec θ + 1  2  1 + x2 + 1 
1 + cos2y cos2x − 1  

dy dx   2  
⇒∫ = –∫ 2   x2 + 1  + 1 log  1 + x − 1  + c 
2cos y 2 2
2sin x ∴ y = + 1 –  
  2  1 + x2 + 1  
   
⇒ ∫ sec2 y dy = – ∫ cosec2 x dx
1  1 + x2 – 1 
⇒ tany = cotx + c or x2 + 1 + y 2 + 1 − log  +c =0
2  1 + x2 + 1 
 
∴ tany – cotx = c

dy
Sol 15: 1 + x2 + y 2 + x2 y 2 + xy =0
dx
dy
(1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 ) + xy =0
dx
2 4 . 4 4 | Differential Equations

dy x2 y 1
Sol 16: = ⇒ –[logy – log(y – 1)] = – log(1 – x2) + c
dx x3 + y 3 2

  x 2  dy
    Sol 19: x + y = y2
dy   y   dx
= 
dx   x 3  dy
 y  +1 ⇒ x = (y 2 − y)
   dx

dy dv dy dx 1 1 
Put x = vy ⇒ 1 = v +y ⇒∫ = ∫ ⇒ –∫ −  dy =logx + c
dx dx 2
y −y x  y (y − 1) 

dy 1  x dv  v2 ⇒ log(y – 1) – log(y) = logx + logc

=  1 −  =
dx v  v dx  v3 + 1 ⇒ (x – 1) = xy

–x dv v3 –1 Sol 20: (x – y3)dy + ydx = 0

= –1=
v dx v 3 + 1 3
v +1
⇒ xdy + ydx = y3dy
(v 3 + 1) dx v3 ⇒ ∫ d(xy) = ∫ y 3dy
⇒∫ dv = ∫ ⇒ + logv = logx + c
v x 3 y4 y3 c
⇒ xy = + c or x = +
3 4 4 y
1 x 
⇒   + logx – logy = logx + c
3 y 
dy  dy 
x3 Sol 21: y – x = a  y 2 + x2 
x 3 dx  dx 
3y3
∴ logy + c = ⇒ y = Ce
3y 3 dy
⇒ (ax2 + x) = y – ay2
dx
dy dy dx
Sol 17: = sin3x cos3x + xex ∴∫
dx y − ay 2
= ∫ ax2 + x
dy = ∫ (sin3 x cos3 x + xex )dx 1 1
2
⇒ ∫ y(1 – ay) dy = ∫ x(ax + 1) dx
= ∫ sinx(1 – cos x)cos3 xdx + xex – ex
1 a  1 a 
Put cosx = t ⇒ –sinxdx = dt ⇒ ∫ + ∫
 dy =  −  dx
 y 1 − ay   x ax +1
= – ∫ (1 – t2 )(t3 )dt + x(ex) – ex    
  1 
5 3
= ∫ (t – t )dt + e (x – 1) 1 1  1
⇒ ∫ –
x

y 
=
1 
dy ∫  x  1   dx
 −
t6 t 4  y −   x +  
= − + ex(x – 1) + c   a   a
6 4
(cos x)6 (cos x)4  1  1
= – + ex(x + 1) + c logy – log  y –  = logx – log  x +  + logc
6 4  a   a

 1  1
Sol 18: (1 – x2)dy + xydx = xy2dx loga – log  a–  = loga log.  a +  + logc
 a  a
(1 – x2)dy = (xy2 – xy)dx = x(y2 – y)dx
a2 + 1
dy x logc = log
∫ (y 2 – y) = ∫ 1 − x2 dx a2 − 1
 x  2
1 1  1 –2x ⇒
y
=   a + 1 
1  
–∫ − dy = – ∫ 1 − x2 dx 1   x +    a2 − 1 
 y (y − 1)  2 y−  a 
a  
 M a them a ti cs | 24.45

dy 2 1 1 1
Sol 22: xlogx + y = log x ∴c= = ∴y=
dx x π π  1
2× 2 x + 
2  π
dy 1 2
⇒ + y= 1 2
dx xlogx x2 or = 2x +
1 y π
∫ x log x dx
I. F. = e = e n nx =logx
dy
2 Sol 25: x + y = xcosx + sinx
∴(logx)y = ∫ x2 logxdx dx

1 dy  1  sinx
Put logx = t ⇒ dx = dt Or +   y =cos x +
x dx  x  x
–t
∴(logx)y = 2 ∫e tdt
I. F. = e
1
∫ x dx
=x
u = –t
d(xy)  sinx 
∴ =  cos x + x
dt = – du =+ 2 ∫ euudu = +2[eu(u – 1)] + c dx  x 

∴(logx)y = +2[e–logx(–logx – 1)] + c

∫ d(xy)
∴= ∫ (x cos x + sinx)dx
2
∴(logx)y = – (log | x | +1) + c xy =
x ∫ x cos xdx + ∫ sinxdx
 dx 
dy /dx
= x ∫ cos xdx – ∫  ∫ cos xdx  dx + ∫ sinxdx
Sol 23: e = x + 1, y(0) = 4  dx 

dy = xsinx – ∫ sindx + ∫ sinxdx +c

= log(x + 1) ⇒=
∫ dy ∫ n(x + 1)dx
dx ∴ xy = xsinx + c
 dn(x + 1)  π
∫ dy = log(x + 1) ∫ 1dx – ∫  dx ∫ 1.dx  dx y  = 1
2
x π π
y = xlog(x + 1) – = +c ⇒c=0
∫ x + 1dx + c 2 2

= xlog(x + 1) – x + log(x+1) + c ∴ y = sinx + 0

Or y = (x + 1) log(x+1) – x + c ∴ y = sinx

y(0) = 4 dy dy
Sol 26: y2 + x2 dx = xy
∴4=c dx
∴ y = (x + 1) log(x + 1) – x + 4 y
2

 
dy y2 x
Sol 24: y’ + 2y2 = 0 =
∴ =
dx xy − x 2 y
dy   − 1
= –2y 2 x
dx Let y = vx
1
∴∫– dy = ∫ dx dy dv
2y 2 ∴ = v+x
dx dx
1 1 1 dv v2 dv v2 v
⇒–  – = x + c or =x+c ∴v+ x = or x = –v =
2 y  2y dx v −1 dx v − 1 v −1

π v −1 dx
y(0) = ∴∫ dv = ∫
2 v x
y y  y y 
⇒ v – logv = logx + c or – –log
nn    = logx + c
x x  x x 
 2 4 . 4 6 | Differential Equations

when x = 1, y = 1 1 dt 1 11
2∫ t
∴y= = log
nt +t c+ c or y = logn(x22++4x
n(x 4x++9)9)++cc
1 – log1 = log1 + c or c = 1 2 22
yy for x = 0, y = 0
∴= log
= nn
| y| y| +| 1+1
xx 1
∴c=– log9
or y = xlog(ey) 2
22
1 1 (x(x + +4x4x+ +9)9)
∴y= log
nn
22 99
Sol 27: (1 + sin2x)dy + (1 + y2)cosxdx = 0
1
dy cos x Or y = log(x2 + 4x + 9) – log3
⇒∫ = –∫ dx 2
1 + y2 1 + sin2 x

tan–1y = –
dt
(Putting sinx = t) Exercise 2
∫ 1 + t2
∴ cosxdx = dt Single Correct Choice Type

∴ tan–1y = – tan–1sinx + c
Sol 1: (A) y’ + y φ’(x) – φ(x) φ’(x) = 0
π
At x = , y = 0 This is a linear equation
4
φ(x)
I. F. = e∫
φ '(x)dx
π =e
∴ c = tan 1 = –1
4 ∴ ∫ d(eφ(x) .y) φ(x)
= ∫ e φ(x)φ '(x)dx
π
∴ tan–1sinx + tan–1y = ∴ eφ(x)y = tet – ∫ et tdx
4
Let φ(x) = t
Sol 28: xydy = (y + 5)dx
φ’(x)dx = dt
 y  1 t
⇒   dy = dx
eφ(x)y = tet – ∫ e dt +c= tet – et + c = (φ(x) – 1)eφ(x) + c
 y + 5 x
∴ y = (φ(x) –1) + ce–φ(x)
 5  or y = ce– φ(x) + φ(x) – 1
⇒ ∫ 1 −  dy = logx + c
 y +5
dy
Sol 2: (A) y +x =c ⇒ ∫ ydy
= ∫ (c − x)dx
⇒ y – 5log(y + 5) = logx + c dx
since for x = 5, y = 0 y2 x2 x2 y2
= cx – ⇒ – cx + =0
⇒ 0 – 5log5 = log5 + c ⇒ c = –6log5 2 2 2 2
∴ y = 5log(y + 5) + logx – 6log5 ⇒ x2 – 2cx + y2 = 0 or (x – c)2 + y2 = c2
 y +5 x ∴ Circle with centre at (c, 0) and radius c.
y = 5log   + log  
 5  5
Sol 3: (C) Parabola equation y2 = 4ax
or y – 5 log | y + 5 | = log |x| – 6 log 5
dy
∴ 2y = 4a
dx
2
Sol 29: (x + 2)dx = (x2 + 4x + 9)dy  dy  d2 y
or   +y 2 =0
 dx  dx
(x + 2) 1 2x + 4
∴ dy = ∫ (x2 + 4x + 9) dx ⇒y=
2 ∫ (x2 + 4x + 9)
dx
dy (1 + y 2 )
Sol 4: (B)=
xy (1 + x + x2 )
Put x2 + 4x + 9 = t dx (1 + x )
2

∴(2x + 4)dx = dt y (1 + x2 ) + x
⇒∫ dy = ∫ dx
1 + y2 (1 + x2 )x
 M a them a ti cs | 24.47

1 1 1 y2 x2
⇒ log(1 + y 2 )= ∫ dx + ∫ dx ⇒ = –y x– +c
2 x 1 + x2 2 2
1 ⇒(y – 1)2 + (x – 1)2 – 2 = 2c
⇒ log(1 + y 2 ) = log x + tan−1 x + c
2
∴(y – 1)2 + (x – 1)2 = 2 + 2c
For x = 1, y = 0
π at x = 5, y = 4
∴ c = –tan–11 = –
4 23
∴42 + 32 = 2 + 2c or c =
π 2
or log(1 + y2) = 2logx + 2tan–1x –
2 ∴(y – 1)2 + (x – 1)2 = (5)2
2
(1 + y ) π
or log = 2tan–1x – This is circle with centre (1, 1) and radius 5.
x 2 2

dy
Sol 5: (D) y = 1 + cosx Sol 8: (B) X-intercept of normal = y +x =x+1
dx
y = 1 + sinx dy y2
∴y =1; ⇒ = x + c ⇒ y2 = 2(x + c)
using option we can see that dx 2
∴ This curve pass through origin
y = 1 + cosx + sinx is satisfying the equation
dy So c = 0
= cos x − sinx
dx ∴ y2 = 2x

d2 y d2 y ∴ Latus rectum = 2
= –sinx – cosx∴ +y=1
dx2 dx2
dy
Sol 9: (A) 2x2y + 2xy2 = tan[(xy)2]
dy dx
Sol 6: (B) (x + 2y3) =y
dx Put xy = t
dy dy
x + 2y 3 y
= dy dt
dx dx ∴x +y =
dx dx
⇒ ydx – xdy = 2y3dy
 dy  dt
∴ 2xy  x + y  = tanx2y2 or 2t = tant2
ydx − xdy  dx  dx
⇒ = 2ydy
y2 2t
x ∴∫ dt = ∫ dx
∴ = y2 + c tant2
y
Put t2 = u
Sol 7: (B) Equation of normal at P(x, y) 2tdt = du
dx du
(Y – y) = – (X – x) ∴∫ =x+c
dy tanu
dy or logsinu = x + c or logsinxy = x + c
OA = x-intercept = x + y
dx
dx π
OB = y-intercept = y + x for x = 1, y =
dy 2
dy π
1+ ∴ logsin = c + 1; c = –1
1 1 dx = 1 2
∴ + 1 or
=
dy dx dy ∴ sin(xy)2 = ex–1
x+y y+x y +x
dx dy dx

dy
⇒(y – 1) = (1 – x)or ∫ (y − 1)dy =∫ (1 − x)dx
dx
2 4 . 4 8 | Differential Equations

dm Sol 13: (D) (A) order 2 degree 1

Sol 10: (C) = cm
dt (B) y2 = (x – xy – (sinx)y1)2
∴ logm = c1t + c2
∴ order 2 degree 1
at t = 0, m = maximum = M
(C) y1 + y = (x + 1)2
∴ logm = c2
∴ Order 1 degree 1
M
at t = 1 hr, moisture content remains
2 dy xy + y
Sol 14: (C) =
M dx xy + x
∴ log = c1 + c2
2
dy y  x + 1 
M ∴ =  
∴ log – logM = c1 dx x  y + 1 
2
1 (y + 1) (x + 1)
∴ c1 = log ∫ y
dy = ∫
x
dx
2
After t = x hr moisture content remains y + logy = x + logx + c
∴
0.1M ⇒ logyey = logxeyA [ c = logA]
100 – 9Sol.9 99 = 0. 1% =
100 ∴ yey = Axex or y = Axex–y
0.1M
∴ log =xc1 + c2
100 Sol 15: (B) Degree is 2
0.1M 1
∴ log – logm = xc1 = xn
100 2 Sol 16: (C) y2 = 4xa
0.1 dy
log ∴ 2y = 4a
100 dx
∴x= ≈ 96 ≈ 10 hr
1 dy dy
log
2 ∴ y2 = 2y x or y = 2x
dx dx
 x  –y 2 ∴ Order 1 degree 1
Sol 11: (D) Considering option taking φ   =
y x2 dx 1 d2 x 1
2 or = y or =
dy y –y dy 2a dy 2 2a
= –
dx x x2
dv
y = vx ⇒v + x = v – v2
dx
dv
= – v2 ⇒
1 1 Previous Years’ Questions
⇒ x
dx ∫ – v 2 dv = ∫ x dx
1 Sol 1: (C) Given,y = (c1 + c2)cos(x + c1) –
⇒ = logx + c
v
dy  d2 y  dy 2 
 
x x y
= y 2 +   x  … (i)
or = logcx
ncx or y = dx dx
y logcx  dx 
  
2
dy d2 y  dy 
⇒ y=(c1 + c2)cos(x + c3) – c ex.=
y xy +x 
Sol 12: (C) In 10 min. total litres run into tank = 50 × dx dx 2
 dx 
10 = 500 lt 2
d2 y  dy  dy
In 100 litres there is 20 gm salt Now, let c1 + c2 = A, c3 = B,c4 xy +x  −y 0 =c
=
dx 2 dx
  dx
20 × 500
∴ in 500 litres we have = 100 gm = 0. 1 kg ⇒ y = Acos(x + B) – cex … (ii)
100
Initially we have 10 kg of salt
dy
∴ Total salt after 10 minutes = 10 + 0. 1 = 10.1 kg On differential w.r.t. x, we get x  … (iii)
dx
 M a them a ti cs | 24.49

Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy

∴ IF = = e–t + log(1 + t)
2
d y dy dy dx
x + 1. + 1. = –Acos(x + B) – cex  … (iv)
dx 2 dx dx = e–t.(1 + t)
d2 y
dy Required solution is
⇒ x +2 … (v)
dx dx 
2
dy
ye–1(1 + t) = (1 + t)dt + c
 xy =Aex + Be− x + x2  dx
⇒  
⇒ Aex + Be− x =
xy – x2  d2 y dy dy
= − =
dx 2 dx dx
Again differenting w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ ye–t(1 + t) = –e–t + c
dy  dy  Since, y(0) = –1
=c.2(x2 + y 2 )  2x + 2y   … (vi)
dx  dx  ⇒–1 e0(1 + 0) = –e0 + c
d3 y dy d2 y c = 0;
⇒ + = + y [from Eq. (v)]
dx3 dx dx2 −1
Putting t = 1, we get y (1) =
2
Which is a differential equation of order 3
dy − cos x(y + 1)
Sol 4: (A) Given, =
Sol 2: (C) (a) y = 2 dx 2 + sinx

dy − cos x
 dy  ⇒ = − dx
⇒ x−y  y + 1 2 + sinx
 dx 
On integrating both sides
On putting in equation, (i),
02 – x(0) + y = 0 ⇒ log(y + 1) =− log (2 + sin x) + log c,

⇒ y = 0 which is not satisfied. When, x = 0, y = 1 ⇒ c = 4

4
 dy  ⇒ y +1=
(b) y = 2x ⇒  2x + 2y  2 + sin x
 dx 
π 4
∴ y  = −1
on putting equation (i),
2 3
(2)2 – x . 2 + y = 0 π 1
⇒ y  =
⇒ 4 – 2x + y = 0 2 3
⇒ y = 2x – 4 which is not satisfied.
dy
(c) y = 2x2 – 4 Sol 5: (A) x = y(log y − log x + 1)
dx
dy
dx dy  y   y 
=
∴    log + 1 
dx  x   x 
On putting in equation (i),
y dy dt
(4x)2 – x . 4x + y = 0 Put = t ⇒ y = xt ⇒ t x
=+
x dx dx
⇒ y = 0 which is not satisfied. ∴ t log dx =
x dt
Therefore, C is the answer. dt dx
⇒ =
t log t x
dy
Sol 3: (A) Given, and y(0) = –1
dx ⇒ log log t =
log x + log c
Which represents linear differential equation of first y
order ⇒ log   =
cx
x
2 4 . 5 0 | Differential Equations

Sol 6: Given, liquid evaporates at a rate proportional to dy d2 y dy

its surface are. ⇒ =± +x +y=
0
dx dx 2 dx
B
⇒ ∝ –S … (i) dy asin(logx) bcos(logx)
x =
⇒ + = ±x + c
dx x x
d2 y dy
We know, volume of cone = +x Put y = sinq
dx 2 dx
dy
⇒ dy = cosqdq ∴x = ±x + c
dx
d2 y dy acos(logx) b sin(logx)
R ⇒x 1.
+= – − = ±x + c
dx 2 dx x x

Again put cosθ = t ⇒ –sinqdθ = dt

t2
–∫ dt = ±x + c
H 1 + t2
d2 y dy
h ∴– x2 +x = ±x + c
 dx 2 dx

d2 y dy
⇒ t – log x2 +x = ±x + c
dx 2 dx
and surface area = pr2
d2 y dy
1 ⇒ x2 +x =±x + c
or V = πr 2h and S = pr2 … (ii) dx 2 dx
3
dy d2 y dy dy
where tanθ = and x + 1. + =tanθ  … (iii) Sol 8: (C) y(1 + xy) dx = xdy ⇒ ydx – xdy + xy2dx = 0
dx dx 2 dx dx
x x x2
From equation (ii) and (iii), we get y 2d   + xy 2dx =
0 ⇒ + c 
= … (i)
y y y
1 3 Since, (1,-1) satisfies the above equation
V= πr cot θ and S = pr2  … (iv)
3 1 1
−1 + =c ⇒ c =−
2 2
On substituting equation (iv) in equation (i), we get
1
Put in (i) x = −
1 dr 2
cot θ3r 2 = –kpr2 1 1
3 dt −
2 + 4 =− 1 ⇒ −1 =−1 − 1
T
d2 y dy y 2 2 2y 2 8
⇒ cotθ x2
dx2
+x
dx
−y=0 = –k ∫ dt
0 1 5 4
⇒ = ; ⇒ y=
⇒ cotq(0 – R) = –k(T – 0) 2y 8 5

⇒ Rcosθ = kT Sol 9: (C)

⇒ H = kT [from Equation (iii)]
dy y
+ = 2 at x = 1; y =0
+ 1 log  x2 + 1 − x 
⇒ T = y. x=
2
dx xlogx
 
1 log(logx)
dy=I.F ∫ = dx e= logx
∴ Required time after which the cone is empty, T = e xlogx
dx
⇒ y(logx) = ∫ 2(logx)dx
dy
Sol 7: Since, the length of tangent = =1
dx ⇒ y(logx)= 2[xlog− x] + c
x − x2 + 1 dy At x=1, c=2 x=e
⇒ =1 ∴
2
x +1 − x dx
y = 2(e – e) + 2 ⇒ y = 2
 M a them a ti cs | 24.51

Sol 10: (A) Sol 13: (D) y = c1e

c2 x
 … (i)
y = sec (tan-1 x)
c2 x
Let tan-1 x = q y ' = c2c1e

x = tan q y’ = c2y  … (ii)

y “ = c2y ‘
From (ii)
2
1+x x y'
c2 =
y
( y ')
2

So, y " = ⇒ yy " = (y')2
1 y

⇒ y = sec q Sol 14: (D) Y = vx

⇒=
y 1 + x2 dy dy
= v+x
dx dx
dy 1
⇒ = .2x dv
dx 2 1 + x2 v+x 1+v
=
dx
At x = 1 dx
⇒ dv =
dy 1 x
Therefore, =
dx 2 v logx + c
∴=
y
⇒ = logx + c
Sol 11: (C) x
 
  Since, y (i) = 1, we have
d  dy  d  1  1 d  dy 
  = = −
2 dy  dx 
y = x log x + x
dy  dx  dy   dy    dy   
   
dx  
   dx 
 dy 
−2
1 d  dy   d2 y   dy −3 JEE Advanced/Boards
=−    = −  
 dx   dy  dx  dx   dx2   dx 
 
  Exercise 1
 dx 

dy x2 + xy
Sol 12: (D) cos x dy = y(sin x – y) dx Sol 1: (i) =
dx x2 + y 2
dy y
= y tanx − y 2 (secx) 1+
dx dy x
=
1 dy 1 dx y
2
− tanx = − secx 1+ 
y 2 dx y x

1 1 dy dt y
Let =t ⇒ − = Put =v
y y 2 dx dx x
dy dt dv 1 + v
− − t (tanx) =
− sec x ⇒ + (tanx)t =
sec x ∴v+x =
dx dx dx 1 + v 2

∫ tan x dx dv 1 − v 3 (1 + v 2 ) dx
=I.F. e= sec x ∴x =
dx 1 + v 2
⇒ ∫ (1 − v3 ) dv = ∫ x
Solution is t ( I.F ) = ∫ ( I.F ) sec x dx
1  1  –3v 2
1 ⇒∫ dv +  –  ∫ dv = logx
sec
= x tan x + c (1 − v 3 )  3  (1 − v 3 )
y
2 4 . 5 2 | Differential Equations

1  1 v+2  1 3 dt
⇒– log(1 – v 4 ) – ∫ logx + c
3 ∫  (1 − v) (v 2 + v + 1) 
⇒  + dv 4 2 (1 − t2 )

1 3 1 1 + t 
– 1 log(1 –= ⇒– log(1 – v4) – × log   = logx + c
v 3 ) logx + c 4 2 2 1 − t 
3

1 3  x2 + y 2 
1 1  2v + 1 + 3  – log(x4 – y4) + logx – n   = logx + c
= – log(1 – v) + ∫   dv 4 4  x2 − y 2 
3 6  v2 + v + 1 
3/ 4
 x2 + y 2 
1 ∴ log   log(x4 – y4)1/4 = logc
= log(x3 – y 3 ) – logx + logx  x2 − y 2 
 
3
Or (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2)–1/2 = c
1 3 dv Or (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)c
– log(1 – v) ∫
3 6 2 2
 1  3
 v +  +   Sol 2: Projection of ordinate on normal
 2   2 
ycosq
1 1 1
= log(x3 − y 3 ) + log(x − y) – logx + c ycosθ = x
p(x, y)
3 3 3  1 x 

v+  cosθ =
1 1 1 2  2 y
⇒ log(y2 + xy + x2) – logx + × tan–1  
6 3 2 3 3
 
 2 

1 1 1
= log(x3 – y3) + log(x – y) – logx + c
3 3 3 x2 y 2 – x2
1 – sin2θ = ⇒ sinθ =
y2 y2
1 −1 (2y + x)
⇒ tan
3 3x dy y 2 − x2 y
2
∴ tanθ
= = =   –1
= log(x3 – y3)1/3 (x – y)1/3 (y2 + xy + x2)–1/6 + c dx x x
1  2y + x  y = vx
tan−1  
∴(x – y)2/3 (y2 + xy + x2)1/6 = e 3  3x 
dv
v + x= v2 − 1
2 dx
y
1 − 3  1
(ii)
dy
= x ∴ ∫ dv = logx + c
dx  y 3 y v2 − 1 – v
  – 3   2 
x x ⇒ – ∫  v – 1 + v  dv = logx + c
y  
Put =v
x v2
v 2 − 1dv = logx + c
2 ∫
⇒– –
dv 1 − 3v 2
v+ x =
dx v 3 – 3v v2  v 2 1 
⇒– – v − 1 – log[v + v 2 − 1 
2 2 2 
dv 1 – v 4
or x = = logx + c
dx v 3 − 3v
y 2 ± y y 2 − x2  c2 
3
v − 3v dx ⇒ = log   y ± y 2 – x2  .  + c
∴∫ dv = ∫   x3
4 x
x2   
1−v

 1  –4v 3 v
⇒– ∫ dv – 3 ∫ dv = logx + c
 4  1−v 4
1 − v4
 M a them a ti cs | 24.53

y
0+ Sol 5: y3 dy + x + y2 = 0
Sol 3: ∴ 2tanθ = – x dx
y da dy
1 + 0× y2 + x = a ∴= 2y +1
x dx dx
dy y
or tanθ = =+ dy da
dx 2x 2
y2 da
⇒ 2y3 dx + y = dx = (a – x) dx
∴ 2logy = logx + c
da
∴ y2 = cx ∴ x + (a – x) =0
dx
∴ This is a parabola
da x 1 ∴ a = vx
= =
dx x − a a
Sol 4: Equation of tangent 1−
x
(Y – y) dv 1 (1 − v)
v+x = = ∫ (v 2 − v + 1)dv = logx + c
p(x, y) dx 1−v
dy 
= (X – x) 1
dx (–v)

= ∫ 2 2
dv +
∫ (v 2 − v + 1) dv = logx + c
 1  3
dy dy  v −  +  
⇒ X –Y+y–x 0
=  2   2 
dx dx
 1
Distance from origin v − 
2 2
dy = tan−1  1
– log(v 2 − v + 1)
y−x 3  3 2
dx dy  
⇒ = x or y2 – 2xy  2 
 dy 
2 dx  
1+ 
 dx  v−
1
1 2 = logx + c
2 – tan–1
  dy 2   dy  3 3
= 1 +    x2 – x2  dx 
  dx     2
 
1 a
dy y 2 – x2 1y x ⇒ log | x2 + a2 | – tan−1   =
c
or = =  –  2 x
dx 2xy 2 x y 
Where a = x + y2
y dv 1 1
= v or v + x = v −   y y y
x dx 2 v cos + sin 
dy y  x x x
Sol 6: = 
dv v 1 1 dx dx x  y y y
x
dx
=– –
2 2v
or ∫ 1 v +1 2
dv = ∫ x  x
sin – cos
x x 
–  
2  v  y
Put = v
x
 2v 
= – ∫ 2  dv = logx + c dv v cos v + v 3 sin v
 v +1 v+x =
dx v sin v − cos v
Or –log(v2 + 1) = logx + c or log(x2 + y2) + 2logx dv 2v cos v
or x =
= logx + c or logx – log(x + y ) = c
2 2 dx v sin v − cos v

for (1, 1) v sin v − cos v dx

or ∫ 2v cos v
dv = ∫ x
c = –log2
∴ log2x = log(x2 + y2) 1 1 
 ∫ tan vdv − ∫ dv  =
logx
nx + +
c c
or x2 + y2 – 2x = 0 2 v 
2 4 . 5 4 | Differential Equations

1 1 Y
log | sec v | – log v = logx + c or tan–1 – log X 2 + Y 2 = c
2 2 X
sec v c tan−1
y
log = logx2 + 2logc or x2 + y 2 = e x
v
 1
 y+ 
y c tan−1  2 
2 2
sec  1  1  x+ 1 
x = logc2 or xycos y = c
 
or log or x +  + y +  = e  2
y 2 x  2  2
×x
x
dy x + 2y − 3
Sol 9: =
Sol 7: Equation of tangent dx 2x + y – 3
dy dy x=X+h
y– x +x –y=0
dx dx
y=Y+k
dy
Intercept at y-axis ⇒ Y = y – x ∴ h + 2k – 3 =0
dx
2h + k – 3 = 0
2
dy  dy 
∴y– x = x2 + x2   ∴ h = 1, k = 1
dx  dx 
∴ x = X + 1, y = Y + 1
dy dy y 2 − x2 dY X + 2Y
or y2 – 2xy = x2 or = =
dx dx 2xy dX 2X + Y
Y = vX
⇒ x2 + y2 = cx
dv 1 + 2v
V+X =
Sol 8: (x – y)dy=(x + y + 1)dx dx 2+v

dv 1 − v 2  2+v 
dy x + y + 1
=
or X
dx
=
2+v
or ∫  1 − v 2  dv = logX + c
dx x−y
Put x = X + h 1+v  1
log +  –  log(1 – v2) = logcX
y=Y+k
1−v  2

X+Y+h+k+1 X+Y 1
or log – log(X2 – Y2) + logX = logX + c
X–Y+h–k X–Y 2

∴ h + k+1 = 0 X+Y 1 
or log  ×  =c
X−Y 
h–k=0  X − Y2
2

1 dy X + Y
⇒h=k=– ∴ = ∴ X + Y = (X − Y)3/2 C
2 dx X – Y
Y or X + Y = (X – Y)3 C
Put =v
X
(X + Y – 2) = c(X – Y)3
dv 1+v
∴v+X = or (X + Y – 2) = c(Y – X)3
dx 1−v
dv 1 + v2  1−v 
or X = or ∫   dv = logX + c dy y − x + 1
dX 1−v  1 + v2  Sol 10: =
dx y + x + 5
1
⇒ tan–1v – log(1 + v2) = logX + c x = X + h, y = Y + k
2
h+k+5=0
Y 1  Y2 
⇒ tan–1 – log  1 +  = logX + c k–h+1=0
X 2  X 2 

 M a them a ti cs | 24.55

∴ k = –3 dy 2(y + 2)2
Sol 12: =
h = –2 dx (x + y – 1)2
dy Y − X
∴ = x = X + h y=Y+k
dx Y + X
k + 2 = 0 ∴ k = –2
Put y = vX
h + k – 1 = 0 and h = 3
dv v −1
∴v+X = 2
dX v +1 Y
2 
dY 2Y 2 X
dv –1 − v 2 (1 + v 2 ) =
∴ =
X
= = – dX (X + Y)2  2
dx 1+v 1+v Y
 1 + 
 X
(1 + v) dX Y
or – ∫ dv = ∫ Putting =v
1+v 2 X X
1 dv 2v 2
⇒ –tan–1v – log(1 + v2) = logX + c v+X =
2 dx (1 + v)2
Y
⇒ –tan–1 X – log (X 2 + Y 2 ) = c dv 2v 2 – v(1 + v 2 + 2v) v(1 + v 2 )
∴X = =–
y +3 dx (1 + v)2
(1 + v)2
∴ tan–1 x + 2 + logc (x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 0
(1 + v)2
or ∫ – v(1 + v 2 ) dv = logX + c
dy x + y +1
Sol 11: =
dx 2(x + y) + 3 1 + v 2 + 2v
–∫ dv = logX + c
v(1 + v 2 )
x+y=v
dy dv 1 2 
1+ = ⇒ – ∫  + dv = logX + c
2 
dx dx  v (1 + v ) 
dv v +1
∴ –1 = 1 2 
dx 2v + 3 – ∫  +  dv = logX + c
2 
 v (1 + v ) 
dv 3v + y 2v + 3
=
dx 2v + 3
⇒ ∫ 3v + 4 dv = ∫ dx ⇒ –logv – 2tan–1v = logX + c

2 1 Y
 (3v + 4) +  ∴ logY + 2tan–1 X = C
3 3  dv
or ∫  =x+c
 3v + 4  Y y +2
  –2 tan−1 –2 tan−1
  or Y = ce X or (y + 2) = ce x −3

2 1  4
v + log  v +  = x + c
3 9  3 Sol 13: Equation of tangent
2 1 dy dy
or (x + y) + log(3(x + y) + 4) = x + c Y–y= X –x
3 9 dx dx
Equation of normal
1  4 x 2
or log  x + y +=  – y+c
9 3  3 3 dx
 Y–y=–
dy
(X − x) dy
y−x
 4 dx
log  x + y +  = 3(x – 2y) + logc Distance of tangent from origin =
 3  dx 
2
1+ 
4  dy 
or x + y + = ce3(x −2y)
3
2 4 . 5 6 | Differential Equations

dx 1
x +y ∴ y0 + =0
dy 2
Distance of normal from origin =
2 1
 dy  y0 = –
1+  2
 dx 
dy  dx  dy Sol 15: y’ + 2ty = t2
∴y–x = ±x + y
dx  dy  dx 2
I. F. = e∫
2tdt
= et
dy  dy 
∴y–x = ±x + y  2 2
dx  dx  ∴ et y = ∫ t2et dt

dy y − x dy y+x y+x 1 2 t2
or = = or –=
  ∴y= ∫t e dt
dx y + x dx y−x x−y t2
e
2
Put y = vx y 1 2 t2 t 2 et
lim = lim
t →∞ t t →∞ 2 ∫t e dt = lim
t →∞ 2 2
dv dv  v +1 tet et + 2t2et
v −1
v+x = or v + x = – 
dx v +1 dx  v −1  t2 1 1
= lim = lim =
dv 1–v dv 2
(v + 1) 2 t →∞ 1 + 2t 2 t →∞ 1 2
x =– x =– +2
dx v +1 dx v −1 t2

(v + 1) dy x 1
or = logx + c Sol 16: + y=
∫ – (1 + v 2 ) dv dx 1 + x2 2x(1 + x2 )
x 1
(v – 1) ∫ dx n(1 + x2 )
or ∫– dv = logx + c I. F. = e 1 + x2 = e2 = 1 + x2
2
(v + 1)
1 1
⇒ – log(1 + v 2 ) ± tan–1v = logx + c ∴  1 + x2  y =
∫ dx
2   2x 1 + x2
y ⇒ Put x = tanq
– log (x2 + y 2 ) ± tan−1 logc
=
x
sec2 θdθ
or
± tan−1
y ⇒ dx = sec2qdθ = ∫ 2 tan θ sec θ
x2 + y 2 = ce x

1 1 1 1 − cos θ
= = = log
2∫
cosec θd θ log | cosec θ − cot θ |
dy 2 2 sin θ
Sol 14: – y = 1 – e–x
dx
1 θ
= logtan   + c
If = e∫
–1dx
= e− x 2 2

∫ (e )
x
(e–xy) = – e–2x dx
=  1 + x2  y 1 logtan  1 tan−1 x  + c 
∴      
1 –2x   2  2  
e–xy = –e–x + e +c
2
dy 2x x
for x = 0 Sol 17: + y=
dx (1 – x )
2
(1 – x2 )1/2
1
y0 = –1 + +c 2x
2 ∫ dx
1 − x2 – log(1–x 2) 1
1 I. F. = e = e =
∴ c = y0 + (1 − x2 )
2
 1  x
∴ y=∫ dx
1 –x 2 
∴ y = –1 + e + cex 1 − x  (1 − x2 )3/2
2
For x → ∞ and y to be finite  1 –2x  1  dt
= – ∫ dx =  –  ∫ 3/2
c=0  2  (1 − x )
2 3/2
 2 t
 M a them a ti cs | 24.57

Put1 – x2 = t (ii) x-interupt because of tangent

–2xdx = dt
Y
 1 1 1 1
= –  × = +c
 2–1 t 1/2
1 − x2
 
 2
P(x, y)
y= 1 − x2 + c(1 – x2)

y
Sol 18: (i) Equation of tangent
X
dy
(Y – y) = (X − x)
dx tangent
y-intercept dx
=x– y
Y dy

1  dx 
∴A= × y ×x − y  =2
2  dy 
curve
dx
tangent xy – y2 dy = 4
P(x, y)
dx x 4
or – + 0
=
dy y y 2

X dx x –4
X or – =
cordinate dy y y 2
dy 1
⇒Y=y–x ∫ – y dy 1
dx I. F. = e =
y
1  dy  1
∴ A= x  y + y − x  = x2 1  4 –4y −2
2  dx  2  .x  = ∫ – 3 dy = +c
y  y –2
dy
or y + y – x =x x 2
dx = +c
y y2
dy
x – 2y + x = 0
dx 2
x= + cy
dy 2 y
or – y = –1
dx x
For x = 2, y = 1
2
∫ – dx –2log x 1 ∴2=2+c×1⇒c=0
I. F. = e x = e =
x2 ∴ xy = 2
1 1
1
y= ∫ – dx= +c
x 2
x 2 x dy
Sol 19: x(x – 1) – (x – 2)y = x3(2x – 1)
dx
∴ y = x + cx2
dy (x − 2) x2 (2x − 1)
– y=
dx (x − 1)x (x − 1)
(x −2) 1 1  1 1 1
–∫ dx –∫  − dx –∫  − + dx
(x −1)x  x x(x −1)   x x −1 x 
I. F. = e = e = e
2 1 
–∫  − dx
−[2log x–log(x −1)] x −1
= e  x x −1  = e =
x2
2 4 . 5 8 | Differential Equations

(x − 1) −x
dx –  – sinxe− x + ∫ cos xe− x dx 
∴
2
y = ∫ (2x – 1)dx = ∫ cos xe  
x
e–xy = sinxe–x + c
(x − 1)y
∴ = x2 – x + c ∴ y = sinx + ce+x
x2
As x → ∞
y(x – 1) = x2(x2 – x + c)
∴ y → sinx
∴ y = sinx
Exercise 2
 π
∴ y = f(x) is increasing in  0, 
Single Correct Choice Type  2
dy
dy y y Sol 3: (C) 2x4y + y4 = 4x6
Sol 1: (A) = – cos2   dx
dx x x
dy 4x6 – y 4
Let y = vx =
dx 2x 4 y
dy dv
∴ = v+x y = um
dx dx
dv dy du
∴v+x = v – cos2v = mum−1
dx dx dx
2 1 du 4x6 – u4m
or ∫ sec vdv = ∫ – dx ⇒ tanv = –logx + c ∴ mum–1 =
x dx 2x 4um
y
or tan = – logx + c u=x
x
 π dx 4x6 – x 4m x6 (4 – x 4m−6 )
∴ This curve is passing through  1,  ∴ mxm–1 dx = =
 4 2x 4 xm 2x 4 +m
π ∴6 = 4 + 2m – 1
∴ tan = c ⇒ c = 1
4
3
∴ y = xtan–1(1 – logx) ∴m=
2
 e
or y = xtan–1  log  dy 1 1
 x Sol 4: (A) x2 cos – ysin = –1
dx x x
dy 1 1
Sol 2: (B) – y = cosx – sinx tan   – sec
dx dy  x x
∴ – y=
dx 2
(x ) 2
(x )
I. F. = e∫
–1dx
= e− x
1
tan 
–x −x
∴ ∫ d(e
= y) ∫ (cos x − sinx)e dx x
∫ – 2 dx
∴ I. F. = e
x

e–xy = – cosxe–x – ∫ (– sinx)(–e− x )dx – ∫ sinxe− x dx 1

Put =t
x
= –cosxe–x – 2 ∫ sinxe− x dx = –cosxe–x – 2
1
⇒– dx = dt
 – sinxe− x + cos xe− x dx 
 ∫  x2
1
∴I. F. = e∫
tantdt nsec t
−x = e = sect = sec
= –cosxe + 2sinxe – 2 ∫ cos xe dx
–x –x
x
21
sec
Also  1  x dx
∴ ∫ d  sec y  = – ∫
 x  x2
−x
e–xy = ∫ cos xe dx – ∫ sinxe− x dx
 M a them a ti cs | 24.59

1 2 1  dy 
2
⇒ sec y = + ∫ sec tdt Put =t
  = 4c (x – c) = 4cy
2 2
x x
 dx 
1
– = dx = dt (y ')2
x 2 ∴c=
4y
1 1 1
sec y = tan + ccos 2
x x x (y ')2  (y ')2 
∴y= x − 
at x → ∞, y → –1 4y  4y 

–1 = 0 + c ∴ = –1  (y ')3 
2

4y =  x(y ') −
2

1 1  4y 
∴ y = sin – cos 
x x
∴ Degree = 3
Sol 5: (A) P(x, y) Order = 1
dx
Equation of nor mal (Y – y) = – (X – x) d2 y  dy 
2
 d2 y 
dy Sol 7: (D) + 3   = xlog  
dx2  dx   dx2 
dy  
∴ x-axis intercept = x + y
dx This equation is not a polynomial equation in y’, y”
|r|
=r x2 + y 2 , r = xi + yj so degree of such a differential equation cannot be
determined.
 dy 
∴ xx + y  = 2(x + y ) [given]
2 2

 dx  Sol 8: (C) y2 = 4a(x + a)

dy dy
∴ xy = x2 + 2y2 2y = 4a
dx dx
dy dx
dy x 2y Change → –
or = + dx dy
dx y x
dx
Put y = vx ∴–2y = 4a
dy
dy dv
∴ = v+x dy 1
dx dx ∴∫ = ∫ – dx
y 2a
dv 1
∴v+x = + 2v x
dx v ⇒ logy = – +c
2a
dv  1 x –
x
or x = v +  or logcy = – or y = ce 2a
dx  v 2a

v dx 1 dy
∴∫ dv = ∫ or log(v 2 + 1) Sol 9: (D) = 4e4x − 2e− x
2
v +1 x 2 dx
=  nx + c d2 y d3 y
= 16e4x + 2e–x and = 64e4x– 2e–x
dx2 dx3
1
or log(x2 + y 2 ) = 2logx + c d3 y dy
2 − 13
3 dx 64e4x – 2e− x − 13(4e4x – 2e–x )
for x = 1, y = 0 ∴ dx =
y e4x + 2e− x
∴c=0
∴ x2 + y2 = (x2)2 = x4 12e4x + 24e− x
= = 12
4x + 2e–x
Sol 6: (C) y = c(x –c)2
dy
= 2c(x – c)
dx
2 4 . 6 0 | Differential Equations

y ⇒ (y – 0) = 2(x – 0)
f 
dy  1  x y = 2x
Sol 10: (B) –  y =  
dx  x  y dy
f '  Let dx for y = 2x
x

y dy x2 + 2x.2x + (2x)2 9

f  = =
∫ –
1
dx 1 1  1  x  dx x – 2x.2x + (2x)
2 2 5
I. F. e x = ∴ d  y  =
x  x  x f ' y  dy 9
  ∴If y = 2x cuts c1 or c2 =
x dx 5
y y ∴If y = 2x cuts c2 at b then also slope of tangent at B
f '  d 
x x 1
or ∫     = ∫ dx 9
will be equal to .
y x 5
f 
x
 dy 
y Sol 12: (C)  n   = 4x – 2y – 2
⇒ logf   = logx + c  dx 
x
y dy e4x
∴ f   = cx = e4x–2y –2 =
dx e2y e2
x
e4x 1 2y 1 e4x
dy 2
x + 2xy + y 2 ∴ ∫ e2y dy = ∫ e2 dx ⇒ e = dx
Sol 11: (B) = 2 4 e2
dx x2 – 2xy + 2y 2
For x = 1, y = 1
2
y y
1+2 +  e2 1 e4 1
dy x x = + c ⇒ c = e2
= 2 4e 2 4
dx 2y y
2
1− + 2  1 2y 1 4x–2 1 2
x x ∴= e e + e
2 4 4
Put y = vx
e4x
dv 1 + 2v + v 2 or 2e2y = + e2 or 2e2y+2 = e4x + e4
∴v+x = e 2
dx 1 − 2v + 2v 2
Multiple Correct Choice Type
dv 1 + 2v + v 2 − v + 2v 2 − 2v 3
x =
dx 1 − 2v + 2v 2
 dy  y
Sol 13: (B, C) x   = y log  
 dx  x
dv 1 + v + 3v 2 − 2v 3
⇒ x = dy y y
dx 1 − 2v + 2v 2 = log  
dx x x
(1 – 2v + 2v 2 ) dx Put y = vx
∴∫ dv = ∫
2
1 + v + 3v – 2v 3 x dv
∴v+x = vlogv
1  6v 2 – 6v – 1 + 4  dx
3 ∫  1 + v + 3v 2 – 2v 3 
  dv = logx
dv
∴x = v(log v – 1)
dx
1 4 dv 1dv 1
log(1 + v + 3v2 – 2v3) + ∫ = logx
3 3 (1 + v + 3v 2 − 2v 3 ) or ∫ V(log v − 1) = ∫ x dx
Rather than solving this integration we can solve this log(logv – 1) = logx + c y = xe. xecx
problem in another method
C = logc
Line joining origin and A(1, 2)
or logv – 1 = e  n(xc)
 (y − xf'(x))2 M a them a ti cs | 24.61
− 2
=
2f '(x)
Previous Years’ Questions ⇒ (y − xf'(x))2 + 4f '(x) =
0

0 
⇒ (y − px)2 + 4p = … (ii)
2 2
t f(x) − x f(t)
Sol 1: (A) Given that, lim =1
t−x Where p = f’(x) = dyldx.
t→x
Since, OQ > 0, y – xf’(x) > 0. Also, note that p = f’(x) < 0.
⇒ x2f '(x) − 2xf(x) + 1 = 0
1 We can write (ii) as y − px = 2 −p
⇒ x2f '(x) − cx2 +
3x ⇒ y = px + 2 −p  … (iii)
1
Since, f(1)= 1, 1= c + Differentiating (iii) with respect to x, we get
3
2 −1
⇒c= dy dp  1 dp
3 p = =+p x + 2   ( − p) 2 ( −1)
dx dx 2 dx
2 2 1
Hence, =f(x) x + −1
3 3x dp dp
⇒ x − ( − p) 2 =0
dx dx
−1
dy 1− y 2 dp
⇒ [x − ( − p) 2 ] =0
Sol 2: (C) Given that, = dx
dx y
y −1
⇒∫ dy = ∫ dx dp
⇒ 0 or x =
= ( − p) 2
1− y 2 dx
⇒ − 1− y 2 = x + c dp
If = 0, then p = c where c < 0 [ p < 0]
⇒ (x + c)2 + y 2 =
1 dx
Putting this value in (iii) we get
Here, centre is (‒c, 0); radius = c2 − c2 + 1 =
1
y = cx + 2 −c  … (iv)

Sol 3: Equation of tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point This curve will pass through (1, 1) if
(x, y) is
1 =c + 2 −c
Y – y = f’(x) (X - x)  … (i)
 y  ⇒ − c − 2 −c + 1 =0
The line (i) meets the x-axis at p  x − , 0
 f '(x)  ⇒ ( −c − = 1)2 0 or =−c 1
And the y-axis at Q(0, y – xf’(x)).
1 1 ⇒ y − c =1 or c = − 1
Area of ΔOPQ is (OP) (OQ) = x −  (y − xf'(x))
2 2 fPutting
'(x)  the value of c in (iv) we get
1 1 y  (y − xf'(x))2 y = -x + 2 or x + y = 2
(OP) (OQ) = x −  (y − xf'(x)) = −
2 2 f '(x)  2f '(x)
−1
y2
(y − xf'(x))
= − Next, putting x = ( − p) 2 x or –p = x-2 in (iii) we get
2f '(x)
−x  1 1
y = + 2  =
y = f(x) x 2
x x
Q (1, 1) ⇒ xy 1
= (x > 0, y > 0)
(x, y) Thus, the two required curves are x + y = 2 and xy = 1,
(x > 0, y > 0)
O P x

1 x3
Sol 4: + ∝ V for each reservoir
We are given that area of ΔOPQ = 2, therefore, ey 3
(y − xf'(x))2 dy 1  dv  dv
− 2
= =  − a  ∝ –VA ⇒ =–K1VA
2f '(x) dx b  dx  a + bf(v)
⇒ (y − xf'(x))2 + 4f '(x) =
0
2 4 . 6 2 | Differential Equations

(K1 is the proportional constant) 2t2dt

VA
' 1
⇒ ∫ (t + 2)(2t − 2)dt = h(x) – p(x).w(x) … (ii)
dVA
⇒ ∫ VA
= –K1 ∫ dt dy
+ p(x)w(x) = h(x) which is linear differential equation.
VA 0
dx
dy The integrating factor is given by
⇒ log = a2 = –K1t
dx dt
IF = = r(x)(let)
dx
 dt 
⇒  –1   … (i) On multiplying both sides of equation (ii) of r(x), we get
 dx 
dt
Similarly for B, r(x). ∫ 8cos t + 10 = ∫ dx + p(x)(r(x))w(x) = r(x).h(x)
dt a2 y
= +1  … (ii) ⇒ =r(r).h(x)
dx t2 x
On dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get xdy − ydx
x2
2 2
a +t y
Now, r(x) = > 0, ∀ x
t2 x
t2dt
It is given that at t = 0, VA = 2VB and at t = ∫ t2 + a2 , And h(x) = f(x) – g(x) > 0 for x > x1

3 Thus,
V'A = V'
2 B
dr
Thus,
dy ∫ r=
2 ∫ cos θ dθ , ∀ x > x 1

dx
r(x)w(x) increases on the interval [x, ⇒ ]
x +y −1
⇒  … (iii) Therefore, for all x > x1
x + y +1
r(x)w(x) > r(x1) w(x1) > 0
Now, let at t = t0 both the reservoirs have some quantity
∴
of water. Then, V'A = V'B [ r(x1) > 0 and u(x1) > v(x1)

⇒ w(x) > 0 ∀ x > x1

From equation (iii),
⇒ u(x) > ∀ (x)A x >x1
 dt 
 2t − 1  [
∴
r(x) > 0]
 dx 
t2 – 2 Hence, there cannot exist a point (x, y) such the x > x1
⇒ and y = u(x) and y = v(x)
t
t0 = log3/4(1/2)
Sol 6: Equation of normal at point (x, y) is

Sol 5: Let w(x) = u(x) – v(x) … (i) –1

Y – y = – = sin θ + c (X – x)
r
and h(x) = f(x) – g(x)
Distance of perpendicular from the origin to Eq. (i)
On differentiation equation (i) w.r.t. x
dy
2tdt t2 + t − 2 x+y 2 2
= = dx = 1 − x − y
dx t dy x2 + y 2
x −y
= {f(x) – p(x).u(x)} – {g(x) dx

– p(x)v(x)} (given) Also, distance between P and x-axis is |y|

= {f(x)–g(x)} – p(x)[u(x)–v(x)] xdx + ydy 1 − (x2 + y 2 )

∴ =
xdy − ydx x2 + y 2
 M a them a ti cs | 24.63

dx 2 dt Sol 7: Let X0 be initial population of the country and Y0

⇒ y2 + .x + 2xy ∫
dy be its initial food production.
1 − r2
Let the average consumption be a unit. Therefore, food
=y 2 x2 + y 2 required initially aX0. It is given

y 2 2 xdx + ydy yp = aX0  90  = 0.9aX0  … (i)

⇒ (x –y )+2xy =0  
x x2 + y 2  100 
ydr − xdy Let X be the population of the country in year t.
⇒
2
x dX
They, = rate of change of population
rdr r2 dt
⇒ or 3
r 2dθ r cos θ = X = 0.03 X
100
dr dX
But ∫ sec θ dθ =∫ ⇒ x = c, ⇒ dt
r X
where c is a constant. dX
⇒ ∫ X
= ∫ 0.03dt
Since, curve passes through (1, 1) we get the equation
of the curve as x = 1 ⇒ logX = 0.03t + c

dy f(x, y) ⇒ X = A.e0.03t when A = ec

The equation = is a homogeneous equation
dx g(x, y)
At t = 0, X = X0, thus X0 = A
dy f(x, y)
Put y = vx, ⇒ = ∴ X = X0e0.03t
dx g(x, y)
Let Y be the food productioninyear t.
dy
v+x t
dx Then Y = Y0  1 + 4 
 
dv  100 
⇒
dx = 0.9aX0(1.04)t
∴
dv dx f(x, y) Y0 = 0.9aX0 [from Eq. (i)]
= =– =
dx x g(x, y)
Food consumption in the year t is aX0e0.03t
dx dv
⇒ ∫ x
=∫
f(v) − v
Again, Y – X ≥ 0 (given)

⇒ 0.9X0a(1.04)t > aX0e0.03t

⇒ c1 – log(v2 + 1) = log|x|

⇒ log|x| (v2 + 1) = c1 (104)t 1 10

⇒ > =
e 0.03 t 0.9 9
r
y3
⇒ ∫ y dx = x Taking log on both sides, we get
c
2 3
x.3y y ' – y .1
⇒ x2 + y2 = ± x t[log(1.04)–0.03]log10–log9
x2
or x2 + y2 = ±ecx log10 − log9
⇒t≥
log(1.04) − 0.03
is passing through (1, 1)
Thus, the least integral values of the year n, when the
∴ 1 + 1 = ±ec.1 ⇒ ±ec = 2 country becomes self-sufficient, is the smallest integer
greater than or equal to
Hence, required curve is x2 + y2 = 2x
log10 − log9
log(1.04) − 0.03
2 4 . 6 4 | Differential Equations

Sol 8: from given integral equation f(0) = 0 Alternate solution

Also, differentiation the given integral equation w.r.t. x Given, f(x) = x3 + ex/2
f’(x) = f(x) 1 x/2
⇒ f’(x) = 3x2 + e
f '(x) 2
If f(x) ≠ 0 =1
f(x) 1
For x = 0, f(0) = 1, f’(0) = and g(x) = f–1(x)
2
⇒ logf(x) = x + C
Replacing x by f(x), we have
⇒ f(x) = ecex
g(f(x)) = x
∴
f(0) = 0 ⇒ eC = 0,
⇒ g’(f(x)).f’(x) = 1
a contradiction
Put x = 0, we get
∴ f(x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R 1
g’(1) = =2
⇒ f(log 5) = 0 f '(0)

Alternate Solution dy
Sol 10: + y.g’(x) = g(x)g’(x)
x dx
Givenf(x) = ∫ f(t)dt I.F. = e∫
g'(x) dx
= eg(x)
0

⇒ f(0) = 0 ∴ Solution is y(eg(x))

And f’(x) = f(x) = ∫ g(x).g'(x).eg(x)dx + C

It f(x) ≠ 0 Put g(x) = t, g’(x) = dx = dt

t
⇒
f '(x)
=1
y(eg(x))= ∫ t.e dt + C
f(x)
= t.et – ∫ 1.et + C
⇒ log f’(x) = x + C
= t.et – et + C
⇒ f(x) = e .e c x

∴ yeg(x) = (g(x) – 1)eg(x) + C  … (i)

f(0) = 0
Given, y(0) = 0, g(0) = g(2) = 0
⇒ ec = 0, a contradiction
∴ f(x) = 0 ∀ x ∈ R ∴ Equation (i) becomes

⇒ f(log 5) = 0 y(0).eg(0) = (g(0) – 1).eg(0) + C

⇒ 0 = (–1).1 + C ⇒ C = 1
Sol 9: given, g{f(x)} = x
∴ y(x).eg(x) = (g(x)–1)eg(x) + 1
⇒ g’{f(x)}f’(x) = 1 … (i)
⇒ y(2).eg(2)=(g(2)–1)eg(2)+1,
If f(x) = 1 ⇒ x = 0, f(0) = 1
Substitute x = 0 in eq. (1), we get ⇒ y(2).1 = (–1).1 + 1

1 y(2) = 0
g’(1) =
f '(0)
dx
Sol 11: (A, C) ( x + 2 ) + y ( x + 2 ) =
2
⇒ g’(1) = 2 y2 .
dy
( x + 2)
2
 1 
= 3x2 + ex/2 
 f '(x) dx x+2
2  =
⇒ +
  dy y 2 y
 1
⇒ f '(0) =
 2  1 dx 1 1
⇒ = +
dy y 2 y ( x + 2 )
( x + 2)
2
 M a them a ti cs | 24.65

1 dx 1 1 Sol 12: (B, C) Let centre of the circle is (a, a) and radius ‘r’
∴ − =
dy ( x + 2 ) y y 2
( x + 2)
2
Now equation of circle is (x ‒ a)2 + (y ‒ a)2 = r2
⇒ x2 + y2 ‒ 2ax – 2ay + 2a2 ‒ r2 = 0 … (i)
dt t 1
− − = Differentiation w.r.t. x we get
dy y y 2
X + yy1 – a – ay1 = 0 … (ii)
1 1 dx dt
∴ Put t, −
= = x + yy1
x+2
( x + 2 ) dy dy
2 ⇒a  … (iii)
1 + y1
1
dt t 1 ∫ dy Differentiation once again equation (ii) w.r.t. x we get
⇒ + =− I.F =e y = y
dy y y2 … (iv)
0
l + yy 2 + y12 − ay 2 =
 1  Using (iii) is (iv) we have
t.y =C + ∫ y  −  dy
 y2 
   x + yy1 
t.y= C − logy (1 + yy 2 )
+ y12 − 
 1 + y1 
 y 2 =
0
1
∴ .y = C − logy ⇒ 1 + (1 + y1 + y12 ) y1 + (y − x) y 2 =0
x+2
It passes (1, 3) ⇒ 1 = C + log 3 ⇒ C = 1 + log (3) Hence, p = y – x and Q = 1 + y1 + y12
y
1 + log3 − log y
=
x+2 dy x x 4 + 2x
Sol 13: (B) + y=
[A] option is correct. dx x2 − 1 1 − x2
For Option (C) This is a linear differential equation
x
( x + 2) =
2 1
y ∫ dx In|x2 −1|
I.F.
= e x2 −1 = e2 = 1 − x2
1 + log  
( x + 2) 3
⇒ solution is
3
x + 1 − log   x(x3 + 2)
y 1 − x2
y= ∫ . 1 − x2 dx
2
1−x
∴y =3e− x −1
x5
or y 1 − x2 = ∫ (x )
4
⇒ Intersect + 2x dx = + x2 + c
5
For Option (D)
f (0) = 0 ⇒ C =
0
 x+3 
( x + 3) ( )
2 2

− 1 =− log   x5
  ⇒ f(x) 1 − x2 = + x2
4+2  3 5
 
3 /2 3 /2
 x+3 2 x2
( x + 3) ( )
2
−1 Now, dx (Using property)
∴ = − log   ∫ f(x)dx = ∫
x+2 1 − x2
 3  − 3 /2 − 3 /2
 x + 3 2 −1  
( )
 −x − 2  (
= x + 3)
  2
3e 3 /2
x2
π /3
sin2 θ
= 2 ∫ = dx 2 ∫ cos θdθ (Taking x = sinθ)
  0 1 − x2 0
cos θ

π /3 π /3
⇒ Will intersect. 2  θ sin2θ 
= 2∫ sin θ=
dθ 2  −
2 4 0

⇒ (D) is not correct. 0

π  3 π 3
2  − 2
= = −
2  
 8  3 4
2 4 . 6 6 | Differential Equations

dy y y Integrating
Sol 14: (A) = + sec Let y =
vx
dx x x y
= x+c
dv dx x
⇒ =
sec v x Put=x 1,=
y 2

dx ⇒ 2 = 1 + c ⇒ c = 1 ⇒ y = x2 + x
∫ cos vdv = ∫x
⇒ f(x) = x2 + x ⇒ f(2) = 6
⇒ sin=
v 1nx + c
Note: If we put x = 1 in the given equation we get
y
⇒ sin  = 1nx + c f(1) = 1/3.
x
 π
The curve passes through  1,  Sol 17: Y − y = m (X − x)
 6
y-intercept (x = 0)
y 1
⇒ sin   = 1nx +
x 2 y = y − mXS
dy
Given that y − mx = x3 ⇒ x − y =−x3
dy dx
Sol 15: (A, D) − y tanx =
2x sec x
dx dy y
⇒ − =−x2
dy dx x
⇒ cos x + ( − sinx ) y =2x 1
dx − ∫ dx 1
Integrating factor e x =
d x
⇒
dx
( y cos x ) =
2x
1 1 2
∴ Solution is y.
= ∫ x .(− x )dx
⇒ y (x) cos x = x + c, where c = 0 since y (0) = 0
2 x

x3
π π π2 π  π  2π2 ⇒ f(x) ==
y − + cx
when x
= =, y  ,=
when x =, y  2
4 4 8 2 3 3 9 3
Given f(1) = 1 ⇒ c=
2
π π π2 π
when
= x , y ' = + x3 3x
4 4 8 2 2 ∴ f(x) =
− + ⇒ f(-3)=9
2 2

π  π  2π2 4 π
when
= x , y ' =  + 2 dy
3 3 3 2 3 Sol 18: (x − 3) +y =0
dx
dx dy
Sol 16: ∫ = −∫
y
( x − 3)
2
x
6 ∫ f(t)dt= 3xf(x) − x3 ⇒ 6f(x)= 3f(x) + 3 xf'(x) − 3 x2
1 1
⇒ = 1n | y | + c
2 2 x −3
⇒ 3f(x)= 3 xf'(x) − 3 x ⇒ xf '(x) − f(x)= x
so domain is R − {3}.

dy dy 1
⇒x − y = x2 ⇒ − y = x  ... (i) dx dy
dx 1 dx x Sol 19: (C) ∫ = ∫
− x x x2 − 1 y y2 − 1
I.F= e∫ x = e − loge x
 2 
1 sec−1 2 sec−1 
= +c
Multiplying (i) both sides by
x  3

1 dy 1 d  1 π π π
− y= 1⇒  y.  =
1 ⇒ c= − =
x dx x 2 dx  x  3 6 6
 M a them a ti cs | 24.67

−1 π
⇒ sec
= x sec−1 y +
6

 π
=⇒ y sec  sec−1 x − 
 6

−1 1 1 π
⇒ cos
= cos−1 +
x y 6

−1 1 1  3
⇒ cos
= cos−1 − cos−1  
y x  2 
 

1 3 1 1
⇒ = − 1−  
y 2x x2  2 

2 3 1
⇒ = − 1−
y x x2