Seetion-A

EXPERIMENT 1

AIM
To determine resistivity of twolthree wires by plotting a graph for poten tial difference versus current.
APPARATUS
Aresistance wire (of different material such as copper, iron, constantan, etc), a voltmeter (0-3) V and an
ammeter (0-3) A of appropriate range, a battery (battery eliminator), a rheostat, a metre scale, one way key, connecting
vires and a piece of sand paper.
THEORY
According to the Ohm's law "the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference across its ends, provided the physical conditions (temperature, dimensions, pressure, etc.) of theconductor
remains the same. IfIbe the current flowing through a conductor and Vbe the potential diference across its ends,
then according to Ohm's Law,
I V
V«I or V= RI
where, R is the constant of proportionality. It is known as resistance of the conductor.

L
We know, R= pwhere r is resistivity or sp. resistance.
L 4pL TD'R
=p 4L
ID TD
4
R
depends upon the nature of material, temperature and dimensions of the conductor.
In SI units, the potential difference V is measured in volt and the current I in ampere, the resistance R is
measured in ohm.
(1) To establish the current-voltage relationship, it is to be shown that the ratio V/I remains constant for a
given resistance. Therefore, a graph between the potential difference (V) and the current (T) must be a straight line.
(2)The constant ratio gives unknown value of resistance,
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Battery

Rheostat

Unknown resistance
wire

Fig. Cireuit diagram.

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COMPREHENSIVE PHYSICS ACTIVITIES

6. Findingthe diameter of wire 1.

Table for diameter (D) of the wire 1
Circular Soale Reading Observed diameter
Serial No.Linear Scale
No. of cireular Value D, N+nx L.C. Corrected
Reading N
(m) 8cale division nx(LC) (mm) diameter+c
D=D,
on reference (mm)
line (n) (mm)
(Sa) (36) (4)
(5)
(a) D, (a) = D, (a) =
6) D, (6) = D, (6) =
(a) D, (a) = D, (a) = .....
D, (b) = D, (b) = .....
3. (a D, (a) = D, (a) =......
(6) D, (6) = D, (b) =.....
Mean D=
nD
Area (A)=
4
6. Finding the lengths of the wire 1.

Mean length, L= 3
where L,, L, L, are lengths of wire 1.
L=........ m
Table for unknown resistance (X)
Serial No. of Resistance from the Length AB = 1 Length Unknown (100
resistance
Obs. resistance box (cm) BC = (100 - ) X=R - L)

R (em) (ohm)
(ohm)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1 X =.....
2 X, =....
3 X = ......

RESULT
)Resistivity of the wire is ....2m.
() The graph between Vand I is a straight line, passing through the origin.
Note. By noting the resistivity (or specific resistance) from the table, percentage error can be calculatel
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. Thick wires should be used for the connections after removing the insulations near their ends by ruth
with sand paper.
3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
4. A low resistance rheostat should be used.
5. The key should be inserted only while taking observations to avoid heating of resistance (otherwis
resistance will increase).
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. Thick connecting wires may not be available.
3. Rheostat may have high resistance.
 EXPERIMENT 2

AIM
o fnd reifonce ofa giren eirestandard resistor using metre bridge.
APPARATUS
A
metre bridge (slide wire bridge), a Leclanche cell (or Battery eliminator), a galvanometer, a resistance box,
jockey, a one-way key, a resistance wire, square connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.
THEORY
The unknown resistance X is given by
X 00-xR
where R is known resistance placed in the left gap and unknown resistance Xin the right gap of metre bridge. I cm
the length of metre bridge wire from zero end upto balance point.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Known esistance Unknown resistance
X
R
RB
Resistance
box B

(G) Galvanometer
10 20 30 40 5Ð 60 70 80 90 100
D

-(100 - )
E

Leclanche cell (Battery eliminator)

Fig. Circuit diagram-Metre bridge.
PROCEDURE
For Resistance
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. Connect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be determined in the right gap between Cand B. Take
care that no part of the wire forms a loop.
3. Connect resistance box of low range in the left hand gap between A and B.
4. Make all the other connections as shown in the cireuit diagram.
6.Take out some resistance (say 2ohm) from the resistance box, plug the key K.
6. Touch the jockey gently first at left end and then at right end of the bridge wire.

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 7. Note the deflections in the galvanometer. If the
galvanomneter shows deflections in IES VOL
the connections are correct, Ifthe deflection is one
side only, then there is some
fault in opposite direct
Check or take help of vour teacher and rectify the fault.
from left to right till galvanometer gives
the cir
6. Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire point D. zZero de
The point where the jockey is touching the wire is null
appropriate value of Rfrom the resistance box such that there is no
deflection
nometer anwhen the jockey is nearlyin the middle of the wire (i.e., between 45 cm to 55 cm). in
9. Choose dethfelecga
10. Note the position of point D(with the help of a set-square) to know balancing
11. Take at least four sets of observations in the same way by changing the value of Rin
length,
AD =1.
12. Record your observations. steps.
One-way key

Leclanche cell
Resistance box
) =? Unknown

(100- I)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
ululululualualunluluuululuuhuluuun
A m C
Scale
Bridge wire

Galvanometer
Fig. Arrangement diagram.
RVATIONS
1. Length of given wire, L = ....cm.
2.
Table for unknown resistance (X)
Serial No. of Resistance from the Length AB =1
Obs. resistance box
Length Unknouwn resistance
(cm) BC = (100 -) X=R (100 - L)
R
(ohm) (em) (ohm)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1 (5)
2
3
X, =
4
X,=
X =.....
X=.
 PERIMENTS
ALCULATIONS
1. Calculation for X
(a) From position of D, find l cm and write in column 3 of Table 1.
(b) Find length (100-) cm and write in column 4.
(c) Calculate X and write in column 5.

Mean X = X,+ X, +X, + X, = .... ohm

4
Standard value of the resistance of the given wire (from resistance box),
Xo =....ohm-m

Percentage error =
X- Xo x 100

= ...%.

ESULT
1. The value of unknown resistance, X= ....
2. Percentage erTOr = .....

PRECAUTIONS
1 The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.
3. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.
4.The plug in key Kshould be inserted only when the observations are to be taken.
5. Null point should be brought between 45 em and 55 cm.
6.Set square should be used to note null point to avoid error of parallax.
7. The wire should not make a loop.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
.The plugs may not be clean.
3. The wire may not have uniform thickness.
4. The screw gauge may have faults like back lash error and wrong pitch.