USE OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION USE OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

Edited by
Ucha I. Mbofung

© Ajayi Crowther University (ACU) 2017

Edited by First Published 2017
Ucha I. Mbofung Prepared by: Centre for General Studies, ACU

ISBN: 978-978-55317-5-6

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means;
electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo.

Printed by:
Franco-Ola Printers
08038121859, 08052621188

ii
 FOREWORD PREFACE

General Studies (GES) provides ample opportunities to Strongly supported by the ‘revolutionary vision’ of the Vice
undergraduates of various disciplines to broaden their knowledge Chancellor, Rt. Reverend Professor Dapo Asaju and the philosophy
in order to qualify to be described as being truly educated. In other of the General Studies Programme: ‘that students should be
words, the maxim stands true that to be educated is not just equipped with basic intellectual knowledge on diverse spheres of
because of one’s acquisition of educational knowledge and equally valuable subjects, concepts and fields of study beyond their
certificate in a particular discipline but knowing at least a little bit individual areas of specialization if they are to understand the
about everything in one’s world and environment. complex dynamics of the modern society and for a better living’,
This philosophy informed the policy which makes it the Senate approved the revision of all existing Books of Reading
compulsory for all students in all Nigerian university to take and writing of new ones for recently introduced courses. The
courses in General Studies, which cover every major discipline revision would reflect new knowledge, trends, technological
across faculties. In Ajayi Crowther University, the courses chosen developments and applications.
are in the Humanities, Social, Management, and Natural Sciences, The outcome is this series that comprises ten Books, all
in addition to Entrepreneurial Education through which each corresponding with the ten General Studies courses available to
student graduates with additional certificate in one or more skills. students. The General Studies Unit has also introduced
A new addition to the GES compliment of courses is the Character audiovisual recording of each book. In this second edition of the
Assessment course which records the behaviour of each student. series, Use of Library and ICT, which in the first edition was merged
The rating is computed as part of the final year overall results. The with Effective Communication in English, has a separate Book.
popular stands true that education without character amounts to Four other new Books in the series are: Introduction to Health
breeding ‘clever devils’. In a Christian University like ours that Education, Peace and Conflict Resolution, Anglicanism and
strives to raise godly intellectuals, this innovation is helpful to Citizenship Education, which now incorporates Citizenship and
achieving our overall objectives. Ethics Education, and West African People, Culture and Language
I commend the efforts of the Director of the Centre for which incorporates aspects of West African history and French
General Studies, Dr. Ucha I. Mbofung, an erudite scholar in the language. The approach follows the curricular development by
field of Library and Information Science, and a much disciplined National Universities Commission (NUC). The Modules are well-
administrator, for the efforts made to organize and edit this series researched, written in simple language and highly informative.
of General Studies Books of Reading. The contributors are experienced, highly ranked university
We give our blessings upon all staff and students who will use lecturers and chief executives from within and outside the
these resources, that so doing, they may acquire requisite Institution. Therefore, students would be able to gather adequate
knowledge that will aid them in maximizing their potentials to intellectual knowledge on particular spheres of valuable subjects,
positively impact society. concepts and fields of study beyond their individual areas of
Thank you. specialization.
Generally, the page presentation has retained the Modular
system, an effective course writing style, of the first edition. There
Rt. Rev. Prof. Dapo F. Asaju is a uniform sequence of presentation in all the Books. Each
Vice-Chancellor Module provides opportunities for in-depth study, emphasises

iii iv
cited works are listed as references in addition to a bibliography EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
for further reading so that students can obtain reasonable amount
of information that is not provided in the text. Sample questions Dr. Ucha I. Mbofung General Editor & Ag. Director General
have been provided to aid evaluation of each topic. Studies
We are especially grateful to the Vice Chancellor, Rt. Prof. O. O. Akinnawo Science Editor
Reverend Professor Dapo Asaju who stimulated the revision of the Dr. A. O. Binuyo Science Editor
Books and persistently pushed the General Studies Unit to carry Dr. B. O. Sogunro English Editor
out the assignment in record time. Initial writing or revising Books Dr. A.O. Osunbade English Editor
of Reading for university students is a huge project which by the Dr. W. O. Arinde Humanities Editor
Grace of God has been completed. This work would not have been Prof. B. O. Popoola Subject Coordinator
possible without the immense co-operation and professional Dr. J. A. Ampitan Subject Coordinator
contributions of professors, learned scholars, colleagues, Dr. A. O. Ogidiolu Subject Coordinator
consultants and stakeholders. It remains for me to sincerely and Dr. P. A. Ogunbunmi Subject Coordinator
specially thank all contributors to the various volumes, who from Dr. I. Adeakin Subject Coordinator
their tight schedules compounded by constant harassment in Rev. A. A. Ewuzie Member
diverse forms put together the well researched papers. We are
grateful to the Board of Editors who critiqued and made ACU Books of Reading Series
suggestions that improved the original drafts. We express our B. O. Sogunro and A.O. Osunbade (Eds) (2017). Use of English for
sincere gratitude to all authors of all cited works. Many thanks also Effective Communication
to the University Management for the opportunity to produce the U. I. Mbofung (Ed). (2017). Use of Library and ICT
first or second edition, as the case may be, of the Books of Reading U. I. Mbofung (Ed) (2017). West African People, Culture and
series. Finally, I am grateful to Messers Peter Oiku and A. E. Agosu, Language
staff of the General Studies Unit, Rev. A. A. Ewuzie and all O. O. Akinnawo and A. O. Binuyo (Eds) (2017). Introduction to
secretaries for their various contributions. Above all, To God be the Science and Technology
Glory, Honour and Praise for a successful completion of this U. I. Mbofung (Ed) (2017). Anglicanism and Citizenship Education
academic project. U. I. Mbofung (Eds) (2017). Introduction to Health Education
O. Oladipo and J. Olobatoke (Eds) (2008). Introduction to Logic
Ucha I. Mbofung (PhD) and Philosophy
Ag. Director, General Studies O. Oshin (Ed.). Introduction to Entrepreneurial Education
2017 Introduction to Social Sciences
Peace and Conflict Resolution

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 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TABLE OF CONTENT

Dapo-Asaju, H. S. Barr. (CLN) holds B.A. (Hons), MLS, LL.B, Forward ..................................................................................iii
BL. Reference Librarian Lagos State University (1991-1993); Law
Preface .................................................................................. iv
Librarian Lagos State University (1994-2016) and Deputy
University Librarian Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, 2015- Editorial Board Members ...........................................................vi
Fasola, Omobolanle S. She is a graduate of the University of List of Contributors...................................................................vii
Ibadan, where she obtained a B.A (Hons) in Communication and
Table of Content ......................................................................viii
Language Arts and M.L.S in Library and Information Studies. She is
currently on her Ph.D programme in Library Science. Her research Module 1: Historical Development and Types of
areas are ICT in librarianship, organisational behaviour and
Libraries.................................................................1
gender issue. She is currently the Acquisitions librarian at T.Y.
Danjuma Library, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo. Module 2: Academic Libraries ...............................................20
Ipeayeda Funmilola W. holds B.Tech in Computer Science and Module 3: Information Resources..........................................30
M.Sc in Computer Science from Ladoke Akintola University,
Module 4: Reference Information Sources .............................45
Ogbomoso and University of Ibadan respectively. She is currently a
lecturer in the Department of Computer Sciences, Ajayi Crowther Module 5: Cataloguing and Classification..............................60
University, Oyo.
Module 6: Library and Education ..........................................74
Mbofung, Ucha I. (CLN) holds PhD in Library, Archival and
Module 7: Information and Communication
Information Science of the University of Ibadan. She is currently a
Principal Librarian at the Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, where Technology in Academic Libraries .........................88
she combines her professional duties with teaching the Use of
Module 8: Intellectual Property ..........................................117
Libraries. She is, currently the Acting Director of General Studies
Programmes. Module 9: Social Media and Library Marketing....................142
Onifade Ayodeji A. holds a BLIS (Hons), and University of Index ..........................................................................155
Ibadan. He worked with the Oyo State Library Board before joining
Ajayi Crowther University in 2008. He was a Senior Librarian at
the Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo.
Opadiran, Yinka B. (CLN) is a graduate of Ahmadu Bello
University Zaira, where he obtained a Nip LS and BLS and MLS at
the University of Ibadan, Ibadan. He is currently Librarian I at Ajayi
Crowther University, Oyo as Readers’ Services Librarian.

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 MODULE ONE and growth of libraries from the earliest times to the present day
will be discussed.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND This study will expose the library users to various types of
libraries and how to effectively utilize their resources and services
TYPES OF LIBRARIES
when the need arises.
Harriet Seun Dapo-Asaju
Unit 1: Objectives of the Module
Introduction
Skills in acquiring and using relevant information sources have
Libraries have passed through series of tremendous
always been one of the distinguishing features of an educated
metamorphosis from the earliest times to the present, from
person.
traditional to digital information provision. Prior to the evolution
of writing, man communicated and preserved information via oral
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
tradition. Divine revelations, songs, rites, poems, folk tales,
• Give a brief account of the evolution of libraries
chants, customs and culture were preserved in the profound
• Give a clear definition of the library
mental capability of men of that generation. Yet, when a custodian
• Enumerate and identify the different types of libraries and
of important information dies without committing such
their peculiarities
knowledge to writing, the information is lost. This regular
• Explain in details the various services rendered in the library
occurrence must have motivated in part, the idea of establishing
• State the distinguishing factors of special libraries and other
libraries. From clay tablets in the ancient times the need to
libraries
preserve business, legal, historical and religious records of
• Carry out an independent studying , learning and
civilization was the major preoccupation of man. The historical
information retrieval in the library
beginnings of Libraries predate paper, print and books. The
• Efficiently and effectively utilize the various library
emergence of information communication technologies has
resources and services
revolutionized libraries in every ramification of its operations,
• Develop a sustainable lifelong reading culture and habit
services, storage and retrieval of information in different forms
• Imbibe a life of independent re-education in a competitive
and from different places. This has necessitated a redefinition of
world
Library beyond the traditional concept of being a store house of
knowledge to extending its frontiers to libraries without walls.
Unit 2: Definition and History of Libraries
Information is the key to every individual, community and the
society at large. A man without information is as good as dead, for
2.1 Definition of Library
information is a veritable tool for survival. Libraries have
The word library has its origin from the latin word liber. The
distinguished themselves as primary providers of information and
library is a service and information centre; a repository of knowledge
historical records. Libraries are therefore as varied and distinct as
where all forms of relevant print and non-print materials such as books,
the parent body that established them, the purpose, the patrons they
periodicals, CD-ROM databases, audio visual materials etc. are
serve, the nature of their collections, and the services they render.
carefully selected, acquired, systematically organized, stored and
The peculiarities, roles, functions, and services of various libraries
disseminated to satisfy the information needs of library
will be carefully examined with particular reference to university
clientele/patron/users within the quickest possible time. Libraries that used
libraries. For better understanding, a brief historical development

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to be known as store houses of knowledge have radically B) Greece: The Greeks were remarkably famous for their
transformed into a dynamic and ever growing information written literature and numerous scholars. In ancient Greece,
resource centres, expanding services and collections to meet the there were great book collectors. Writing materials were in
various basic and complex information needs of users. abundance with so many learning centres. The Phoenician
Dissemination of right information to the right reader at the right traders supplied papyrus and parchment as writing materials
time is a timeless principle and slogan of all libraries derived from to the Greeks. Due to extensive learning, a lot of copying took
Raganathan. The main mission is to provide maximum place as well as record keeping. Several private and public
information services to users by professionals, para-professionals libraries sprang up. Socrates, Aristotle and Plato were Greek
and other assisting staff. philosophers who had private libraries. Their first public
libraries were temple libraries. These libraries housed several
2.2. History of Libraries collections on several subjects.
C) Egyptians: The Egyptians valued their writings so much.
2.2.1. Ancient Times: With the Egyptian civilization, great and extensive agricultural
The present cannot really be appreciated and understood activities took place. The need to keep records of business
without recourse to the past. Development and growth of libraries transactions, correspondences and various activities spurred
date back to the ancient times. The origin and development of the invention of the notable hieroglyphics writing which was
libraries could be traced to the early civilization of Egypt, Sumer, in pictorial form by the Egyptians. Drawings were assigned
Greece, Rome etc. Early libraries were collection of royal, church conventional meanings and used for recording religious
and commercial records written on papyrus rolls, inscribed on clay ceremonies, prayers, kings, nobles, and business activities. The
and stone tablets, etc. These were used to record and preserve writing material used was papyrus made from papyrus reed
knowledge. Mesopotamia had rich civilization and culture. They taken from the fertile land of Nile River. Records of important
greatly contributed to the development of libraries because of the events were kept in various locations in Egypt such as temples,
various agricultural and business activities that took place in the palaces etc. which later led to the development of Libraries.
region. Famous scrolls, archaeological excavation were kept in temple
A) The Sumerians: In order to preserve their records they libraries for posterity. The Egyptians contributed immensely
developed the method of producing clay tablets in some to the development of libraries because of their early advances
designated places and organized them for use and for future in civilization and education.
generations. Wet clay tablets with reed pens were used as D) Romans: The Romans built their collections through the
writing materials which were later dried and baked. This type spoils of war. Julius Caesar proposed to build public libraries
of writing was known as CUNEIFORM. It therefore afforded but could not. Prominent citizens of Rome established private
them the means of keeping records of business transactions, libraries. It was a status symbol and highly fashionable to
receipts, private letters, the laws and religion. A lot of clay have a library.
tablets are still in existence in some notable libraries. King
Assurbanipal (669-626 BC) of Nineveh had a notable library 2.3. Medieval Times:
in Mesopotamia with a lot of clay tablets. The Sumerians The three libraries identified as key players in the historical
eventually established government, private and religious development of libraries in Europe during this era were: Monastic
libraries that served as record rooms and archives. libraries, Cathedral libraries and University libraries.

3 4
1. Monastic Libraries which were hand-written were largely copied in print. Libraries as
In this era, monasteries were the main centres of learning. Reading a result of this invention had volumes of books which eventually
was highly encouraged as part of the spiritual life. During the fall led to a standardized way of organizing library collections.
of Rome, education moved to the monasteries. The heavy presence
of monasteries and monks in this era contributed immensely to the 2.5 History of Libraries in Nigeria
development of libraries. Monastic libraries preserved writings The origin of libraries in Nigeria could be traced to the
such as manuscripts and documents. Monks were preoccupied archives and book collection centres. In the late 1920s, the Lagos
with copying the Christian and secular writings. By this, they book club was established as a public library. In 1929, Sir Allan
preserved a lot of ancient manuscripts, and writing of the early Burns mooted the idea of having a library in the country. The
church Fathers and philosophical writings which would have been Carnegie Corporation of New York was contacted to assist in
lost. A place known as SCRIPTORIUM was where the monks did establishing a library in Nigeria. In 1932, The Carnegie gave a
extensive copying of Bibles and other religious works. Manuscripts generous grant for the establishment and development of libraries
were stored and organized, and there were strict rules and in Nigeria. The book club later became the Lagos library. The
regulations guiding the use of the collections. One of such was British Council came to Nigeria and established a library in 1943. It
chaining the manuscripts to the reading desk. later had branches in different parts of the country.
The University College, Ibadan was established simultaneously
2. Cathedral Libraries with the library in 1948. It was the first University library in Nigeria.
Great cathedrals and educational institutions were established Among other functions, it was a National depository for Nigerian
simultaneously to train priests and other officials of government. publications. The Publications and Ordinance Act of 1950 mandated
Several subjects such as Latin, classics, grammar and literature publishers to deposit two copies of every title published in Nigeria in
were taught in the schools. Libraries came as off shoot and integral the University College library, a function which was eventually taken
part of the established institutions. over by the National Library of Nigeria.

3. University Libraries Unit 3: Types of Libraries

In the 13 century, many universities were established in Europe. The
th
Libraries are categorized by the Parent body that established
research, knowledge and information needs of teachers and students them, subjects, clientele, the nature of their collections, the type of
served as catalyst to library development. There was influx of books services rendered to users and their functions, etc. They are designed to
in the universities. With the establishment of universities, there arose meet the information needs of the parent body that established them.
the need for the preservation of classical literature and other works. Libraries of all categories are generally used for Reading, Reference,
All these led to the exponential growth of libraries. Research and Recreation. As the society develops, different types of
libraries emerge to provide the needed services to users. No fruitful
2.4. Renaissance research can be undertaken without recourse to a library.
A major development in libraries was occasioned with the invention Every user deems it fit to consult one, two, three libraries to
of the printing machine by Johannes Gutenberg of Germany in the satisfy information needs. For the general public, the public library is
15 century. The machine was designed to make impressions on
th
there to meet their information needs. For the students in higher
paper or cloth with capabilities of running several copies. With the institutions of learning, the academic libraries have been established
invention of the printing press, the popular manuscripts collections alongside the institutions to meet diverse information needs of

5 6
the academic community. The pupils and students in primary and • To assign the International Standard Serial Number to
secondary schools respectively go to the school library to search for periodicals
information. The managers and staff of banks, industries, courts and • To assign International Standard Book Number to the
various organizations have the special libraries to satisfy their Nigerian publications.
information needs. The following are the different types of libraries:
• To maintain the National Union Catalogues (NUC)

3.1 National Libraries/National Library of Nigeria

Other functions are to provide oversight of other libraries in the
The National Library is the apex library of a country, established
country. The National library is also to organize conferences,
and funded by the government of a country to serve as repository
seminars and workshops for library development in the nation at
of knowledge for the country. It is the library of libraries. The
large.
National Library of Nigeria was established by the National
The departments are:
Library Act of 1964 and maintained by the government. The
a) Collection Development and Processing Department
National Library in any nation of the world serves as a depository
(CDPD)
to that nation. It has the mandate to collect and preserve all
notable publications in the country for posterity. There was a b) National Bibliographic Control Department (NBCD)
lacuna in the 1964 Act which was subsequently corrected with the c) National Information and Documentation Centre
promulgation of the National Library Decree of 1970 empowering (NIDOC)
the National Library to function as legal depository and the d) Planning Research and Statistics Development (PRSD)
bibliographic centre for the nation. In other words, the law e) Finance and Supplies Department (FSD)
empowers the National Library to receive specific number of f) Personnel Management Department (PMD)
copies of all published materials in the country. It documents g) Readers and Services Department (RSD)
works by Nigerians, published in Nigeria and about Nigeria. This
will strengthen the information base of the country. National Library Publications
The statutory duties and other functions of National Library The under-listed are some of the Publications of the National
of Nigeria are as follows: Library of Nigeria:
• To collect and preserve the nation’s publications such as • ISBN Publishers Directory
books, periodicals, newspapers, print and non-print • National Bibliography of Nigeria (NBN)
documents for posterity • Nominal list of Practicing Librarians in Nigeria
• To publish National Bibliographies • ISBN User’s Manual
• To maintain National Bibliographic Information Centre • ISBN Brochure
• To collect the National Intellectual Output Through • Nigerian file of International Standard Serial Number
Legal deposit • Directory of Libraries in Nigeria
• To produce the National Bibliography of Nigeria (NBN) • National Library of Nigeria Occasional papers
• To administer International Standard Serial Number • National Union List of Serials (NULOS)
(ISSN) Centre and International Standard Book • National Digest of Library Statistics in Nigeria
Number (ISBN) Agency.

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 • Mailing list of libraries in Nigeria ·Provide reading materials that stimulate the imagination
• Niger biblios (Journal) and creativity of children and young people.
·Provide a designated section for the physically challenged
Examples of National Libraries are: ·Preserve cultural materials (promote awareness of
Ø Library of Congress, Washington D.C. cultural heritage)
Ø British Library, London ·Serve as Current Information Centre
Ø Royal Library, Hague ·Educate the people about the importance and the use of
Ø Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris library
Ø National Library of Australia, Canberra ·Organize workshops, talks and seminars
Ø National Library of Nigeria, Abuja ·They have materials like television set, radio, audio
Ø Lenin Library in MOSCOW visual materials, slides, films to provide information
Ø National Library of Canada and for recreational purposes
Ø National Library of China ·Provide adequate information services to local enterprises
Ø National Library of India etc ·Conduct adult literacy programmes and extra mural
classes
3.2 Public Libraries
The term “public library” indicates the fact that public library 3.3 Special Libraries
exists to serve everybody in the community where it is located. The Special libraries refer to those libraries whose collections are
public libraries are managed and run by the state or local of specialized nature, serve specialized group of users and render
governments. This category of libraries is usually referred to as special services to meet the information needs of the organization
‘people’s university’ because it is a public learning place, setup to that set them up. Their primary aim is to provide and deliver
build well informed citizens and promote knowledge and better current information resources, (up-to-date information services)
understanding of the society. The collections are built to current research in the subject field and to promote
accommodate local interests. They provide information for local professionalism. An example of such is the Law library. Special
industries and commerce. They are established to assist in the libraries are distinct and separate from the general libraries, but in
intellectual development of the communities and for self- an academic environment, they are integral part of the central
actualization. They provide free educational and social services to library. A special library acquires special collection on a given
the people. However, their general and specialized services are: subject field of knowledge of the parent organization with few
· They provide books, periodicals, newspapers, multi-disciplinary subjects as part of its collections. By this, it
magazines and non-book materials to support literacy supports the organization objectives to promote and develop a
programmes at various levels. particular profession. Special libraries are also known or referred
· The Book mobile services are movable libraries provided to as departmental libraries, branch libraries or faculty libraries.
to serve the people in villages where they are no libraries. Access to special libraries is usually restricted to the particular
· Mobile libraries are usually in trucks with an open space certified group it is servicing. It is not open to the public or the
at the back. They move from one village to another. member of the community unlike the university library.

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 The under-listed services are rendered in Special Libraries: Business Administration libraries
Ø
· Internet Connectivity and Regular Access Media library
Ø
· Noter-up service
· Comprehensive literature search 4) Business and Industrial Libraries (Attached to
· Current Awareness Services Industries and Banks)
· Compilation of Comprehensive Reading List Ø Central Bank of Nigeria Research library
· Indexing and Abstracting Services Ø Banking Institutions libraries
· Private collection of Prominent Individuals in the Ø Industries/Company libraries
Profession Ø Oil company libraries
· Publishing Accession Lists
· Newspaper Cuttings 5) Academic Law Libraries
· Issues Newsletters Ø Faculty of Law Libraries
· Provide Research Reports Ø Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Library
· Reference Services
· Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) 6) Other Special Libraries
· Specialized Research Services Ø Medical libraries
· Promote professionalism in the particular field of learning Ø Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA) library
· Collection of Government Report
Ø Hospital libraries
Ø Engineering libraries
Examples of Special Libraries in Nigeria:
1) Research Libraries Ø Museum libraries
Ø International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ø Military libraries
Library and Documentation Centre, Ibadan
Ø Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO) 3.3.1 Law Library
Library Law library is to the lawyer what the laboratory is to the
Ø Cocoa Research Institute scientist and what a theatre is to a surgeon. Law Library is a
collection of legal information in various forms (print and non-print)
2) Government Departmental Libraries organized for use for those seeking to qualify as or who have
Ø Executive, legislative and judicial arms of government qualified as lawyers and those enacting or administering law. The
e.g. Federal Ministry of Justice Library special users are the members of the legal profession, practicing
lawyers, magistrates, state counsels, law teachers, law students,
3) Professional Libraries (Attached to Professional members of the house of assembly, house of representative and
Bodies) senate etc. Unauthorized users are not allowed access to the library.
Ø Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) Libraries Well researched judgments, rulings, and decisions of courts are done
Ø Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN) with the consultation of legal collections in the law libraries. Legal
Libraries collections are equally needed by journalist, medical professional,
Ø Law firm libraries accountants, and secretaries of corporate bodies.

11 12
 Legal education, legal research, legal profession and law Law Reviews/ Digests, Legal Treaties.
libraries have long co-existed. The law library is central to the
attainment of the mission of the faculty of law. It complements the Organization: The collections are organized with Moy’s
curriculum and the teaching activities. It is established to meet the Classification Scheme as enumerated in the schedules below:
information needs of Faculty members and law students.
K- Journals and Reference Books
One of the basic skills of a good lawyer is knowing according
to Glanville Williams, WHERE and HOW to find the law. The KA- Jurisprudence
effective use of the law library by any law student should start from KB- General and Comparative Law
day one of his/her undergraduate days. This will yield tremendous
dividends. The uniqueness of law as a discipline in the comity of KC- International Law
subject groupings is incontrovertible. KD- Religious Legal Systems
Succinctly put by Hon. Justice Ekundayo (Rtd). “What is
KE- Ancient and Medieval Law
anyone looking for in the legal profession anyway, if he does not
intend keeping A GOOD LIBRARY”? A lawyer is better without a KF -KH -Primary Materials (Common Law counties)
wig and gown…. but with no library, he will be sharing the same KL- Treaties
fate of a blind man holding a driver’s license.
KM- Public Law
3.3.2 Law Library of Ajayi Crowther University KN-Private Law
The law library is a separate and distinct library though an
KP-Own Country
integral part of the main library. Ajayi Crowther University law
library was established in 2015 as a branch library of T.Y. Danjuma KR- Africa
Library located in the Faculty of law complex. It is run like a full- KS- Latin America
fledged central library with all the departments replicated such as
Readers’ Services consisting of: Circulation Sections, Lobby, KT- Asia and Pacific
Porter’s Desk and Cloak area, Office of the Law Librarian, Work KV- Europe
Room (for Technical Services), Serials Section, Reprography and
KW-European Community Law
Conference Room etc. The Law Library occupies a large space,
well-ventilated with adequate illumination and unique physical KZ- Non-legal Materials
facilities of great aesthetics. This provides an immense welcoming Legal materials can be categorized into two main parts:
effect engendering a sense of confidence in all the law students 1. Primary materials
and the Faculty. 2. Secondary materials
The Law Library is coordinated by the law librarian who is a
hybrid professional: a Lawyer and a Librarian. The Law Library is The primary materials include the following:
a dynamic information centre stocked with essential standard, · Official Gazettes
quality, basic legal texts, law reports (local and foreign), statutes, · Parliamentary Publications eg, Hansards, Bills etc
legal periodicals and Reference materials (Legal Dictionaries, · Legislations-Statutes and Subordinate Legislations
Encyclopaedias, Court forms etc), Gazzettes (States and Federal),

13 14
 ·Indexes standard collections in the Law Library among other parameters
·Codes- Civil Procedures etc used for assessment.
·Administrative and Executive Publications
·Law Reports- Early Reports, Modern Reports (from 1900-) 3.4 School Libraries
·Digests School libraries are located in primary and secondary schools.
A school library has been defined as
The Secondary materials are: · Instructional centre
· Books · Educational centre
· Bibliographies · Learning and media centre
· Directories
· Dictionaries Some of the objectives of the school libraries are:
· Encyclopaedias 1. provision of background materials which will supplement or
· Maps complement classroom teaching and learning
· Atlases 2. Act as a catalyst for learning
· Commentaries etc 3. Provide enrichment for teachers note and teaching
methodologies.
3.3.3. Online Resources 4. Give pupils the opportunity for independent study at their
Below are the specialized legal databases: own pace.
Ø Lexis Nexis 5. Provide opportunities for creativity and independent thinking.
Ø Hein online
6. Encourage children in the proper use of leisure times.
Ø Law Pavilion
Ø Compu law
School libraries are a force for educational excellence at all levels.
Ø Legalpaedia
The subjects taught in the school and based on the school curriculum
determine the collection of a school library. The school library provides
3.3.4 Law libraries are categorized into the following:
teachers and pupils with books, novels, story books, audio-visual
Ø Federal court library
materials etc. to complement and/or supplement classroom
Ø State court library
experiences for all pupils. Such resources would assist to broaden
Ø Law school library the interest of a child and foster independent thinking ability.
Ø Practitioners library All levels and categories of pupils, the gifted, average and slow
Ø Federal and State Government libraries learners and physically challenged are provided for in each school
Ø Libraries of legislators library. School Librarians are often referred to as teacher librarians.
Ø University law libraries
3.5 Private Libraries
In assessing the Faculty of Law for accreditation, the Council
Private libraries as the name connotes are owned by prominent
of Legal Education (CLE) and the National Universities
and eminent individuals. They are not for public use. In the past,
Commission (NUC) as the regulatory bodies have spelt out the
having a private library was a status symbol and the exclusive
conditions for granting the Faculty of Law accreditation as having

15 16
preserve of the wealthy class. These libraries are often bequeathed 3. Name a library you have visited and outline the services it
upon the death of the owner. renders.
4. Why is the use of library crucial to any student?
3.6 Virtual Libraries 5. How many categories are Special libraries grouped? Mention
Information and technology has become Siamese twins. The each with relevant examples.
inclusion of information and communication technologies in all 6. What are the functions of a National Library ?
aspects of library services is the contemporary practice. Virtual 7. State the various departments in an Academic Library and
libraries are often referred to as digital libraries, electronic explain in details, their functions.
libraries or libraries without walls. It is a collection of library 8. List the various purposes for which a school library can be
resources in electronic form which can be accessed and used with used.
the aid of computer technologies for the purpose of promoting 9. Describe an ideal Library.
learning and research. Unlike the traditional library system in
which one needs to visit a physical library building with shelves, References and List for Further Reading
chairs, carrels, catalogue boxes and other library facilities in order Adigun, Adebayo (1984), Lagos central library- past and present,
to access the library holdings and generally utilize the library, all Lagos Librarian 19(2)12-13.
these are not needed in a virtual library. The library holdings and
information can be accessed anywhere and anytime. (the Collins, Mare & Check, Earl (1999), Assessing and guiding reading
location of the user is inconsequential). Virtual library provides instruction. New York: McGraw Hill.
for multiple access of any material or information needed. Any of Dachen, Nat (2001), The importance of libraries to universal basic
the types of libraries discussed above can decide to become virtual. education (UBE) scheme. A paper presented at the
Nasarawa State Nigerian Library Association Annual General
Unit 4: Summary at the module Meeting, Lafia.
An attempt has been made to introduce the readers to the
systematic accounts of the origin, history and various stages of Dike, Virginia W (1998). Reading promotion in Nigeria: the role of
the development of Libraries from the ancient times; the school libraries in Elaturoti, David (Ed) Nigeria School
earliest records of civilization, oral tradition, clay tablets to Librarianship: yesterday, today and tomorrow, Ibadan:
paper and electronic resources. The introduction of the printing Nigeria School Library Association pp 173-188
press made it easy to produce multiple copies of texts thereby, Douglas, M.P (1961). Primary school library and its services. Paris:
giving rise to information explosion. All these developments UNESCO.
have reshaped the library from the ancient times to the modern Kroack, L (2005). The role of libraries in the creation of literate
times, particularly, the introduction of Information and environments. Background paper presented for the
Communication Technologies. education for all global monitoring report 2006 literacy for
life. Retrieved on 23/05/2017 from:
Unit 5: Assessment on the Module h p p s : / / w w w. i f l a . o r g / f i l e s / a s s e t s / l i t e r a c y - a n d -
1. Attempt a definition of the library. reading/publications/role-of-libraries-in-creation-of-
2. Discuss the origins of libraries. literate-environments.pdf

17 18
Mabawonku, I.M (2017). From tablet to table: information media MODULE TWO
and technology acceptance. Inaugural lecture presented at
the University of Ibadan, Ibadan on April 2 , 2017.
nd

ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
Nwalor, K.I.N (2003). Fundamentals of library practice: a manual Harriet Seun Dapo-Asaju
on library routines. Ibadan, Stilin-Horden, p 120.
Olanlokun, S.O & Salisu, T.M (1993). Understanding the library: a Introduction
handbook on library use, Lagos: University of Lagos Press. Academic Libraries are libraries that are attached to higher
Olusegun, M.K (1992), The role of public libraries in modern institutions of learning such as Universities, Polytechnics and
society, The Library Scientist, Vol. 16: p121. Colleges of Education. They are established as an integral part of the
Singh, J & Kaur, T. (2009). Future of academic libraries in India: higher institutions to support the achievement and actualization of
challenges and opportunities. A paper presented at the their core vision and mission of furthering academic excellence in its
International Conference on Academic Libraries (ICA) multidimensional activities. They grow simultaneously with their
heldat the University of Delhi, India, P.52 parent institutions to provide scholarly information resources and
Ukpanah, M.E & Afolabi, M (2011). Availability of cited law the delivery of efficient services to support the curricula and all
resources by law students in the Universities of Oyo and academic and research activities. Due to the placement and
Calabar law libraries. Nigerian Libraries 44(2)40-57. prominence of the academic library it is often referred to as the
heart, nerve centre and pivot of the university. A university is as good
as its library as it is commonly declared. The library is a true
reflection of the university that set it up.
Academic libraries, which used to operate a ‘place-based’
service and users consulted the catalogue and physical collection
have, in recent time, undergone a complete transformation
including breathtaking technological advancement with the
introduction of information communication technologies to
library services. Module One has examined different types of
libraries. Specifically, this module has been created to explore, in-
depth, academic libraries for utmost benefit to our students.

Unit 1: Objectives of the Module

The objectives of the Module are:

·Examine the sections/units in the academic libraries.
·Explain the importance of academic libraries in higher
institutions.
·Discuss the services provide by academic libraries

19 20
Unit 2: Structure of an Academic Library 2.2.2 Collection Development Department
Relevant information resources (books and non-book) are selected
2.1 Organisation in all disciplines of the institution and acquired in this department for
Libraries have played tremendous roles in the rating and teaching, learning and research and recreational activities.
development of the universities. The quality of services provided The following units are under Collection Development Department:
by the library to students, lecturers, faculty members, researchers
and community to a large extent affects the quality of the A) Acquisitions Unit: All relevant materials in quality and
academic programmes of the university and their products. quantity are selected and ordered by this unit. As soon as the
The Library Systems usually consist of the Main Library and materials are delivered, they are checked, stamped and
several branch/Faculty/ Departmental libraries. Each of the accessioned, after which they are taken to the technical
branches (faculty, departmental) carries out activities that support services department.
the realisation of the mission of the institution. The University
Library is managed and coordinated by the University Librarian B) Gifts and Exchanges unit:
who is the head of the library and a Principal Officer of the This unit receives books and non-book materials donated by
University. In Ajayi Crowther University, the University Librarian is individuals, associations, companies, government agencies,
responsible for the overall administration of T. Y. Danjuma Library international organizations etc. The materials after due
and the Law Library. The human resources of the library consist of acknowledgement of the receipt are sent to acquisitions unit
information professionals and para-professional, systems for further processing
analysts, as well as the supporting staff.
2.2.3 Technical Services Department:
2.2 Departments/Sections The following are the departments under technical services:
A standard academic library has the following departments:
i. Administrative Department A) Cataloguing and Classification Unit: This unit works
ii. Collection Development Department behind closed doors. The library users are precluded from
iii. Technical Services Department gaining access to the unit. Module four explains in details the
iv. Readers’ Services Department operations in this department.

2.2.1 Administrative Department B) Serials Unit: This unit processes and houses all the back
The administrative department is under the office of the and current issues of both foreign and local journals,
University Librarian. The sole responsibility is to coordinate periodicals, newspapers, magazines, special collections etc.
human and materials resources of the library. The responsibilities that are subscribed to in the library. To consult a journal, the
of this department include recruitment of all categories of library serials catalogue contains alphabetical listing of titles of the
staff, training and retraining and assessment of staff, security and journals in various subject fields being taught in the
maintenance of the library infrastructure, e.t.c. university. The current issues are displayed on the shelves
alphabetically. As soon as a new issue arrives, the old issue is
removed and replaced with the latest issue

21 22
 The reference unit is manned by a Reference Librarian. 2. Personal belongings such as bags, briefcases, folders,
Reference materials such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, umbrellas, cameras, etc. are not allowed inside the
biographies, bibliographies, indexes and abstracts, handbooks, library. Readers may wish to deposit such items at the
manuals, directories, yearbooks, maps, atlases, gazettes, porters lodge/cloak area at owner’s risk.
gazetteers etc. are shelved separately from the general library 3. Prospective library users are to be duly registered with
collections and they are meant to be consulted only. The reference an undertaking to observe all the rules and regulations
Librarian renders the following dynamic services: of the library
·Provides answers to general and specific enquiries
4. Readers must produce their current library cards at the
relating to the university
entry point for verification by the porters upon demand
·Educates readers on the use of the library and other
before they can have access to the library. Readers
information services in the library
identification cards are NOT TRANSFERABLE.
·Assists users to locate materials
·Conducts literature search for readers 5. Readers must submit themselves to search when
·Facilitates inter library cooperation and loan services leaving the library at the Porters Desk/check points
6. Silence must be maintained at all times, in and around
2.2.6 Reprography Unit: University libraries offer general the library.
photocopying services within the confines of the law. Copying is 7. Group discussion is not allowed in the reading areas of
subject to restrictions provided by copyright Acts and Regulations. the library.
2.2.7 Bindery Unit: The library has a Bindery Unit. The unit is 8. All cell phones must be switched off before entering the
responsible for binding back sets (issues) of library journals, library.
magazines, newspapers, theses, dissertations and repairs worn 9. All books borrowed should be returned on or before the
out books. due date as indicated.
10. All library materials should be handled with utmost
2.2.8. Audio-Visual Unit: This unit houses the non-print care. No library material (book, pamphlet, journal,
materials such as microforms (microfilms, microfiche, micro-card newspaper) should be marked (with biro, pencil),
and ultra-fiche). Audio and tapes, films, slides, filmstrips, folded, defaced, torn or damaged. Readers are held
computer diskettes, Compact Disc Read Only and makes them responsible for damages on library book and may be
available on users demand. asked to replace or pay for the damaged materials.

Unit 3: Library Rules and Regulations 11. Loss of library material(s) in a reader’s care must be
The under-listed rules and regulations must be observed by all reported to the library. The reader may be asked to
categories of users in all Ajayi Crowther University Libraries: replace or pay for such lost materials.
1. All readers must enter and exit the library through the 12. Actions that can result in damage to library buildings,
main doors. equipment, furniture or materials are forbidden.
13. Smoking, eating, drinking and use of naked light
including candles are strictly prohibited in the library.

25 26
 14. Sleeping or reservation of seats is not allowed in the References
library.
Adigun, Adebayo (1984), Lagos central library- past and present,
15. Stealing library materials is absolutely prohibited. Lagos Librarian 19(2)12-13.
Apprehended culprits would be dismissed from the
Collins, Mare & Check, Earl (1999), Assessing and guiding reading
university.
instruction. New York: McGraw Hill.
16. Fighting or exchange of words is forbidden.
Dachen, Nat (2001), The importance of libraries to universal basic
17. Staff and students who are finally leaving the university
education (UBE) scheme. A paper presented at the
are required to clear themselves in the library before
Nasarawa State Nigerian Library Association Annual General
disengaging.
Meeting, Lafia.
Unit 4: Summary of the Module Dike, Virginia W (1998) Reading promotion in Nigeria: the role of
We have succeeded in examining in details and with emphasis school libraries in Elaturoti, David (ed) Nigeria School
the academic library; its establishment, administration, Librarianship: yesterday, today and tomorrow, Ibadan:
organisation, library operations/services, rules and Nigeria School Library Association pp 173-188
regulations. It is important that every student should be able to Douglas, M.P (1961) Primary school library and its services. Paris:
distinguish one library from the other especially when it comes UNESCO.
to deciding which particular library to use. Kroack, L (2005), The role of libraries in the creation of literate
environments. Background paper presented for the
Unit 5: Assessment on the Module education for all global monitoring report 2006 literacy for
Attempt a definition of the academic library. life. Retrieved on 23/05/2017 from
1. Discuss the origins of Libraries. H p p s : / / w w w. i f l a . o r g / f i l e s / a s s e t s / l i t e r a c y - a n d -
2. Why is the use of academic library crucial to any student? reading/publications/role-of-libraries-in-creation-of-
literate-environments.pdf
3. What are the functions of academic library?
Mabawonku, I.M (2017), From tablet to table: information media
4. State the various departments in an academic library.
and technology acceptance. Inaugural lecture presented at
5. Describe an ideal Library. the University of Ibadan, Ibadan on April 2 , 2017. nd

6. What distinguishes an academic library from any other type Nwalor, K.I.N (2003), Fundamentals of library practice: a manual
of library? on library routines. Ibadan, Stilin-Horden, P 120.
Olanlokun, S.O & Salisu, T.M (1993), Understanding the library: a
handbook on library use, Lagos: University of Lagos Press.
Olusegun, M.K (1992), The role of public libraries in modern
society, the Library Scientist, Vol. 16: p121.

27 28
Singh, J & Kaur, T. (2009), Future of academic libraries in India: MODULE THREE
challenges and opportunities. A paper presented at the
International Conference on Academic Libraries (ICA) held at LIBRARY INFORMATION RESOURCES
the University of Delhi, India, P.52 Ucha I. Mbofung and Y. B. Opadiran
Ukpanah, M.E & Afolabi, M (2011), Availability of cited law
resources by law students in the Universities of Oyo and Introduction
Calabar law libraries. Nigerian Libraries 44(2)40-57. Users want relevant information no matter the format in which it
appears. They do not want to waste time searching numerous
sources before getting the right source. That is a major reason
compelling library staff and users to know the different sources of
information. The type of information provided by a particular
source qualifies it to be either a primary or secondary source of
information. The two sources can be available in print, non-print
and electronic formats. Availability, ease and access to the
required information are the crucial matters. This module
introduces the reader to the variety of formats/types of
information resources, their characteristics and usefulness.

Unit 1: Objectives of the Module

The major objectives of this module are presented in the table below

At the end of reading the module, students should be able to:

·Categorise primary and secondary sources of information
·Discus the difference between books and periodicals
·List and explain the different parts of the physical book
·Define government documents
·Explain the characteristics of print, non-print and digital
information sources
·Classify information materials by their physical formats
·Highlight the uses of rare materials

Unit 2: Classes of information sources

A library provides a wide variety of sources to meet and satisfy the
informational, educational and recreational needs of individual
library users. These sources can be categorised into primary,
secondary and tertiary sources.

29 30
2.1 Primary sources of information are based on originality of
the material. They convey records of evidences of original
thinking, new inventions and reports without interpretation or
commentaries. The content is expected to qualify for inclusion as
the latest new addition to the body of knowledge. Examples of
primary sources include: scholarly periodicals or journals, original
artworks, diaries, autobiographies, newspapers, magazines,
bulletins, conference proceedings, transactions, speeches, letters,
digests, photographs, theses and students’ project works.

2.2 Secondary sources contain distilled information from

primary sources. They analyse, interpret, criticise and modify the
new knowledge from the primary sources. They try to explain the
content of the primary sources. Examples of secondary sources
include indexing and abstracting journals (may also be tertiary),
and current awareness journals, bibliographies, textbooks, literary
criticism, etc.

2.3 Tertiary sources contain information that have been

distilled but further evaluated, consolidated from primary and
secondary sources. Some textbooks and reference materials are
considered tertiary sources when their main objective is to list,
repackage, summarise ideas. Examples include encyclopaedias
(may also be secondary) dictionaries, bibliographies, directories,
handbooks, biographies, etc. In libraries, the reference resources
fall into this category. More explanation on their characteristics
and uses has been provided in Module Four.

31
 depend a lot on periodicals for the latest developments editor, illustrator or translator. Other information that are found in
in their rapidly changing fields of knowledge. As a the title page include edition (not first), publisher and place of
result the information that the book provides is not the publication.
most recent.
B. They provide in-depth information on the subject Verso of Title Page (Copyright Page): The verso of title page
treated in the book lists the book’s publishing history addresses, permissions,
C. Categories of books in a library include fiction and non- acknowledgments and disclaimers. It also contains the name of
fiction. Non-fiction includes textbooks, monographs the copyright owner, copyright notice, and of the year of
and reference materials. publication. The copyright owner may be the author, an
organization or corporation. A standard copyright page
3.2.2 Parts of a Book incorporates printer’s names addresses, Cataloguing in
A printed book has three physical parts. Publication (CIP) information and International Standard Book
1) The binding is the part of the book that holds the printed Number (ISBN).
sheets together. It makes the book easy to handle.
2) The spine is the edge of a book which joins all the printed Table of Contents: The table of contents lists the major names
pages together. The name of the author, the title and call of chapters and other divisions in the book. In addition, it provides
number of the book are usually written on the spine. the page number where each chapter begins. A table of contents is
3) The content or printed pages form the book block. never used if chapters are numbered only (e.g., Chapter One,
The block is the body and most important part of a book. Chapter Two) without title.
There are three main sections of the book block: the front
matter (preliminary pages), text proper, and back matter. List of Illustrations (if any): A page is created that lists key
A detailed explanation of major parts of book is below. illustrations that provide information or enhance the text in some
way. Illustrations include tables, charts, photographs, maps,
The Preliminary pages appear before the main text and diagrams etc.
comprise a few pages that include the title page, dedication,
acknowledgement, list of illustrations, the copyright information, Foreword: The foreword contains a statement about the book
perhaps even a preface or a foreword and table of contents. The and is usually written by someone other than the author who is an
pages are numbered in roman numerals and different from the expert or is widely known in the field of the book’s topic. A
main text. They introduce the book to the readers. foreword lends authority to your book and may increase its
potential for sales.
Half Title Page: The half title page is the first page of a published
book and contains title proper only. This means that the title does Preface: The preface provides a variety of information such as:
not include a subtitle. the author’s reason for writing the book, research methods
adopted and some acknowledgments if they have not been
Title Page: The title page is the part of a book that displays the full included in a separate section. A preface sometimes addresses the
book title and subtitle (if any), author’s name, and any co-writer, qualifications of the author. Not all books have separate preface.
The introduction may suffice.

33 34
Acknowledgments: An acknowledgments page includes notes Index lists in alphabetical order the topics, key words, names of
of appreciation to people who provided support or help during the people in the book. In addition, it indicates the page number(s) in
writing process the book where one can find the listed item.

Introduction: The introduction describes briefly the content The back cover gives a variety of information or nothing at all.
of the main body of the text that a reader should know before Sometimes it gives a brief biography of the author and the content.
proceeding to read the book. The introduction may also The information gives the reader a little knowledge about the
describe, in more detail than a preface, the research, methods content and writing style. Reviewer’s comments may also appear
and overall concept of the book. at the back cover in addition to ISBN. The comments enable you
decide whether the book is useful and of interest.
Text Proper: This is the main body of the book. Each chapter is
fully explained. It is the bulkiest and most important part of a Unit 4: Periodicals/ Journals/Serials
book. Periodicals, Journals and Serials, can be defined as continuing
resources issued in a succession of discrete parts usually bearing
Back Matters: These include appendix, bibliography, glossary, the same title and are in parts or in numbers that has no
and index. predetermined conclusion. These are publications that are
published at regular intervals. They are primary sources of
Appendix: An appendix includes any data that might help clarify information and very good for researching on current issues and
the text for the reader but would have disrupted the flow of the developments. Periodicals include scholarly journals, trade or
main text had it been included in an earlier part of the book. Such professional journals, magazines and daily newspapers. They are
data must be extensive enough to be included in an appendix not limited to the print format alone. Some are published online,
Some items included here might be a list of references, tables, digitized information residing in a remote database or in CR-
reports, charts, diagrams, background research and sources. ROMs or optical disk format.

Bibliography or References: Both the bibliography and 4.1. Characteristics of periodicals are:
reference sections list the sources for works used and cited in the a. They are published on regular interval (daily, 7weekly,
book by the author book. Some of the sources cited may be monthly, yearly).
recommendations for further reading. The sources are listed b. Each has a distinctive title that is meant to be continued
alphabetically by the author’s last name or chronologically as cited during the lifespan of the publication.
in the work. Bibliography for further reading is always listed c. Each issue is a part with a volume or part number
alphabetically by the author’s last name. d. Each issue is published independently.
e. Periodicals always have many different contributors.
Glossary lists unfamiliar words in that particular book in f. Periodicals have International Standard Serial Number
alphabetical order. It gives the definitions and sometimes the (ISSN)
pronunciation of the word.
Scholarly journals are intended for professionals, scholars or
experts in a field. Scholarly journals are also called academic

35 36
journals. They contain peer review articles written in technical reflects the most current development in all fields of activity.
language by experts in a specific subject field. A scholarly journal is i. By reading periodicals, a student develops his language
a medium for communicating research findings by scholars. It abilities.
reports the latest developments in the field. The articles are often ii. Student can develop continuous reading habit.
more detailed and objective than magazines. iii. The order of individual article in journals helps students
to maintain continuous reading. Also students can read
4.1 Newspapers and Magazines most of the topic in every short time.
These are useful sources for research, general interest reading and iv. Some periodicals, especially magazines and
entertainment. They carry editorials, commentaries, feature articles newspapers, provide entertainment also provide deep
and reports on a wide range of subjects. Newspapers provide knowledge of life and morals.
information on daily events. The intended audience for newspapers v. It also brings out the most inner potentiality and
and magazines is the general public. The articles are written by anyone, creativity from the students
reporters and journalists. They contain news, non-technical written vi. A student can know every detail regarding past, present
articles, glossy photographs and advertisements. They can be used to and the future in any area of interest.
find out popular perspective of any issue whether broad or complex. vii. Reading of periodicals helps student get the knowledge
The feature articles do not give bibliographies or references. about great scientists, scholar’s life sketch and even the
knowledge of cultural heritage
4.2 Advantages of using periodicals viii. It can help students to develop self-confidence by which
A) Timeliness: As primary sources of information, a they discover their uniqueness and abilities.
major advantage that newspapers and magazines have
over books is that information in them comes out more Unit 5: Theses/ Dissertation
quickly than it can in books. An article that will The term ‘project’ ‘theses’ and ‘dissertation’ are used rather
eventually appear in book form would have originally d i s c r i m i n a t e l y a n d c a n b e u s e d s y n o n y m o u s l y.
appeared in a magazine or journal. Theses/dissertation is an essential aspect of a degree, which
proves that a student has mastered the skills necessary to
B) Originality: Results of original research and reviews of
succeed in a scholarly field and which makes an original
books are often printed in periodicals first. The article contribution to that field. Anuobi (2002) states that the
may not appear in any other publication or similar place. production of an original work in the form of project report,
thesis or dissertation is usually a standard requirement for
C) Ease of use: Periodicals can often provide good
undergraduate or postgraduate degrees awarded by
summary information on a field. For a short research universities. A thesis is commonly used for works prepared for
paper, information from articles may be easier to postgraduate’s degrees. Theses are among the important
manage than a lengthy book. information resources stored in academic libraries. Egonu
(1999) posited that projects, theses and dissertations refer to
4.3. Benefits from using periodical/journals bound copies of research reports produced for the award of a
These resources are essential and integral components of every major certificate, diploma, first degree, masters or doctorate
research library collection because the information they contain degrees.

37 38
 These sources of information contain research findings that ·Electronic images
are useful for economic, academic and research purposes. Theses ·Electronic texts/records (full text from the internet)
contain vital research findings which are useful to industries and such as electronic books, electronic journals,
important section of the economy of a developing nation like ·graphic, cartographic drawn resources such as maps,
Nigeria. Students and scholars consult them for study and plan etc.
reference purposes. They are therefore important parts of an
·compact discs, pdf files, research databases
academic library collection.
·A plan is a drawing· of a building or an area as might be
Unit 6: Rare Materials seen from above showing the relative positions on a
Rare materials remain important for scholarly research. These horizontal plane
materials refer to any item included in library special collection ·A photograph is made by the action of the light rays
because of the age, historical values, craftsmanship and antiques of from the thing pictured coming through the lens of the
varying significance. Rare materials can also include generalized camera onto a film or plate
materials not considered entirely rare such as an extensive collection ·A drawing is a picture, sketch, plan or design done with
of children books on a specialized topic such as the urban pencil, pen, chalk, crayon or charcoal, lines
experience. Waters (2009) defines special collections as ‘sometimes representing a person or thing.
referring simply to rare books and manuscript materials, and ·Painting is the art of representation, decoration and
creating beauty with paints.
Unit 7: Non-book materials
·A postcard is a card without postage printed on it,
Non-print materials are not printed on paper. Such materials may
usually with a picture on one side, used to send a
be in audio visual, audio alone and electronic formats. They are
message through the mail.
available in diverse forms and store huge amount of information.
However a non-print form such as the internet can include print ·A chart is information drawn on a plain sheet of paper.
information material. ·Cartographic resources are two or three dimensional
Audiovisual or multimedia materials are non-book materials graphical materials representing a substantial volume
that provide information through the application of a wide range of information through the use of pictures, diagrams,
of media. While some give audio (aural) and visual information symbols, codes and so on. For example: maps, atlases,
respectively, some give a combination of the two. Examples of plans, globes, etc
non-print resources include: ·Manuscripts: A piece of writing, written by hand or
·audio (tapes and Compact Disks), typed before it is printed is called a manuscript. It is the
·video (VHS tapes, DVDs, radio productions, sound first draft of a thought that is penned down. It is usually
recording, films) a set of loose sheets.
·audio-visual materials (electronic texts)
·microform ( microfiche, microfilm, micro card), Unit 8: Non –Print and Electronic Resources
·Slides, transparencies, aperture cards These are materials that are not in written form. However, some
·three-dimensional materials (globe, artifacts) non-print materials such as internet include print resources. Non-
print materials are in a wide variety of formats as earlier listed.

39 40
Microforms are reduced images or micro-reproductions of ·Audiovisual Recordings: These arc materials on which
documents. Such reproductions can only be read with the use of images and sounds are recorded on films, discs and
micro readers. Microforms are found in film format such as tapes with a view to showing motion pictures with
microfilms, microfiche, and micro cards. sound vibrations. They combine sound and visual
·Microfilms are rolls, strips or loops of developed films. images; hence they are called audiovisual materials. In
They are of various sizes. It is a fine grained film for order to view the pictures, one needs a film projector for
making very small photograph of pages of a book, motion films and video recorder and television for
newspapers, records and other printed materials to video cassettes, video tapes and -video discs and DVD
preserve them in a very small space. players for DVD.
·Microfiches are flat sheets of photographic film. The · Digital Materials comprise files that can only be
sizes vary but, a single microfiche may contain micro accessed with a computer. The information is generally
images of over 100 pages of a standard-size book. stored on floppy diskettes. Other electronic resources
·A microcard is a card sized photographic print are CD-ROM discs or Internet resources. The Web is an
containing pages of books, newspapers, records or internet service that allows users to retrieve documents
other printed matter, greatly reduced in size. It is used not only in print form but also sound and audio
to facilitate storage and transportation of such recording, images, microforms, real objects and so on.
materials. It is an opaque card of various sizes ·Realia are real objects or actual objects such as specimens
·A filmstrip is used in motion or still pictures. It made up and artifacts that convey a lot of information. While some
on a reel of 35 millimeter film, used to project each of these materials are used for learning and teaching,
picture separately on a screen, and is used in teaching some are for recreational purposes. Examples include:
or lecturing. specimens of insects, rocks, coins, toys and games such as
·Slides are single frames of film on a small piece of thin Ludo, Scrabble and Monopoly.
glass each frame being held in a card. They are two by
two inches in size, and 35 mm thick. The object placed Unit 8: Summary of the Module
on the glass can be magnified through the use of a There are different ways of categorising library information
microscope. resources. They can be categorised as primary, secondary or
·A transparency containg an images usually on thin plain tertiary sources of information; print, non-print, electronic or
transparent glass consisting of a film, which can be multimedia resources, digital and realia (real objects). Each
magnified on to a screen when a strong light passes category has its peculiar characteristics and usefulness. There
through it. It is projected on to the screen by overhead are also differences in their physical appearances. Though
projectors. printed book may have three distinct physical parts, the pages
·Sound Recording is important for educational and consist of many useful sections. Books are secondary sources of
recreational purposes. Audio recordings are sounds information. Periodicals are primary sources of information
that are recorded on tapes or compact discs. These and very good for researching on current issues and
materials are particularly useful the hearing or partially developments. Non –print and electronic resources are
hearing-impaired users. materials that are not in written form. However, some non-
print materials such as internet include print resources

41 42
Unit 9: Assessment on the Module References and List for Further Reading
1. Which part of a book gives you meaning of words used in the Aina, L. 0. (2004). Library and information sciences text for Africa.
book? Ibadan: World Information Services Ltd.
2. Examine the characteristics of a journal/periodical American Library Association (1943) Glossary of library terms
3. Distinguish the characteristics of print materials, multi- with a selection of terms in related fields. Chicago: American
media non-print and electronic resources. Library Association.
4. Secondary sources of information in a library include: Anunobi, U.V. (2002) Citation behaviour of undergraduate and
(A)Transactions, digests (B) Theses (C) Indexes and postgraduate in the Federal University of TechnologyOwerri:
abstracts (D) B and C (E) A only An issue for concern. Nigerian Library and Information trend
5. Which part of a book gives you meaning of words used in the 1(1)
book? Edoka, B. E. (2000) Introduction to Library Sciences. Onitsha:
(A) Table of content (B) Glossary (C) Thesaurus (D) Palma Publishing.
Index (E) Title page Egonu, E.C. (1999) Effective hand book of research methodology,
thesis writing, preservation and presentation. Owerri
Springfield publishers
Ifijeh, Goodluck. (2014) Adoption of digital preservation methods
for theses in Nigerian Academic Libraries: application and
implication. The Journal of Academic Librarianship. 40. 399-
404.
Manavadaria, Mital P. (2012). An importance of periodicals at
school level :a though. Research Expo International
Multidisciplinary Journal Vol. II issue 1
Nwezeh, Chinwe M.T. (2010) Theses, projects and Africana
materials management in Nigerian Academic Libraries: the
case of Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library. Library Philosophy and
Practice (June) p.1-5.
UNESCO (1964) UNESCO Public library manifesto. UNESCO
Bulletin for libraries Waters, J.A. (2009) The changing role
of special collections in scholarly communications. Research
library issues 267

43 44
 MODULE FOUR than to be read consecutively. This category of materials
carries miscellaneous information on a wide range of
REFERENCE INFORMATION SOURCES subjects.
Ucha I. Mbofung 2) It also refers to “a book whose use is restricted to the library
building”. The Reserved Book collection falls within the
Introduction group ‘b’ defined above.
Module Three has been devoted to the characteristics of print,
non-print and digital information sources. The categories of Technological development has enhanced the concept of
library materials have also been examined. There is a wide variety reference collection and expanded the definition to include library
of reference sources available to cover every subject area. These and information resource materials not only in paper but non-
sources can be books, online databases and serials. This module print, and digital electronic resources accessed via computers and
will focus on specific types of reference sources that a user can network connections through website and databases. It is,
choose to meet the right information need by providing right therefore, possible to have a virtual reference collection to
answer to the specific question. Successful use of reference supplement the print resources housed in the reference section of
sources depends on choosing the right one. By implication, the the library. In many libraries, reference materials are shelved
successful student must learn to yearn to have access to adequate separate from the main collection and such items have REF
information, discover and understand the diverse possible sources location code in the class mark/call number.
of information and make good use of them to complement A summary of common characteristics of reference sources
classroom lectures, carry out research or even use them for from the definitions above are:
relaxation. a) they carry a wide range of information. Some sources
provide general background information while some
Unit 1: Objectives of the Module provide detailed information that can help students in
The major objectives of this module are presented in the table below. their projects or term papers.
At the end of reading the module, students should be table to: b) they are consulted for definite information. Therefore
they provide answers to specific questions.
·Identify basic reference information sources. c) they are not read from page to page.
·Know where to find reference information d) they may not be taken out of the library. They are
·Know the sources that provide background or direct restricted to seat in use.
information or additional information e) Reference materials are available in all subjects and
·Identify literature search tools various formats (print, non-print, electronic, online).

Unit 2: Definition of Reference Material Other characteristics which are not general include:
There are two simple definitions from ALA Glossary of Library and a) they can be arranged alphabetically, topically or
Information Science: chronologically.
1) ... a book designed by arrangement and treatment of its subject b) they can have cross references.
matter to be consulted for definite items of information rather

45 46
4.1. Encyclopedias
Encyclopedias are good sources to begin research. They contain
many articles (short or lengthy) on all kinds of subjects. These
articles are often general, therefore providing a very good
background overview of the subject. They can also be quite
specific, while providing factual information. The articles are
written by experts in the field. Though the entries are usually in
alphabetical order, detailed indexes are provided to assist the user
locate information on a topic contained in a number of articles. A
bibliography for further reading is usually available at the end of
each article. Some encyclopedias have multi volumes, while
others are complete in one volume.
An example of a general encyclopedia is the New
Encyclopedia, Britannica Micropaedia, 15th ed. London:
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2005, 30 vols. A general
encyclopedia will give answers to these questions:
1) Where can I find the Periodic Table of Elements?
2) What is the population of the North American Indians?
3) What are the characteristic doctrines and ritual
practices of Hinduism?

A subject encyclopaedia emphasizes a specific subject.

Example:
a) Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religious; Chicago;
Encyclopedia Britannica 2006.
b) Encyclopedia of African Peoples gives cultural, historical
and biographical information on identifiable ethnic
groups in Africa.

An encyclopedia can also be restricted to a particular audience or

level of readership.

4.2. Dictionaries
A dictionary is a publication that lists words of a language in
alphabetical order. Dictionaries are used for finding out the meaning
of a word, its spelling, pronunciation; its origin, synonyms and

48
grammatical information. Information provided by dictionaries history of the word usage. An example of etymological
also include list of foreign words, derivatives, common signs and dictionary is the Oxford Dictionary of English
symbols, place names and variant grammar styles in different Etymology.
countries. However, all dictionaries do not furnish all the
information listed. Just as there are different types of dictionaries, Other dictionaries include dictionaries of abbreviation
so there are differences in their degrees of treatment of entries and (Dictionary of Acronyms and Abbreviations) and The American
subject coverage Dictionary of Historical Slangs.

Classes of Language Dictionaries Subject Dictionaries focus on word definitions in a specific

Dictionaries may be abridged or unabridged. Abridged editions of subject field such as finance, computing law, etc. Examples are:
dictionaries list most common words in current use, thus not a) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Computing and
usually as detailed as the unabridged which tries to list nearly all Communication. The entries include terminology in
the words of that language. computer science, telecommunication, aerospace
electronics, optics, systems engineering etc. The
General language dictionaries may try to cover all aspects of pronunciation of each item is provided along with
the words listed while specialised dictionaries that deal with synonyms, acronyms and abbreviations.
words in relation to specific disciplines, subject or vocation. b) Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology.
Language dictionaries can be
1) mono-lingual i.e. written with only one language e.g. 4.3. Thesaurus
Chambers Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionary or Thesaurus is a book in which words are grouped systematically,
2) bi- lingual and multi-lingual. Bi and multi lingual dictionaries with other words of a similar meaning i.e. synonyms and
are written with the use of two or more languages e.g. The antonyms (opposite in meaning). It may list quotations. Some
French-English Language Dictionary and English-German. language dictionaries also provide thesaurus in addition to their
French Dictionaries are polyglot dictionaries in which the regular dictionary functions. Examples are:
words in one language are translated to two or more languages. a) The Longman Dictionary of American English has a
thesaurus in addition.
Specialised Language Dictionaries b) Roget’s 11: The New Thesaurus
Dictionaries that deal with specific aspects of a language include:
a) Longman Idioms Dictionary. This is sequence of 4.4. Almanacs
idiomatic expressions arising from a word. Idioms are They can appear as calendars containing days, weeks, months of
very useful communication tools. the year with events, astronomical facts and photographs of
b) Longman Phrasal Verbs Dictionary is an English people and statistics. They also give information on business
language verb phrase dictionary. It lists over 5000 transactions, religious organisations, sports and entertainment.
phrasal verbs including idiomatic combinations. Almanacs are broad in geographical and subject coverage. They
c) Etymological dictionaries emphasize the analysis of provide current and retrospective information. An almanac,
components of words, the linguistic and grammatical which is published yearly, becomes a yearbook or an annual. Some
examples are:

49 50
 a) The World Almanac and Book of Facts. This is available 4.7. Biographical sources
in print and electronic forms. A biography describes prominent persons’ lives. It gives basic facts
b) Nigeria Banking Almanac like education, work experience, relationships, pass-times,
photographs, family history and death. It may relate a person’s
4.5. Yearbooks: professional and societal experience of life events.
Yearbooks published annually stress events and statistics for a There are different types of biographical sources. One type
single year, which is usually the year preceding the publication may be devoted to persons who are living, another only to dead
date. Yearbooks are secondary sources of information. Some persons. The classification can be regional, national, by subject or
encyclopedias publish annual supplements or year-books. profession. There are also universal biographies. Biographies are
Information provided in year-books is restricted to the year of often referred to as “Who’ who” publications. Examples:
coverage but cover a wide range of subjects such as politics, 1) Africa Who’s Who (Regional biography)
government, sport, entertainment and professions. Like 2) Who’s Who in Nigeria (National biography)
encyclopaedias, they can also be general or quite specific in 3) Who’s Who in Library and Information Services (Professional)
subject coverage while providing factual information. Examples: 4) Biographical dictionary of psychology (Subject biography).
a) Britannica Book of the Year updates the new
Encyclopedia Britannica The entries in biographical sources are usually in alphabetical
b) Nigerian Yearbook, order with the surnames written first, then other names including
c) Guinness Book of Records nicknames if any. They may be referred to as biographical
dictionaries. The information they provided is non-fiction.
A general yearbook is a place to find such information such as:
1) The winner of the 2008 Wimbledon 4.8. Geographical Sources
2) The outcome of June 12 election in Nigeria. These provide a variety of geographical information that aid
location of natural features and identification of characteristics of
4.6. Handbooks/Manuals: different parts of the earth. Some of these sources include maps,
Handbooks are handy, quick reference materials, which are atlases, gazetteers, plans, globes and travel guides.
usually not voluminous. They give facts, terms and concepts on
specialised subject disciplines. Handbooks are sometimes called Maps/Atlases: Map is a drawing of an area - (city, town,
manuals, which serve as handy guides to processes in a particular country) showing rivers, roads, towns or a graphic representation
subject area. Examples: of the whole earth or its parts on a flat plain. A collection of maps
(1) Handbook of inorganic chemicals by Pradyot Jatnaik, that have been bound together forms on atlas. Maps or atlases can
New York: McGraw Hill, 2002. be physical or regional, covering one country or continent. Maps
(2) Africa handbook published by Penguin Books for each can concentrate on a specific subject such as trade, demography or
African country listed gives basic information on transportation. Examples:
economic development, communication, historical (a) The Times Atlas of the World
development, etc. and a bibliography. (b) WABP Street Map of Lagos. Lagos: West African Book
Publishers Ltd, 1992 135p.

51 52
 (c) Around and About Abuja published by Spectrum Books 4.11. Government Documents
Ltd, Ibadan, 2005 is a useful guidebook for visitors to Government documents consist of any informational materials of
Abuja. the government in practically every field of endeavour.
Government documents are available in a wide subject area on
4.9. Gazetteers print and electronic formats and also through the internet. These
A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary or index. Gazetteers are documents constitute authoritative and comprehensive sources of
reference books containing alphabetical list of entries of places of information crucial to informed public decision-making. They are
the world. They provide information on towns, villages, good resources for researching and locating documents and
geographical features such as rivers, mountains, lakes, longitudes, information from Federal, State, Local or Municipal, and Treaty
latitudes, time, zones etc. Gazetteers which may be national or Organization sources. They provide information about laws and
international in scope provide historical and cultural information, legislation, budgets and appropriations, copyright, patents,
but no maps. Example: Webster’s New Geographical dictionary census, government research, reports, trademarks, etc. In some
The globe is a spherical or mounted representation of the earth. libraries, government documents form a separate area of reference
collection. These documents are available as directories,
4.10.Directories yearbooks, geographical sources, guides, gazettes and statistical
Directories are ready reference fact sources. A directory provides a sources.
list of particular groups of people or organisations with various
details. In addition to listing individuals and organisations, 4.12. Gazettes
directories furnish wide range of information, which include Gazette as a government publication is an official journal
addresses, telephone number, fax, e-mail, website and product containing notices of government appointments and promotions,
specialisations of an industry or courses offered in an institution, legal notices, edicts, decrees or legislative acts of parliament, as
or of an educational set-up. Directories can be useful for checking well as items like bankruptcies, property transfers, and
the spelling of person’s names and locating organisations. The engagements. In Nigeria, the Federal and State governments
entries may be listed alphabetically or in a classified order. publish gazettes. In British English, “gazette” can also refer to the
Directories may be general or on a particular subject or locality. kind of announcement that one might find in such a publication.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gazette. Gazette
a) General directory: The Major Companies in Nigeria
is a primary source of information and has some of the
published by Goldstar is an alphabetical list of 5000
characteristics of periodicals.
major companies in Nigeria. It gives the companies’
names, addresses, board members, etc.
4.13. Statistical Sources
b) Ibadan Market Directory, Ibadan; Samadeen and These are reference sources that provide statistical data only. Their
Associates 2003, 210p. scope is usually well defined and confined to a specific subject and
c) Subject directory: Directory of Nigerian Book period of time. Examples are:
Development edited by Chukwuemeka Ike; Awka: (a) Demographic Yearbook (Annual) New York; United
Nigerian Book Foundation; 1998 Nations.
(b) 1997Energy Statistics Yearbook. New York; United
Nations.

53 54
4.14 Literature Search Tools publications. Annotated bibliographies include a brief
The function of this class of reference sources is directional, merely summary of the item. There are different types of
indicating other sources containing fuller information which the bibliographies namely:
user must consult. They include: abstracts, bibliographies, a) Descriptive or enumerative,
indexes and library catalogues (manual or online OPAC). b) Critical,
c) National (e.g. National Bibliography of Nigeria)
1) Abstracts: An abstract is a summary or an abridgement of a d) Subject (e.g. Bibliography of Education)
publication or document. Abstracts as literature search tools, e) Trade (eg. Publishers’ Catalogues)
list other publications and provide bibliographic information f) Bibliography of bibliographies.
that will enable an individual know where to locate the full text.
Abstract information include: author, title of publication, place Bibliographies are available in almost every topic. They
and date of publication, the publisher and pagination details. If may be general, selective or on a particular subject, specific
the citation is a journal article, the title of the journal in which persons, and time periods but having a common theme.
the article is published in addition to the publication details will Bibliographies are used by students and scholars to gain
be given. The summary gives the reader a little knowledge access to information about materials for study in a given
about the scope, methodology, and research findings of works area. They are also used to verify such facts about
publications as printing date and value for textual study.
listed. This enables you decide whether the article is useful and
you need the full article. Examples of Abstract:
3) Indexes: An index is either an alphabetical register of subjects
a) Library and Information Science Abstracts,
dealt with in a book usually located at the end pages or a separate
b) Chemical Abstracts and
and complete guide to the content of other publications or
c) Arts Abstracts.
collections such as the library. Indexes are very important
information retrieval tools. Periodical and newspaper indexes are
2) Bibliographies very important reference sources. They allow users search for a
The term “bibliography” can refer to an activity involving the topic and find the exact issues of periodicals that have articles on
study of books and a product, when the result of the activities that topic. They provide current and retrospective information on
produces an organized listing of books according to some all kinds of subjects such as scholarly topics, entertainments,
system. As a reference material, a bibliography is a descriptive patents and current affairs.
or enumerative listing of works on some common organizing Periodical and newspaper indexes provide the title of
principle (Bopp, R.E &Smith L.C. 2001). Bibliographies in this each article, author’s name, title of the periodical in which it
latter category lead to other information sources. Thus, appears; the date, volume, issue and page numbers of the
bibliographies are sometimes referred to as Guides to the article. Unlike the abstract, indexes do not provide
Literature. They give meticulous description of the physical summaries of articles. Many indexes are now available both
features of a number of books and other materials. They list in print and in computerized form on CD-ROM. Many
author, title, publication information, the volume/number of a periodical indexes are issued annually, and function as
journal. Bibliographies include books, journal articles, indexes of the articles, book reviews and other features that
conference reports, theses and dissertations. However, many they included during the previous year e.g. Reader’s Guide to
bibliographies tend to be selective and do not incorporate all Periodical Literature. Other examples of indexes are:

55 56
 a) British Technology Index, Unit 5: Summary of the Module
b) Social Science Index, and There are many reference sources that a user can select that
c) Education Index. would provide right answer to the specific question. Despite the
d) The New York Times Index includes abstracts of articles wide variety of reference sources, two classes have been
appearing in the newspaper. defined. These include those that provide information directly
in such a way that in answering, the librarian or user may not
4.15. Concordance necessarily be referred to other resources for further
Concordance as a bibliographic reference publication has been information. The second class of sources is directional, merely
defined as an alphabetical index of the principal words in a book indicating other sources containing fuller information, which
or the works of an author with their immediate contexts. There the user must consult. The module also examined the
are many classes of concordance depending on the nature of characteristics and uses of basic reference information sources.
work. The term has been applied in Library Science & The format of any class of reference resources can be print, non-
Bibliography to refer to a book that indexes the principal words print and digital. In order to select the reference material that is
in a literary work, often with the immediate context and an most suitable to your information need, think about the type of
account of the meaning, for example Concordance of information that you need. The reference librarian is there to
Shakespeare and secondly as an index produced by computer or assist you. In libraries, the major function of Literature search
machine, alphabetically listing every word in a text. tools is directional, merely indicating other sources containing
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/concordance fuller information which the user must consult.
Many ordinary readers are most conversant with
concordances of the Bible for the Scriptures in their original Unit 6: Assessment on the Module
tongues, and for versions of the Scriptures other than 1) Define the following: Dictionary, Gazetteer, Bibliography.
English. The object of concordance of the Bible is to guide 2) What are the uses of: Yearbooks, Literature Search Tools,
the reader to any passage he or she is in search of by means Encyclopaedias
of an alphabetical arrangement of the words found in 3) Give two differences between: Atlases and maps; Indexes and
Scripture. The listing brings together under each word all abstracts.
the passages in which that word occurs. There are 4) Which part of a book gives you meaning of words used in the
concordances of the Old Testament in Hebrew, of the New book?
Testament in Greek, of the Septuagint version (Greek) of the 5) Why does the library refer to some publications as “Reference
Old Testament, of the Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390- Materials”
405 A. D.) version (Latin) of the New Testament, as well as 6) All the following except one are examples of literature search
of the translations of the Scriptures into German, French tools.
and other living langu ages. http:// (A) Abstract (B) Indexes (C) Bibliography (D) Library
www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/concordance/ catalogue (E) Microcard
7) Which of these information sources will NOT give
geographical information?
(A) Gazette, (B) General Encyclopaedia (C) Globe (D)
Gazetteer (E) None of these

57 58
References/ Reading List MODULE FIVE
Aina, L. 0. (2004). Library and information sciences text for Africa.
Ibadan: World Information Services Ltd. CATALOGUING AND CLASSIFICATION
American Library Association (1943) Glossary of library terms with a Ucha I. Mbofung
selection of terms in related fields. Chicago: American Library
Association. Introduction
This module will focus on areas that users of libraries and,
Edoka, B. E. (2000) Introduction to Library Sciences. Onitsha: Palma particularly, students need to acquire sound knowledge and skills
Publishing. that would enable them focus on a problem, search for evidence
Bopp, Richard E. &Linda C. Smith. (2001). Reference and information and facts concerned with it, extract those ideas and present them
services: An introduction 3"’’ ed. Engelwood, Colorado: Libraries orally or in writing. Users need skills that will enable them locate
Unlimited. and retrieve a particular item in the library, if they know any of the
vital access points: author, title of the publication or subject. This
Brophy, Peter. (2005). The academic library. 2"’1ed. London: F acct can be achieved through increased or enhanced access to
Publishing. education by teaching cataloguing and classification, user
Opara, Umunna N. (2007) Guide to the use of libraries, 2 ed. nd
education, information literacy, online information literacy or
Owerri: Springfield Publishers. virtual instructions.

Unit 1: Objectives of the Module

The major objectives of this module are presented in the table below.

At the end of reading the module, students should be able to:

·Explain descriptive cataloguing.
·Explain the uses of library catalogues
·Discuss classification process.
·Establish products of cataloguing and classification that aid
location and retrieval of library resources
·Establish the meeting point between library and education.

Unit 2: Cataloguing
Once the resources are acquired for library use, they have to be
processed ready for the shelves. The Acquisitions unit checks
information resources for defects, places ownership stamps at some
designated places, accessions the resources before passing them to
the Cataloguing unit. This Unit explains two technical processes in
organizing library materials. Organising library information

59 60
resource materials is one of the major and most satisfying page and also at the back or verso of the title page which also
technical jobs of a librarian. The first process is cataloguing. is usually the source of the year of publication.
Cataloguing is a process that requires the physical description of
information resources in any format (books, periodicals, print and (4) Physical Description: This consists of number of pages or
non-print. Cataloguing involves the provision of bibliographic pagination, illustrations, notes and International Standard
information with which each material can be identified and Book Number (ISBN). Another word often used to refer to
retrieved such as author or body responsible for the material, title, these series of cataloguing information is collation
edition, place of publication, publisher, number of pages, series,
illustration if there is, International Standard Book Number (5) Added Entry Headings: These show where other entries in
(ISBN), International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) if it is a the catalogue have been made for the work. Any catalogued
journal, the accession number and the call number. material will have at least two added entries. These are title (if
the main entry is not the same as the title) and the subject
2.1 How to Catalogue heading. Some resources may have up to seven or more added
The major sources for cataloguing information include the title entries. The library may adopt a policy to control the number of
page of a book, the verso page and end page. Some other sources added entries. However added entries are usually made for
can provide additional information. The front or cover page may joint authors, editors, illustrators, series, etc.
provide edition and series information.
(6) Call Number: It is generated through classification. A simple
Catalogue Card Entries: call number (also class mark or notation) indicates the subject
(1) Main heading: Usually the name of the author(s): the classification of the information material obtained from a
person or organization responsible for the books content. classification scheme, the author cutter and year of publication.
Where there are two or more authors, the main entry is the Many university libraries including that of Ajayi Crowther
principal or first named author. Main author’s surname is University, Oyo use Library of Congress Classification Scheme.
usually written first, followed by a comma and other names. This call number shows where to find a particular book on the
shelves. The call number appears on the spine of the book.
(2) Statement of responsibility: This comprises the title of
the work written on the next line starting immediately below Sample Author Card
the main author entry. The statement of responsibility
comprises the outstanding contributors to the intellectual or RA Llewellyn-Jones, Derek
artistic content of the material. Such named contributors 778 The A-Z of women’s health/ by Derek
include co-author(s), editor(s), compilers, illustrators, etc. .L38 Llewellyn-Jones.-.L38 2 ed. - Oxford:
nd

1990 Oxford University Press, 1990.

(3) Imprint: This comprises the edition, place of publication, vi, 260p; ill. 20cm.
publisher and date of publication. If a book is the first edition, ISBN 01-928-6112=3 (pbk)
it is not indicated at all, only second and multiple editions. The
place of publication and publisher can be found on the title i Women-Health and hygiene 17-1000
1Title O

61 62
NOTE: Arrangement of the card in the catalogue is by the author, Sample Shelf List Card
viz
Llewellyn-Jones, Derek. RA Llewellyn-Jones, Derek
778 The A-Z of women’s health/ by Derek Llewellyn-
Sample Title Card .L38 Jones. - 2 ed.- Oxford: Oxford
nd

1990 University Press, 1990.

The A-Z of women’s health vi, 260p; ill. 20cm.
RA Llewellyn-Jones, Derek ISBN 01-928-6112=3 pbk
778 The A-Z of women’s health/ by Derek Llewellyn-
.L38 Jones.-2 ed. - Oxford: Oxford University Press,
nd
i Women-Health and hygiene 17-1000
1990. vi, 260p; ill. 20cm. 1Title O
ISBN 01-928-6112=3 (pbk)
2.2 Understanding Library Catalogues
i Women-Health and hygiene 17-1000 The Library catalogue is a literature search tool. The best way of
1Title O finding out what a library has is to consult the catalogue. It also
tells you where materials are located on the shelves. There are
NOTE: Arrangement of the card in the catalogue is by the title viz different forms of library catalogues. The most popular traditional
A-Z of women health. card catalogue cabinet is gradually being replaced by on-line
computer catalogues (OPAC).
Sample Subject Card
2.3 Uses of Catalogue
Women-Health and hygiene (1) Most library catalogues give you the same general
RA Llewellyn-Jones, Derek information about each item in the library. The information
778 The A-Z of women’s health/ by Derek in the catalogue record include the author(s) (the person or
.L38 Llewellyn-Jones.-2 ed. - Oxford:
nd
body responsible for the intellectual content of the resource
1990 Oxford University Press, 1990. material), title of the work, imprint, physical description,
vi, 260p; ill. 20cm. added entries classification number and ISBN, ISSN. etc.
ISBN 01-928-6112=3 pbk (2) All library catalogues tell you what books the library has by
specific authors. The author catalogue entries are arranged
i Women-Health and hygiene 17-1000 in alphabetical order, therefore all books written by a
1Title O particular author are easily discernible. A user can easily
locate all of an author’s books in the collection.
NOTE: Arrangement of the card in the catalogue is by the subject (3) The catalogue tells you what books a library has on a given
viz. subject in any format. Identification and retrieval are
Women- Health and hygiene therefore possible and easy through the use of subject access
point. The subject of the book may be names of persons as in
autobiographies.

63 64
Other features of OPAC are:
1. OPAC may be used to make reservations for items in which
one is interested, but which are on loan.
2. OPAC may enable users to check their own loan status.
3. A user can download information directly to a computer.
4. Access to the library collection is instant and round the clock
under all normal circumstances.
5. The system is user-friendly and offers efficient searching
procedure.
6. It is possible to access OPAC through several points at
different locations though internet.
7. It is flexible and can be easily updated like the card catalogue.

Other forms of catalogue that are used in libraries include:

book, computer output microform, author catalogue in which
cards are arranged alphabetically by the authors; the title
catalogue and the dictionary catalogue. The author, title and
subject entries in the dictionary catalogue are interfiled in a single
alphabetical order. In the shelf list catalogue, the cards are
arranged by the call mark as the books are on the shelves. It serves
a very good inventory tool in libraries.

Unit 3: Classification
Library materials are systematically and logically arranged, not by
colour, size or any other physical format but by subject discipline.
Classification arranges books on related subjects together. This
arrangement enables one browsing along the shelves to find books
on the same subject. Bibliographic classification has several
definitions. Basically, as applicable to libraries, it is the
arrangement of library resources in logical order according to
their degrees of likeness, through the use of symbols or coding
system of a classification scheme. The scheme uses a series of
symbols to indicate a concept or subject.

3.1 Classification Scheme

A classification scheme is standardized universal descriptive
information dividing the whole body of knowledge into logical groups

67
 Dewey is divided into 10 classes or broad subjects and uses
numerals to denote the subject. The few class subjects grouping
limits the number and variety of call numbers that can be assigned
to books, making it better suited for libraries with smaller
collections, such as school libraries or public libraries. LC, on the
other hand, has 21 classes and uses alphabets for the subjects,
which allows for more call numbers needed for the greater
number of books owned by larger academic libraries. Moy’s
Classification Scheme is specially designed for Law libraries or
organization of law collections distinct from the main library
collection. For more information, read relevant portions of
module one on Faculty of Law Library, Ajayi Crowther University.
However, the fundamental function of any of the systems is an
orderly and systematic grouping of documents, so that all related
disciplines are brought together. It is the main subject matter of
the information material and the treatment that determine the
class in the schedule.

3.2: How to determine the subject of a book

1. Read the title with understanding. It often indicates the
subject content but may be misleading. One needs to read
other portions of the publication.
2. The table of contents provides an array of indicators of the
subject(s) the author has written.
3. The introduction and summaries inside and at the back cover
can give useful hints.
4. Examination of the chapters may be necessary.
5. If all the above sources fail to give a subject matter or if the
subject is unfamiliar or complex, the classifier should consult
experts in that field of study.
6. It is important to determine the exact subject treated in the
book. A book may treat two or three subjects.
7. Look for the main subject first in the index and then the
schedules for the most appropriate subject number.

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 REF——Signifies a reference material
RA—— Subject main code
778 —— Subject number
.L38——Author cutter
1990—Year of publication

Sometimes in a notation, letters appear in front of the

classification number. An example is ‘REF’. This prefix indicates
that the book is a reference material, and is kept in a separate
arrangement from other books in the library. Call marks or class
marks are usually marked on the lower part of the spine of book, as
well as on the catalogue records.

Unit 4: Summary of the Module

In this Module, I have identified the major sources for

cataloguing information and how to catalogue library books.
The library catalogue is a vital literature search tool that assists
information seekers in retrieving resources but they have to
know major access points. I have differentiated the concepts of
cataloguing and classification as physical bibliographical
description and intellectual subject grouping respectively. The
module has also examined the important roles of classification
in the organization of library resources on the shelves.

Unit 5: Assessment on the Module

1) What are the uses of library catalogues?
2) Which would you prefer a card catalogue or online computerized
catalogue. Support your choice with four reasons.
3) What are the uses of classification of library information
resources?
4) Explain the functions of the call number (class mark, notation).
5) A group of letters or numbers or a combination of both used
to represent the various subject disciplines derived from the
divisions in the scheme of classification is called
6) Imprint consists of _______, _______ and ________.

72
References/ List for further reading MODULE SIX
Aina, L. 0. (2004). Library and information sciences text for Africa.
Ibadan: World Information Services Ltd. LIBRARY AND EDUCATION
American Library Association (1943) Glossary of library terms Ucha I. Mbofung
with a selection of terms in related fields. Chicago: American
Library Association. Introduction
Edoka, B. E. (2000) Introduction to Library Sciences. Onitsha: There is a very strong relationship between libraries and education.
Palma Publishing. Education is greatly undergoing tremendous changes in all
Harrod, L.M. (1971 ). The librarian glossary to terms used in dimensions with the increasing developments in Information
librarianship and book of crafts. London: Andre Deutsch. Technology and Communication (ICT). Educational technology is
also transforming modes of teaching, learning and research. With
new technological developments and innovations come new
challenges and new expectations. Users demand tools that are
simple and sophisticated. They expect free information in a variety of
formats including electronic documents (Wawrzaszek and
Wedaman, 2008) to meet their educational needs. Similarly,
traditional library missions, structures, procedures are incapable of
meeting actual and potential information needs of library users
(ACRL, 2012). The result of the changes challenges teachers and
libraries to re-think and restructure the traditional learning
infrastructure and environment including application of ICT in
higher education in order to meet the increased expectation for
improved academic quality through teaching, learning and research.
A University library is seen as the heart of the university and
part of the educational process having a mission which must align
with the institutional mission by facilitating excellence in teaching,
learning and research. A major objective of tertiary and university
education in particular is to impart skills and conditions that
facilitate lifelong learning. In recent times, there have been several
sophisticated changes in education modes, learning environment,
students’ profile, demographics and process of learning that brings
resources and lecturers into proximity. These shifts place
expectations on the roles the library plays in the education of an
individual. In response, library and information professionals are
taking increasing responsibility to educate users on best approaches
to information identification, access, retrieval and management.

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Unit 1: Objectives of the Module knowledge creation, selection and provision to improve the
The major objectives of this module are presented in the table effectiveness and efficiency of teaching, learning, research and
below. recreation.
The academic library is seen to be the centre of scholarly
At the end of reading the module, students should be able to: activity. Virkus and Metsar (2004) lists the traditional roles of the
·Explain roles of library in education of students, staff and library in education as: ‘what and how to select, to acquire, to
researches classify, to catalogue, to provide, to archive or to give access to and
·Know Web based resource sharing library services and how to assist people in the use of information and more important:
activities to users how to provide free and equal access to information according to
·Know a variety of structured instruction methods in the use the mission of libraries’. Thus the roles of the library in education
of libraries and information. include:
·Identify the components of Virtual Learning Environment 1) Selection and acquisition of information resources in various
(VLE) formats for all categories in the community,
·Appreciate the functions and prospect of Virtual Learning 2) organization of resources in all formats for easy identification
Environment (VLE). and retrieval,
3) Providing increased or enhanced access to education by
Unit 2: Concept of Education
teaching user education, information literacy, online
Education is often regarded as synonymous with acquisition of
information literacy or virtual instructions.
knowledge, or experience of any sort. By this, education becomes a
product of experience. The experience often has positive effect on 4) Teaching students and faculty how to access information and
the personality of the individual. Education can also be referred to serving as leaders in introducing information technology
as a process by which an individual or society consciously skills and also ensuring that such are effectively utilized.
transmits its values, knowledge and skills from generation to 5) Participation in networks that ensure access to resources that
generation. Education starts from birth to death and can be are not available in the library. Libraries are fostering active
acquired though the home, school, radio, churches, television, collaborations between libraries, academic departments and
library, etc. The aim of education varies from point to point and other institutionalized services.
generation to generation but the main objective has always been 6) Provision of reference services, bibliographic compilation,
“reconstruction or reorganisation of experience which adds to the current awareness, selective dissemination of information,
meaning of experience and which increases ability to direct the library orientation, etc.
course of subsequent experiences” 7) By teaching inquiry, analytical, critical, evaluative and
creative thinking skills, the library gives the individual
2.1 Role of library in education opportunity to learn how to learn independently and how to
Education process of the library is a threefold process of imparting contribute own ideas to existing body of knowledge and,
knowledge, developing skills and inculcating proper attitudes,
8) Provision of conducive learning environment while ensuring
values and interests. The teaching and learning situations of the
equal opportunities to education free from any form of
library are designed to meet the expectations of the curriculum. As
discrimination.
a corollary of these views the library applies many methods about

75 76
 All these are aimed at preparing individuals to functional 3.1 User Education in Libraries
literacy so that they can achieve success, be productive and User education constitutes a major task for librarians. Effective
contribute to the development of the society. It is also believed that service to users depends a great deal on this. The responsibility to
the changing roles of the library will be of immense benefit to educate users on best approaches to information identification,
students, faculty, university administrators and librarians. access, retrieval and management follows acquisition, processing
Secondly, the students will acquire better information literacy and shelving of library materials and provision of retrieval system.
skills which support their present and future learning and The librarian decides on the methods of instruction to adopt. The
research. content, choice of teaching methods and media depend on the
learning/teaching situation, the student, the teacher, the time
2.2 Reference services to users required for the material, the ability of the teacher to handle the
Reference services vary in libraries but in most libraries there is teaching material and topic. The method adopted also depends on
usually a reference unit where a librarian handles reference the need of the users. No single method can be suitable for all
queries. The major objectives of reference services include: occasions, or have the same effectiveness on the learner. A variety
1) Instructing and assistance to users in finding the information of teaching methods keep learners involved and responsive. It is
they need to solve their problems, important that the tutor librarian considers the advantages and
2) Identifying the information resources needed to answer the disadvantages of each instructional method before choosing any.
reference query,
3) Providing the factual answers to the queries. 3.2 Library Instruction
Library instructions consist of structured instructions and
Reference services are in different forms such as one-to one activities in the use of libraries and information. Many terms have
question and answer session, referral service to other libraries, been used interchangeably while trying to discuss this concept,
literature searches, selective dissemination of information, most notably are library orientation, user education, bibliographic
identifying web based information. The services can be rendered instruction, information literacy instruction and web-based user
through telephones or e-mail or text messages. education. There are basic similarities in the major uses of each
service. There are some differential characteristics in some of their
Unit 3: Modes of instruction evolution, setting and methods of instructional delivery. Generally,
There are many modes of instruction that can be utilised in library instruction focuses more on in-depth explanation of
educating the library users. These modes may make use one of or a effective and valuable use of library materials, and facilities
combination of a variety of media to enhance the nature of including: techniques in using reference sources, card catalogues,
communication and presentation of ideas. The modes of literature searches, web based services CD-ROM searches and so
instruction include lecture, films, self-paced instructions, library on. Library instruction can be taught as credit earning course.
orientation, tutoring, etc. This part of the discourse will examine
more specific services and approaches of the library and librarian 3.3 Library Orientation
aimed at educating individuals to become successful information Library orientation comprises activities designed to welcome and
seekers and users for problem solving and who learn through introduce new users to the services, resources, collections,
information use. It will also discuss some practical approaches to organization of materials and the physical facilities of the building.
instruction delivery adopted in the library. Library orientation may take different forms. Traditionally, two

77 78
methods are most often used for library orientation. These are student desires to have information, determines the quantity of
guided tour or lecture or a combination of the two methods. These information needed to solve a particular problem, evaluates
methods have the advantage of bringing large number of the new information and its sources at the time it will be most meaningful
students into the library. Some libraries use computer assisted (ACRL, 2000).
programs, printed texts or manuals and electronic guides. The Information literacy skill that anchors on utilization of
orientation opportunity enables them to see and handle the network technology with digital storage and digital delivery to
diverse resources described and to ask questions. Therefore, at this identify and access information is network literacy. Hu (1999)
program, newly admitted students are taught the registration reports that network literacy for library users consist of:
process, rules, regulations and services of the library. They are knowledge of networked information and skills to locate, select,
introduced to the library catalogue and other information retrieval evaluate and use networked information. The methods for
tools. They may be taken round the different sections of the library. network literacy instruction include lectures with computer
Some of the new students might not have been used to libraries. demonstration, workbooks, computer assisted programs, printed
The librarian should bear this in mind and structure the texts or manuals and electronic user guides. Similar to library
orientation programme to accommodate their knowledge level. orientation, the librarian should determine the course content in
Some of the disadvantages of the tour system are: it does not give the instruction because this differs in terms of purposes, target
the student ample time to learn how to use some of the facilities groups and subjects of networked information.
since the students come in large groups; the disruption of library
personnel schedules. However, the success of orientation of new 3.5 Benefits of being information literate
students will also depend on scheduling to fit into either during There are numerous benefits as summarised in Information Literacy
their regular class periods or in their free time. Competence for Higher Education (ACRL, 2000: Barbour, Gavin and
Canfield (2004). An information literate individual is able to:
3.4 Information Literacy Instruction ·Formulate and state research problems, questions, and
Though traditional user education in libraries can be counted as a issues
part of information literacy, Virkus and Metsar (2004) reports a ·Understand the techniques, points of view and practices
general consensus that information literacy is a wider and more employed in the presentation of information from all
comprehensive concept than user education. The focus emphasizes sources
the acquisition of a set of abilities that make an individual become ·Determine the extent of information needed
information literate. Information literacy is common to all fields of ·Access the needed information effectively and efficiently
learning and supports lifelong learning. It is becoming increasingly ·Create and evaluate information and its resources
important with technological advances and proliferation of critically using various media
information materials. Lifelong learning requires ability to fully ·Convert facts and data into new knowledge that can be
participate in the information society. Hu (1999) asserts that communicated in a meaningful way
application of information literacy skills for lifelong learning is a ·Incorporate selected information into one’s knowledge
product of information society. Therefore, on information literate base; extend the learning beyond school years into jobs,
person must be able to recognize when information is needed and social, political and family life
have the ability to locate, synthesize or evaluate, and use the needed ·Use information effectively to accomplish a specific
information effectively. By implication, an information literate purpose by

79 80
 ·Understand the economic, legal and social issues interactive TV and CD.ROM. E-learning quoting same source,
surrounding the use of information and use information presents a definition from University of South Dakota as “any
ethically and legally technologically mediated learning using computers, whether in a
·Make well-informed judgments about local, national face-to-face classroom setting or from distance learning”.
and international issues as well as policies and policy Similarly, Olojo, Adewumi and Thomas, (2012) citing Markus
makers (2008) defines e- learning as any technological learning process
·Have more control over the huge amount of involving interaction with digitally delivered content,
information being generated and disseminated every network–based services and tutoring. An e-learning centre is an
day institution that allows for the remote access, by electronic means of
Others which may be expressed as the learning outcome from the information for learning and educational purposes (Ngugi, 2007).
benefits include: The four simple definitions imply the use of Web ICT to
·Information literacy multiplies the opportunity for provide or support learning by many more people located in one or
students’ self-directed learning and also assumes far locations. An efficient use of ICT in education will be of great
greater control over their learning using a wide variety asset for the promotion or information to distance learners and all
of information sources to sharpen their critical thinking others in far locations from educational institutions. It must be
·It promotes problem-bases learning, evidence-based emphasized that e-learning is effective when there is a complete
learning and inquiry learning through asking questions communication transaction and feedback with tutors/peers via
and seeking answers electronic media or paper. The virtual learning approach targets
·Students are able to reason about course content at a lifelong learning.
deeper level than through use of textbooks and lectures
·It supports independent learning and successful learners 4.1. Benefits of E-Learning Systems
·It forms the basis for independent lifelong learning 1. Electronic learning systems are used to facilitate student
·Students are able to master the content of what is access to digital information and resources and activities,
learned and extend their ideas through investigations which include: online lecture notes, reading lists, articles,
·Promoting information literacy in distance education illustrations, etc. (Levy, 2005).
courses develops a comparable range of learning 2. E-learning systems enable students carry out the learning
experiences as are offered in traditional campuses tasks and respond or give a feedback to the tutor or their
·It promotes spirit of perseverance in investigation to peers. The feedback can be online or face-to-face.
find out what is necessary to get the job going 3. The learning system offers flexible course and multiple
delivery modes so that students can choose the one most
Unit 4: Electronic Learning (E-learning) convenient and suitable for the use of instruction.
E-learning has been defined in several ways by different people. 4. It reduces or may replace formal class meetings if there is
Web-based learning, computer-assisted instruction, online-learning increased access to instruction software.
and internet-based learning have been used to refer to electronic 5. It allows a mix of classroom courses that may use a variety of
learning. The UK Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN) different delivery modes including the web.
defined e-learning as “the delivery of content via all electronic media, 6. Learning becomes more personalized; learners are in control
including the internet, intranet, extranet satellite, broadcast, video, of the content, pace of learning and sequence of learning.

81 82
4.2. E-Learning in Nigeria Some characteristics of VLE:
Nigeria has formulated some ICT policies at tertiary levels to 1) The virtual learning environment integrates different pieces
support the introduction and implementation of e-learning. In of e-tools or software and online that supply data making
order to facilitate some of the Federal Government policies, the sharing and dissemination of information easy for teaching,
National Open University with an e-learning project was learning and research.
established. Among the 10 Higher Education ICT projects
initiatives are the Nigerian Universities Network (NuNET), the 2) The information stored in the virtual learning environment is
National Virtual Library (NVL). The NVL, like many others, has produced by many authors, several tutors or teachers and
been established to facilitate self- education and networking students.
among students and teachers. It also compensates for the 3) Virtual learning environments are not restricted to distance
shortcoming of national and institutional libraries which lack up- education.
to-date literature and are not easily accessible. Other uses of the
NVL are to provide easy access to a large online database of 4) It allows interactions with others in any part of the world.
journals and to serve as a reliable uninterrupted source of This provision greatly favours education.
information for 24hrs across the country (Ngugi, 2007). 5) Virtual interactions do not have to mimic face-to-face
communication in order to be effective. Students can chat with
4.3. Teaching and Learning Challenges their lecturers and peers and receive immediate responses.
E-learning is not void of problems. The common constraint in 6) Dialogue and feedback are also possible using e-mail.
Nigeria is lack of well-qualified human resources that can handle the
new system of learning and its technology. There is a dearth of on- 4.5. Role of the library and Librarian in Virtual
line instructors for distance e-learning. The second problem is Learning Environment
language of instruction in a society like Nigerian with many cultures The libraries and librarians are key players in e-learning settings
and languages; which language should be chosen for instruction? and activities. The main focus in this part of the study shall be
Another is guarantee of constant power supply to generate tools. resource sharing as a group of activities jointly rendered for the
purpose of providing improved prompt, timely access to
4.4. Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) information resources and services at little or no cost to the seeker
The virtual learning environment provides many possible exciting of information. Libraries have been engaged in resource sharing
attractions, such as no need for students’ accommodation, no need but the traditional service has been greatly expanded by
for large library buildings, no need for large lecture notes, etc. technology. Computers, telecommunication, digital technologies
VLE, especially in higher education, is extending its boundaries are crucial masterminds are dictating the pace. They have shifted
from ‘on a place-based’ model of education to learning spaces and the resource sharing services to the virtual world. Web based
models. The new learning environment utilizes computers, resource sharing library services and activities include:
electronic media, and projectors, laboratories to ensure that all
students are able to engage in meaningful learning regardless of 1) Establishment of digital libraries, using library online
their time, locations and situations. catalogues (OPAC), CD-ROM and literature searches, digital
reference services, internet, electronic mails (e-mail),
teleconferencing, video conferencing and user education.

83 84
2) The library provides e-learning resources virtual learning Unit 6:Assessment on the Module
environments and online libraries. 1) Discuss library activities that enhance education of students?
3) The librarian acts as a guide or ‘mentor providing cognitive 2) Library Education can best be achieved by a variety of
assistance for knowledge identification, location, retrieval teaching methods. What are the advantages and
and construction. disadvantages of each method?
4) The librarian guides the learners by encouraging them to 3) Discuss the characteristics of virtual learning environment
reflect critically with understanding on issues at their levels (VLE)
of understanding, until support is no longer required. 4) Discuss the importance of e learning in higher education.
5) The librarian mentors learners in the online environment so
that students progress from novice to dependent learner in
text-based computer environment. References
ACRL. 2012. 2012 top ten trends in academic libraries. Available
Unit 5: Summary of the Module
at: http://crln.acrl.org/contnt/73/6/311.full
In this Module, education has been viewed as synonymous with ACRL. Information literacy competency standards for higher
acquisition of knowledge, or experience of any sort. The education. Chicago: Association of College and Research
experience often has positive effect on the personality of the l i b r a r i e s .
individual. Education can also be referred to as a process by http://www.ala.org/ala/acrlstandards/informationliteracyc
which an individual or society consciously transmits its values. ompetency.htm
Education process of the library is a threefold process of Hu, Chengren. (1996) Network literacy: new task for librarians on
imparting knowledge, developing skills and inculcating proper user education. Paper delivered at 62 IFLA General
nd

attitudes, values and interests. The library adopts many modes Conference-Conference Proceedings, August 25-31.
of instruction in educating the library users. http://arcive.ifla.org/IVifla62/62-huch.htm
The module has explained more specific services and
approaches of the library and librarian aimed at educating Levy, Phillipa &Sue Roberts. (2005). Developing the new learning
individuals to become successful information seekers and users environment: the changing role of the academic librarian.
for problem solving. In addition to defining E-learning London: Facet Publishing.
environment, the characteristic features, benefits and role of Ngugi, Catherine (ed.) (2007). ICTs and higher education in Africa.
the library and Librarian in Virtual Learning Environment Cape Town: Centre of Educational Technology.
(VLE) systems have been explained. VLE, especially in higher
Olojo, O. J., Adewumi, M. G. and Thomas, A. K. (2012). E-Learning
education, is extending its boundaries from on a place-based
and its effects on teaching and learning in a global age.
model of education to learning spaces and models. Part of the
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and
advantages of the new learning environment is that learning
Social Sciences. Vol. 2 No. 1 pp 203-210.
system offers flexible course and multiple delivery modes so
that students can choose the one most convenient and suitable Virkus, S & Metsar, S. (2004) General introduction to the role of
for the use of instruction. library for university education. Liber Quarterly. Vol. 14 pp
290-305.

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Wawrzaszek, S. V. & Wedaman, D. G. (2008). The academic library MODULE SEVEN
in a 2.0 world. EDUCAUSE Centre for Applied Research
Bulletin, 19. Retrieved 21 December, 2016from
st

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

http://www.educause.edu/ecar
TECHNOLOGY IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
Deji Onifade and Funmilola Ipeayeda
Reading List
Aina, L. 0. (2004). Library and information sciences text for Africa. Introduction
Ibadan: World Information Services Ltd. Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a very key area
in the librarianship profession. As information professionals, the
Edoka, B. E. (2000) Introduction to Library Sciences. Onitsha: relevance of ICT in our job routine and task within and outside the
Palma Publishing. libraries are enormous.
Warger, T. & Dobbin, G (2009). Learning environments where
Unit 1: Objectives of the Module
space, technology and culture converge. EDUCASE Learning
· Define the concept ICT
Initiatives, Paper 1. Available at
· Discuss computers in library and the basic components of
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
computer based library.
· Examine the concepts of Telecommunication and network
· Explain the application of the Internet and Database.

Unit 2: Definition and Usage of Information and

Communication Technology in Library

2.1. Definition of Information

Information is refined data that have been put into a meaningful
and useful context and communicated to recipient who uses it.
Information is a vital resource of on organization or institution.
The qualities of information are:
·Timeliness
·Accuracy
·Relevancy

Timeliness: Implies that getting the information to the

recipients within the needed time frame. The recipients must get
the information when they need it. Information received late will
be irrelevant.

87 88
Accuracy: means the information is free from mistakes and technology equipment and service, telecommunication
errors. It also means the information is clear and accurately reflects equipments and services, internet service provision, network
the meaning of data on which it is based. It conveys an accurate based information services, media and broadcast, libraries and
picture to the recipient and may require a graphical presentation related professional specialized services.
rather than a table full of numbers. Hamelink (1997) gives a simple clear definition of ICT as
those technologies that enable the handling of information and
Relevancy: means the usefulness of a piece of information for a facilitate different forms of communication.
particular person. It is a very subjective matter. Information
relevant for one person may not be relevant for another. 2.3. Components of Information and Information
Technologies in Library
What people do with information –
1. Capturing information using input hardware 1. Computer Technologies: The rapid development in the
2. Conveying information using output hardware information transmission process in every field of human
3. Creating information using processing hardware endeavor has been made by the widespread use of computer
4. Cradling information using storage hardware technology that can further be divided into the following
5. Communicating information using communication or categories:
telecommunication hardware a. Workstations: These are powerful computers used
mainly by scientists and engineers for sophisticated
2.2. Meaning and Concept of Information Communi- purposes. These include the following:
cation and Technology ·Super computers: Super computers are high capacity
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an elaborate computers that are fastest calculating device ever
concept and parallel concept with Information Technology (IT) invented. It may have massively parallel processing
which is an umbrella term that involves any communication device design or a vector processing design.
or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, ·Mini computers: Mini computers are refrigerator-size
computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and machines that are essentially scale-down mainframe.
so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with They are used for special purposes or smaller scale
them, such as video-conferencing and distance learning. general purpose work. Mini computers are becoming
ICT incorporates a range of technologies used to support more important as servers in networks.
communication and information. Information and communication ·Mainframe computers: Mainframe computers are fast,
technology includes applications and networks. Popular large capacity computers after the super computer. It
applications are the database management systems, multimedia occupies a specially wired and air-conditioned room
tools and Internet. Networks include fixed, satellite and wireless which is capable of high processing speeds and data
telecommunications. Also by implication, understanding of ICT storage.
necessarily includes consideration of information policies, b. Personal Computers (PCs): These are desktop, floor
telecommunication policies and human resource policies. desktop or portable computers that can run easy to use
Mercelle (1998) argues that the ICT sector is a heterogeneous programs such as spreadsheets or word processing. Some
collection of industry and service activities including information

89 90
 PCs are portable. Many can be connected to publication, letter, computer program, sound and
minicomputers and mainframe computers so that the pictures can be sent to and received from anywhere
PC user can also gain access to the facilities offered by of the world within a fraction of a second at a very
the larger machine. cheap rate through electronic signals called Simple
2. Microchip Technology: A microchip is a tiny piece of Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
silicon that contains thousands of micro-miniature electronic ii. TV (Television): Television is one of the old and
circuit components, mainly transistors. The microprocessor traditional information and communication
of microcomputer, which process data, is made from technologies which was dominated by major of
microchips. station in its formative period.
3. Software Technology: Software consists of the step by
iii. CATV (Cable television) System: It is a wired
step instructions that tell the computer what to. The two
communication system of high capacity that flows
types of software are system software (subdivided into
from a central source through a major distribution
operating system and control programs, translators, Utilities
cable to neighbourhood lines and to the line into
and service programs and Database) and application
the house.
software (subdivided into user application programs and
application packages). Many software packages for various iv. Teleconference: Teleconference is a meeting
applications in the field of library and information services among people remote from one to another who are
and management are commercially available such as linked by a communication device such as a
CDS/ISIS (Computerized Documentation System/Integrated telephone, computer and television. The following
Set of Information System), Libsys, Minisis are the five types of teleconference: Video
4. Satellite technology: Satellites are formed of microwave teleconference, Audio teleconference, Computer
transmission in that satellites which are positioned in space teleconference or Computer conference, Personal
approximate 22,300 miles above the earth, represent relay videoconference and Document conference.
stations for earth round communication. v. Voicemail: Voice mail acts like a telephone machine
5. Communication Technologies: Communication or that digitizes the incomings voice message and
telecommunication technologies are used to transmit store for retrieval later. It is an alternative system of
information in the form of signal between remote locations e-mail.
using electrical or electromagnetic media as carriers of signals.
B. Audio technology: The AM (Amplitude Modulated)
The Communication technologies comprise the following:
radio receivers are replaced by the FM (Frequency
Modulated) receivers which is modern. The new
A. Audio-visual technology: AV technologies are those by
development is the production of Compact Discs (CDs).
which things can be understood by listening as well as
Audio technology can be used in libraries and
seeing. AV Technologies include the following:
information centres for variety of purposes such as
i. E-mail: E-mail is a system of exchanging message in
imparting knowledge, recreation, storytelling to
electronic format. It has brought revolutionary
children, etc.
changes in communication because any type of
information such as personal notes, documents,

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2.4. Components of a Computer System Central Processing Unit (CPU): The central processing unit is
A generic term used to describe any component of a computer what is referred to as the heart of the computer. The Central
system with a physical presence which can be seen and touched is Processing Unit is also called Processor. It houses the Random
called Hardware. The components of a computer system are: Access Memory (RAM), which provides immediate access to a
1. Input devices stored data being processed. The CPU carries out the calculations
2. Output devices for the program and controls the other components of the system.
3. Central Processing Unit It does the function by organising circuits into two main units,
4. Auxiliary or External Store called Arithmetic logic unit and control unit. The RAM allows for
several programs to be carried out simultaneously. The CPU also
Input Devices: accept input data/programs for contains all the programs needed to process the data.
processing/converting if necessary into a form which the
computer can understand and operate on. Input is a process that Auxiliary or External Storage
involves the keying of data/programs using a keyboard. An input There is limited capacity of the immediate access store in the C.P.U.
The auxiliary or external store is for the deliberate use of the
device such as a mouse or keyboard gathers input and transforms
computer. They possess a higher capacity than RAM. External
it into a series of electronic signals for the computer. Examples of storage houses majority of huge data for a computer system.
input device are: Keyboard, Scanner, Mouse, Trackball, Lightpen, Secondary Storage is an optional attachment, which is cable
and Stylus. –connected to the CPU. Secondary is non-volatile. Any data or
programs stored in secondary storage stays there, even with the
Output Devices: These accept output from the data processing computer power turned off, unless someone purposely erases
device and convert it into a form suitable for use by the computer’s them. Secondary storage is a permanent form of storage. They
hold a large amount of data. There are several types of these
human operators. The commonest methods of computer output
devices e.g. magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, optical disk, hard
are printers and screen display although it is also possible to disks. It should be noted that in recent times computers are
output onto microfilm or fiche and onto transparencies for categorised mainly based on speed and memory capacity.
overhead projection. Many home computers also produce sound Hardware is the various physical components that comprise a
output through speakers. computer system, as opposed to the non-tangible software elements.
Examples are: Printers, The VDU - Visual Display, Unit Most of these physical components are physically separated from the
peripheral to the main circuitry that does the arithmetical and
Graphical User Interface (GUIs)
logical processing but they are the most familiar bits of a computer. It
consisting of the keyboard, CPU, Screen and printers constitute the
hardware components of the computer. The software components of
the computer are those that perform a variety of specific functions

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ranging from word processing, database management to 6. Management:
statistical analysis. ·Report/Statistics
·Budgeting/Accounting
2.5. Application of computers for library functions ·Word processing/mailing
Computer assists the library in their daily operations. Daily ·Planning/Scheduling
operations in library include the library routine. Library functions or
7. Serial management:
routines are the essential tasks arrived at by libraries for efficient and
·Holding/Union list
effective performance. The work done in libraries can be divided into
·Serial check in/out and claiming
two broad areas including Technical Services and Public Services
Technical services are all activities that are carried out on
8. Audio-visual management:
materials (information bearing) before they get to the shelf. The
·Audio-visual cataloguing/acquisition
activities take place behind the scene i.e. library users are not
aware of it. These activities include: ICT can be used in the library
Unit 3: Software
for the following:
Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.
1. Information retrieval/storage:
Software refers to a set of programs that makes the hardware
·Indexing and abstracting
perform a particular set of tasks in particular order. The codes are
·Uploading/Downloading
interpreted by a computer on how to handle data stored in the
·Database construction
central processing unit. It comes in the form of CD-ROM disks.
·Online database searching
Software can be classified mainly into two categories namely
Operating or system software and Application software
2. Information services/Reference:
·Public access/computer literacy
3.1. Operating or System Software
·Library instructions
Operating software or system software are sets of programs,
·Bibliographic listings
responsible for running the computer, controlling various
operations of computer systems and management of computer
3. Circulation:
resources. Operating System (OS) falls under this category.
·Reservations
When you switch on the computer the programs stored in
·Issuing overdues
·Inter library loan
ROM are executed which activates different units of your
computer and makes it ready for you to work on it. This set of
4. Acquisition: programs can be called system software.
·Order report/file
Operating system is system software that provides an interface
·Acquisition/Accession list
for a user to communicate with the computer, manages hardware
devices (disk drives, keyboard, monitor, etc), manages and
5. Classification/Cataloguing: maintains disk file systems and supports application programs.
·On-line catalogue
Some popular Operating systems are UNIX, Windows and Linux.
·Catalogue card/ label production
Although operating system provides all the features users need to use
·Retrospective conversion
and maintain their systems, inevitably, they still do not meet everyone’s

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expectations. It is a set of master programs that supervise all other Basically, Micro CDS/ISIS is a pack that has been developed
peripherals. It controls all activities concerned with computer for bibliography information about documents such as books
configuration. journals, articles and conference proceedings. It is self
programmed software which allows the Librarian to programme
3.2. Application Software the page to the library’s specifications. Thus, librarian can define
Application software is a set of programs, which are written to all the parameters and create all the needed files. The package also
perform specific tasks, for example: An application package for flexible and has a powerful indexing capabilities.
managing library known as library information system is used to Additionally, CDS/ISIS facilities allows librarian to put or
manage information of library such as: keeping book details, display the content of a record in any desired way. Also, the
account holder details, book issue details, book return details etc. package is available in many languages including English and
Another application package for managing student details is called French, and allows users to change to menus and worksheets.
student’s information system, manages student’s roll no, name, CDS/ISIS has a feature that allows it to function in a multi-
parents name, address, class, section, processing of examination environment.
results etc. Application software can be broadly classified into two Spinak (1992) listed the major functions provided by
types: CDS/ISIS as follows:
(a) Generalized packages (b) Customized packages ·Define database containing the required data elements.
·Enter new records into a given database
3.3. Some Software Packages Available in Nigeria
Academic Libraries ·Modify, correct or delete existing records.
These are software programs adopted by Nigerian Libraries in ·Automatically build and maintain fast access files for
carrying out their activities. Examples are TinLib, GLAS, Alice for each database in order to maximise retrieval speed.
windows, KOHA, Library plus, Micro CDs/ISIS, SLAM, Library3
·Retrieve records by their contents through a
software, EBSCO software, Green Stone.
sophisticated search language
3.3.1. Micro CDS/ISIS ·Display the records of portions thereof according to
The Micro Computer Documentation System/Computerised your requirements.
Documentation System/Integrated set of Information System is a ·Sort the records in any sequence desired
software package designed by UNESCO (1985) to assist libraries
·Print partial or full catalogues and/or indexes.
in managing their resources. This software was based on ISIS of
the International Labour Organisation (ILD). The software made ·Develop specialized applications using the CDS/ISIS
use of Window’s version known as WINISIS (1.31). integrated programming facility.
In 1989 version 2 of the software was released which has an ·Interchange database on the ISO 2709 International
addition of Pascal Programming Capability (PPC). This capability Standard used by leading database producers.
enables additional functions to be added to the basic package. The
next public release was version 2.3 which included improvements Essentially, ISIS is generalized, advanced non-numerical
in the speed of indexing and in the space use by indexes. However, information storage and retrieval software i.e. it is used to manage
this version (2.3) was more resilient than the earlier releases. bibliographical data.

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3.3.2. TINLIB v. Inter-Library loans
Tinlib is a management software package developed by vi. Data formatting and Transfer
Information Management and Engineering (IME) Limited. It is vii. Report Generator
considered to be one of the most widely used library software.
The National Universities Commission (NUC) accepted the These modules can be acquired as integrated or as an
software package for Nigerian Federal University Libraries. individualised system. However at the heart of the Tinlib system is
TINLIB is acronym for Information Navigator Library the relational database called TINMAN.
Management.
3.3.3. Alice for Windows
Information Navigator for Libraries Alice for window was marketed by Library and Information
The software is user-friendly, menu-driven and very easy to Support Services (LISS). The emphasis of the software is on
understand. The most spectacular of its features are Browse and efficiency and effectiveness of the library activity.
Navigate search facilities, Query search technique, after technique Alice is suitable for all kinds of library and allows separate
and Validation facilities. installation of module. Basically, there are four versions of the
The Browse and Navigate facilities enable a searcher to software which are:
browse through ordered list of information and then navigate to i. Public version module
something of interest which by the pressing the right key exhibits ii. Academic version module
the information needed. Other features are the Query search iii. Special version module
technique which can be used to carry out elaborate search of title iv. School version module
by an author or a publisher, etc. The filter technique is used to
search specific items of information and validation facilities which 3.3.4. X-Lib Library Automation System
is used to maintain consistency and correctness of entities. X-Lib library automation software was developed by the Raw
Tinlib is record structured i.e. the database is made up of files. Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC). The
The files contain records which also contain fields. Tinlib has a system automates completely the management of the library-
number of functional keys which have specified uses. acquisitions, catalogue and other allied readers services. The
software is becoming popular particularly among the Polytechnic
Features of TINLIB Libraries. It is amenable to configuration of library management
i. Browse and navigate facilities which has the following provisions:
ii. Query and search techniques i. Amount Number Specification
iii. Filter techniques ii. Borrower Classification
iv. Validation facilities iii. Change on loan
iv. Frequency
Tinlib Database has the following main modules: v. Library Branches
i. Catalogue and Retrieval vi. Loan Duration
ii. Circulation control vii. Request privilege groups
iii. Acquisition viii. Suppliers
iv. Serials Management

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 X-lib is menu-driven software. The main menu provides the may be (digital originated or through the process of utilisation
following options: from existing print materials). Essentially, digital libraries are
believed to help the society make information more available,
1. Acquisition: for making requests, selections, ordering and raise its quality and increase its delivery.
registration of materials on arrival.
2. Catalogue: for detailing information on publications such The development of digital libraries can be easily explained along
as title, author(s), ISBN, Publisher, supplier, price, etc. a continuum, comprising four levels as follows:
3. Circulation: for registering readers and production of ID
cards. Also, use of lending operations including returning 1. Polymedia Library 3. Digital Library
publications, renewal, reservation and loss documentation. 2. Virtual Library 4. Electronic Library
4. Enquiries/Report: used to make enquiries printing out
the search result. It covers enquiries in acquisitions, 4.1. Polymedia Library
catalogue, and circulation. The polymedia or conventional library has information and
5. System Administration: used for assigning users various knowledge stored in variety of media types such as pre-
levels of maintaining stations, tables, etc. microforms, electronics, etc. This type of library occupies physical
6. Others include: Housekeeping, Options and Help. space, where users visit to gain access to information services. The
core processes of acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, public
The system enables duly authorised individual or group to make access and other information retrieval functions are manual-
request for books or other publications. Also, the system keeps based. In addition, most of the information resources are largely in
track of materials ordered and those that have arrived and waiting paper format, and users have high levels of interaction with library
for cataloguing. Also, X-lib makes provision for capturing staff.
graphical and audio information about each book. This made one
capture the cover design, photograph the author or record the 4.2. Virtual Library
abstract by reading it into the system through a microphone. Virtual library refers to an information service or collection of
electronic sources whose collections are entirely in virtual or
Unit 4: Digital Libraries digital form, and information is accessed through a network. The
The World Wide Web (www) is a powerful platform for library provides access to virtual indexes, catalogues and books.
providing access to multimedia information. Consequently, the Virtual library does not have physical space, i.e. library without
World Wide Web has been used as the platform for the walls, networked library, seamless library and library of the future.
deployment of digital libraries (DLs). The concept of digital The following are features of virtual libraries:
library refers to collections of electronic resources consisting of a. They provide remote access to information over network
text, audio, visual, graphics and animations in nature that are b. They facilitates immediate and simultaneous access to
accessible through the aid of digital technologies. Ideally, a information
digital library should provide access to users in electronic c. They are distributive
information resources via electronic means. But, its information d. They support two-way communication i.e. interactive
include info on databases, CD ROMs, etc. that may not be in nature
accessible through the internet or networks. Thus, its collection e. Their contents are separable from media

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 f. Their information exist in multimedia forms 3. Poor infrastructure
g. They give the illusion of access to much collection of 4. Attitude of library staff
information than what is actually present in their 5. Low level of technical skills
collections through connections to other libraries. 6. Harsh environmental conditions

4.3. Digital Library 4.4. Electronic Library

Digital library is an information service or a collection of electronic In this library, the core library processes of acquisition,
information resources, in which all the information resources are cataloguing, online access, circulation and information retrieval
available in computer process-able form. The core processes of are computerised. However, the information resources need to be
acquisition, storage, preservation, retrieval, etc are carried out in digital formats. Users’ accesses to librarians are minimal. The
using digital technologies such as computers, networks, etc. library notwithstanding occupies physical space.
Access to the libraries may be through electronic means such as
email, internet, etc. This type of library may or may not occupy a 4.5. Automation/Computerisation in Academic
physical space. Libraries
Automation is the application of information technology to reduce
4.3.1. Consideration in Developing a Digital Library manual labour in an information system. Automation involves the
Developing digital libraries is akin to developing a website. computerization of routine tasks being performed by human
Therefore, principles of web design should focus on the following: beings i.e. replacing man with machine. The process of library
a. Currency automation must be well planned and designed.
b. Credibility However, automation is a broader term than
c. Home page computerization. There are usually three factors that drive
d. Layout computerization priorities in the library. They are:
e. Speed 1. Manual process that can be performed more efficiently using
computers
4.3.2. Benefits of digital libraries 2. New service or service improvement that are high priority for
1. They provide global access through networks such as users
internet, mail, etc 3. New services or service improvement that provide significant
2. They help in improving and promoting information related benefit in relation to cost
activities.
3. They contain a wealth of simple information direct In order to determine if a manual process in the library should
applicability, and are ubiquitous. be computerised, one needs to assess how efficiently it is currently
4. They provide simultaneous access to information resources performing and this requires analyzing the existing manual
5. They enhance the preservation of information resources system. The system analyst needs to thoroughly analyse the needs
of the library and design an appropriate computerized system.
4.3.3. Challenges of establishing digital libraries According to Rowky (1980) there are six main phases in
1. Technological obsolescence of hardware and software system analysis;
2. Insufficient funding

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1. Definition of objectives iv. Make an enquiry
2. Feasibility study v. Generate formatted report
3. Definition phase
4. Design phase 5.3. Types of DBMS Models
5. Implementation phase There are four (4) types of DBMS models. These are:
6. Evaluation phase i. Those that organise database using a related model
ii. Those that use hierarchical model
Unit 5: Database and Database Management System iii. Those that use network model
A database consists of two distinct parts: the information itself and iv. Those that use object-oriented model
the logical structure of that information. A database is a collection
of information that you organise and access according to the 5.4. Advantages of DBMS and DB including software
logical structure of a data or information. Thus, database is a 1. Reduce data redundancy
collection of logically associated files, while a file is a collection of 2. Improve data integrity
logically associated records. A record consists of a collection of 3. Make programming dependent
logical grouping of associated field. Field consists of logically 4. Increase user productivity
associated characters. 5. Increase security

5.1. Components of Database Management System 5.5. Disadvantages

A database management system is the software used to specify the 1. Cost issues
logical organisation for a database and access it. A Database 2. Security / privacy issues
Management System contains five (5) important software
components: 5.6. Examples of DBMS
1. DBMS engine 1. CDS/ISIS – Computerized Documentation System/
2. Data definition sub system Integrated Set of Information System
3. Data manipulation sub system 2. KOHA integrated library system
4. Application generation sub system 3. Green store software
5. Data administrative sub system 4. D-space

5.2. Capability of DBMS Unit 6: Telecommunication

All DBMS have the capability to: Telecommunication is the electronic transmission of data of all
i. Create and maintain (add, delete and update) a kinds (text, graphic, sound, video) over a variety of different
database communication channels. Telecommunication is the totality of
ii. Extract and list all records or only records that meet component required for sending information and receiving it from
certain criteria another person or location. This component includes:
iii. Sort record in assembly or descending order by primary, 1. Computer or terminal that originate and receive the data
secondary and tertiary field. involved.

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2. Communication channel over how the data is sent. Wide Area Network (WAN)
3. Communication equipment that assists in sending and A Wide Area Network covers a large geographical region (such as a
receiving the data. city or country) and uses telephone cables, microwaves, satellites
4. Communication software that helps control the function of or combination of communications channels. Typically, it crosses
the system. cities, local governments, states, countries and even continents.
There are two categories of WAN namely; Enterprise WAN and
6.1.Telecommunication and Computer Network Global WAN.
Telecommunication system is often associated with computer Enterprise WAN: An Enterprise WAN connects all Local Area
network. A computer network is two or more computers Networks (LAN) within a single organization. Example is
connected so that they can communicate with each other, share Standard Chartered Bank in Tanzania, which is connected to other
information, share software, share peripheral (input/output) Standard Chartered Banks in Africa like Nigeria, Zambia,
devices and/or processing power. Global WAN: Global Wide Area Network is the WAN that connects
A computer communication Network is a collection of not only a single organization but also different organizations all
terminals, computers and other equipment that uses over the world. The infrastructure for the above networks could be
communications channels to share data, information, hardware microwave or satellite link or by the standard telephone lines
and software. Networks can be classified as Local Area Network supplied by NITEL in Nigeria and British Telecom in Britain
(LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), and Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN). Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that covers a
Local Area Network (LAN) metropolitan area like a city. For example, if each city of Kano,
A local Area Network (LAN) is a communication network that Lagos, Ibadan or Kaduna has a network, it could be referred to as a
covers a limited geographical area such as a school computer MAN. It covers distances ranging from ten (10) to a hundred
laboratory, an office, a building, or a group of buildings. The LAN kilometres.
consists of a communications channel that connects a series of
computer terminals connected to a central computer or more 6.2. Benefits of computer connected to other computer
commonly, connects a group of personal computers to one i. It can get into what is stored by other computer.
another. ii. It can get other computers to do specialize work.
Three common applications of LANs are hardware, software iii. It can communicate with human that use other
and information resource sharing. Hardware resource allows computers.
each personal computer on a network to access and use devices
that are too costly to provide for each user or cannot be justified Unit 7: Internet
for each user because they are used frequently. A LAN allows you The internet is the mother of all networks. It is usually referred to as a
to connect a Laser printer to the network, so that whenever a network or networks. Millions of people every day around the world
personal computer user on the over the network. Software use their computers to access the information on the Internet that
resource sharing involves storing frequently used software on the makes up the World Wide Web. The Internet is defined as global
hard disk of the server so that multiple users can access the computer networks that use the internet protocol suite to connect
software. millions of computers or devices. When two computers are connected

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over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information (or graphical user interfaces). GUIs added a bit of colour and a bit of
such as voice, text, video, graphics and computer programs. The layout, but were still pretty boring. Indeed IBM personal computers
Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and were only beginning to adopt Windows interfaces - before that with
services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and MSDOS interfaces they were pretty primitive. The web had some
applications of the World Wide Web (www), electronic mail, important predecessors, perhaps the most significant of these being
telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing. Ted Nelson’s Xanadu project, which worked on the concept of
The World Wide Web (www) is part of the incent, but it’s not a Hypertext - where you could click on a word and it would take you
collection f networks. Rather it’s the information that is connected somewhere else. Ted Nelson envisaged with Xanadu a huge library
or linked in a sort of web. Never before has so much information of all the worlds’ information. In order to click on hyperlinks, as they
from such a wide variety of sources and in so many formats been were called, Douglas Engelbart invented the mouse, which was to
available to the public. later become a very important part of personal computers. So the
Using a web browser, the computer program on software that idea of clicking on a word or a picture to take you somewhere else
lets you access the World Wide Web, you can find information on was a basic foundation of the web.
almost any topic with just a few clicks or your mouse button. Some Another important building block was the URL (Uniform
of the resources on the web have been classified into directories Resource Locator.) which allowed you a further option to find your
that you can easily browse by going from one category to another. way around by naming a site. Every site on the worldwide web has
Several search tools (programs that search the web for resources) a unique URL (such as www.nethistory.info).
are readily available. When you type a keyboard or phrase into a The other feature was Hypertext Markup Language (HTML),
form and click on button or icon on the screen, as list of items the language that allowed pages to display different fonts and
appears in the browsers window. You supply click on the ones you sizes, pictures, colours etc. Before HTML, there was no such
want to retrieve. The amount and variety of information available standard, and the GUIs only belonged to different computers or
are outstanding, but it’s sometimes difficult to find appropriate different computer software. They could not be networked.
materials. It was Tim Berners Lee who brought this all together and
created the World Wide Web. The first trials of the World Wide
7.1. Definition and History of World Wide Web Web were at the CERN laboratories (one of Europe’s largest
The World Wide Web (“www” or simply the “Web”) is a global research laboratories) in Switzerland in December 1990. By 1991
information medium which users can read and write via browser and web server, software was available, and by 1992 a
computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly few preliminary sites existed in places like University of Illinois,
used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service where Mark Andreesen became involved. By the end of 1992,
that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. there were about 26 sites.
Before the World Wide Web, the Internet only provided The first browser which became popularly available to take
screens full of text (and usually only in one font and font size). advantage of this was Mosaic, in 1993. Mosaic was as slow as a wet
Although it was pretty good for exchanging information, and week, and really didn’t handle downloading pictures well at all - so
indeed for accessing information such as the Catalogue of the US the early world wide web experience with Mosaic, and with
Library of Congress, it was visually very boring. domestic modems that operated at one sixths of current modem
In an attempt to make this more aesthetic, companies like speeds at best, were pretty lousy and really didn’t give much
CompuServe and AOL began developing what used to be called GUIs indication of the potential of this medium.

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 On April 30, 1993 CERN’s directors made a statement that Although most people use the two terms interchangeably, the Web
was a true milestone in Internet history. On this day, they declared is built on top of the Internet and is not the Internet itself.
that WWW technology would be freely usable by anyone, with no
fees being payable to CERN. This decision - much in line with the 7.3 Accessing the Internet
decisions of the earlier Internet pioneers to make their products Before an individual can access the internet, you need a computer,
freely available - was a visionary and important one. Every year an internet service which will be on a modem. The web browser
from 1994 to 2000, the Internet saw massive growth, the like of software needs to be installed on the computer for it to run
which had not been seen with any preceding technology. The perfectly well. Examples of good browsers are Internet Explorer
Internet era had begun. and Netscape. In recent times, most computers are delivered with
The first search engines began to appear in the mid 1990s, internet browsers on them. To connect the Internet Service
and it didn’t take long for Google to come on the scene, and Provider (ISP), the modem in the computer is connected to a
establish a dominant market position. In the early days, the web phone line. Other links such as radio, satellite, etc, are increasing
was mainly used for displaying information. On line shopping, being individual world be expected to provide the username and
and on line purchase of goods, came a little bit later. The first large password. The use now has instant access to the internet.
commercial site was Amazon, a company which in its initial days Information Surfing on the Internet
concentrated solely on book markets. The Amazon concept was
developed in 1994; a year in which some people claim the World 7.3.1. Search Tools
Wide Web grew by an astonishing 2300 percent! Amazon saw that Through search tools any information on the Internet can be
on line shopping was the way of the future, and chose the book found. Therefore, three main search tools are used. These are;
market as a field where much could be achieved. i. Search Engines
By 1998 there were 750,000 commercial sites on the World ii. Meta Engines
Wide Web, and they were beginning to see how the Internet would iii. Directories
bring about significant changes to existing industries.
7.3.2. Search Engines
7.2. Concepts of World Wide Web Search engines provide contents of modules of web-pages
World Wide Web is based on these three core technologies: simultaneously once required or appropriate key words are used.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP made it to version 2.0 A space is much available on the search engine where one can type
after 20 years which indicative of how well the protocol the keyword and all matching documents are retrieved. The
accommodated the Web’s growth. documents are called lists. The search engines have different
strengths for different areas of interest on the internet e.g. Hotbot,
Web servers and Web browsers: The original Netscape has given
Alta vista.
way to many other browser applications, but the same concepts of
client-server communication still apply.
7.3.3. Meta Engines
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML originally supported Meta engines are search agents that scan the contact of some sites
only text documents, but with enhancements during the 1990s by gathering several information from numerous search engines.
grew capable of handling frames, plugins and style sheets for Examples are Dog Pile, and Meta Crawler.
general purpose Web site content publishing.

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7.3.4. Directories iii. Speed: A computer can carry out an operation in less
The Directories assist in browsing many sites on a topic. The than a millionth of a second. Preparation of bulletins,
directories are usually compiled by human beings, e.g. Lycos, searching of information, indexing and sorting,
yahoo, and info seek. They are usually arranged by subject groups. compilation of bibliographies can be processed by a
computer in a few hours.
Unit 8: Why ICT is Needed in Libraries?
Information Communication Technology is needed in libraries for iv. Accuracy: Computers can perform functions very
the following reasons: accurately.

A. In terms of problems faced by the traditional library systems: v. Repetitiveness: Computer can be used repetitively to
The manual duties of library functions were getting difficult perform operation. vi. Reliability: Computers and
because of the following reasons: related technologies have long life span if maintained
properly. Data gathering are reliable.
i. Due to potential growth of information, library
operations could take many hours to perform manually. Unit 9: Summary of the Module
ii. The size of recorded information is ever growing
Computer is a vital tool of ICT in the library. Computer is an
whereas space available at the disposal of each library is
electronic machine that performs operations such as input,
limited. However, no library can think of acquiring
processing, output, storage and control using the components
space every year.
of a computer system (input devices, output devices, central
iii. Due to information explosion, all kinds of processing unit and auxiliary or external storage.
housekeeping jobs and information can be performed
manually with less effective and accuracy. The applications of computers for library functions are
subdivided into two. i.e: Technical Services and Public Services.
iv. Due to knowledge explosion, our society is faced with
multifaceted and multidimensional information to an Computer software are categorized into system software
extent that not and application software which are telecommunication and
Internet, and the use of ICT in the Libraries.
v. Only its storage has created challenge but also the
organization of this bulk of information has become Unit 10: Assessment on the Module
unwieldy.
(1a) What is ICT and the various components of a computer system?
B. In terms of various facilities provided by computers and
related technologies: The merits of using computers and b. What is a software and the categories of software?
telecommunication devices in running libraries are c. Mention some software packages available in libraries
manifold. Some of the merits are:
(2.) Define digital libraries and various steps to consider in
i. Storage: Computers can store voluminous data while developing one.
human brain can store pieces of information.
ii. Compactness: Our present days computers are
palmtop/notebook/laptop do not occupy a large space.

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(3.) What is a database and components of DBMS? Spinak, E (1992). Utilities for micro CDS/ISIS, 2 ed. Washington
nd

(4.) What is Telecommunication and the types of computer DC-Paho hq. Library .67-68
network? TINLIB OPAC user manual (version 270)
(5.) Explain Internet and different search tools.
Tiwari, A (2002). Evaluation of electronic libraries. New Delhi:
A.P.H. publishing cooperation
References
X-Lib Library Automation System User Guide. Distributed in West
Ackermann, E and Harman, K (2000) Searching and Researching
Africa by Beram limited
on the Internet and world wide web. Oregon: Franklin,
Beedle and Associates, incorporated Zacharia (Ed), New Delhi: Kaniska Publishers, pp: 66.
Aina, L.O (2004). Library and Information Science text for http//www.unab.edu.ng
African.
Ibadan: third world information services Ltd
Leon, Alexis, and Matthews Leon, 1999. Fundamentals of
Information Technology.
Aruna Zacharia (1996). Communication media and electronic
revolution. New Delhi: Kaniska Publishers.
Chisenga, J. (1996) Factors influencing the choice of library
software in the SADC-PTS region. African Journal of Library
Archives and Information Science 6. (52-56)
Hamelink, C.J., 1997. New Information and Communication
Technologies: Social Development and Cultural Changes.
Discussion paper. Dp.86 UNRISD, Geneva.
M e r c e l l e , 1 9 9 8 . A v a i l a b l e :
http://education.pwv.gov.za/content/documents/143pdf.
Oketunji, I (2000) Application of Information Technologies in
Rahman, L., 2003. Global Context of ICT Development and
Bangladesh, The Proceedings of the National Conference of
International Conference of Inter-university IT Professionals
in Bangladesh, pp: 1-22.
Rowley, J.G (1980). Computers for libraries. New York: K.9 Saur,
159p

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 MODULE EIGHT intellectual property laws, owners of intellectual property are
granted certain exclusive rights that guarantee that others do not
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY take undue advantage that may harm their ability from profiting
Omobolanle S. Fasola from their own work.

Introduction 2.2 Categories of Intellectual property

Intellectual property (IP) is a legal term that refers to creations of the Intellectual property is divided into two categories:
mind. They are intangible property that is a result of creativity. a) Industrial property: these are right that is given for the
Examples of intellectual property include music, literature, and invention of an item such as Patents; the trade mark of a
other artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, company or item; Industrial designs and geographical
symbols, and designs, names and images used in commerce such as indications.
advertisement. Under intellectual property laws, owners of b) Copyright: this covers
intellectual property are granted certain exclusive rights.
1. works that are of literary inclination like literature, such
as novels, poems, plays, films, music
Unit 1: Objectives of the Module
2. artistic work such as drawings, paintings, photographs
At the end of this module, students should be able to: and sculptures;
·Define intellectual property 3. layout used to publish a work, for a book; recordings of
·Identify works that fall under intellectual property a work, including sound and film;
·Identify the two categories of intellectual property
4. broadcasts of a work.
·Define copyright and copyright infringement
·Define plagiarism
2.3 Copyright
·Identify reasons for plagiarism
Copyright is a form of protection provided by the government to
·Identify different referencing styles
the owners of original work of intellectual property. This
·Cite works properly
protection is available to both published and unpublished works
(as long as it has been copyrighted) regardless of the nationality or
Unit 2: Definition of Intellectual Property
domicile of the author. Copyright protection exists from the time
the work is created in a fixed and tangible form of expression.
2.1 Definition
The copyright in a work of authorship immediately becomes
Intellectual Property (IP) is used to describe all creations of
the property of the author who has created the work. Only the
imagination or of the mind that is in intangible format. Unlike other
author of a work or those deriving their rights through the author
works, intellectual property is a product of imagination, what
can rightfully claim copyright. In the case of work made for hire,
someone has sat down to think and come up with that may then be
the employer, not the writer, is considered to be the author and
translated into a tangible format. Such intellectual property
owner of copyright. Sometimes, the writer of a work, even when
includes: music, literature, and other artistic works; discoveries and
not in the employ of an employer may willingly relinquish his/her
inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Under
right to the work in question.

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 It is important to note that mere ownership or possession of a b) Moral Right: moral right is the right of a copyright holder to
book, manuscript, painting, etc does not guarantee one the still be recognised as the author of a work even after the
copyright to the work. The law stipulates that a work must first be financial right has expired. When the economic right of a
tendered at the copyright registration office and be ascertained work expires, the work falls into what is known as public
not to be part or all of an existing work before it can be copyright domain, meaning that it can be used by anyone without the
protected. Also, the transfer of ownership of any material object payment of royalty or being permitted to do so. However,
that embodies a protected work does not, of itself, convey any even if a work is in the public domain, the author must still be
rights in the copyright. It must also be noted that including accorded the right of authorship and that is where the moral
attribution on a copied work (such as putting the author’s name on right comes in. Example, despite the fact that Shakespeare’s
it) will not relieve one of copyright infringement claim. If a work is work has fallen into public domain, he still enjoys the moral
protected by copyright, then it is compulsory that one must obtain right to the works. Meaning that anyone who uses any of his
permission from the copyright holder. work must give proper attribution for it, else the person
would be plagiarising. Unlike economic right which is for a
2.4 Types of copyright limited period of time, moral right is forever.
There are basically two types of right under the copyright
protection. These two rights are: 2.5 Feature of Copyright
The symbol © (the letter C in a circle) or the word “copyright”,
a) Economic/Financial Right: the Economic / Financial
with the year of first publication of the work, and the name of the
Right of a copyright holder ensures that he or she financially
owner of copyright. Example:
benefits from his/her creation. The economic right is the
monetary compensation that is derived from a copyrighted © 2017 Omobolanle Fasola
work either through receipt of royalty or outright selling off © 2017 Ajayi Crowther University
of the work. The economic rights relating to copyright are
usually for a limited duration. According to provisions in the In the first example above, it is shown that the work was
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) treaties, copyright in 2017 to Omobolanle Fasola, an individual. While in
economic right of a copyright holder is expected to last, the second example, it shows that copyright belongs to Ajayi
beginning from the creation and fixation of the work and Crowther University, an organisation. In the second instance, the
lasting for not less than 50 years after the death of the holder work might have been written by Omobolanle Fasola who is an
of the copyright. This duration may be longer from country to employee of Ajayi Crowther University and that is why copyright
country based on national laws but it is in nowhere less than belongs, not to the writer, Omobolanle Fasola, but to the employer
50years. This length of protection ensures that both creators and commissioner of the work, Ajayi Crowther University.
and their heirs and successors benefit financially for a
reasonable period of time. Example, the estate of Chinua 2.6 Rights of a Copyright Holder and Copyright Infrin-
Achebe is still enjoying the financial right from his gement
masterpiece ‘Things fall Apart’ since his death is not up to Copyright infringement is simply any infringement upon the rights of
fifty years. a copyright holder. Copyright law gives a copyright holder (usually
the creator of the work who could be an individual or organisation)

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a set of rights that they and they alone can exploit legally (save for advent of the internet, a lot of plagiarism is sometimes unwittingly
exceptions such as fair use). These rights include: done by students who see the web as a ready source of essays and
·The right to reproduce (copy) a work. write-ups and without blinking just do copy and paste each time
·The right to create derivative works based upon it, such assignments have to be submitted. Sometimes plagiarism is
as from novel to screenplay for a film (e.g. J.K Rowlings’ unintentionally done, but whether intentionally or not, the act of
“Harry Potter” novels into the Harry Potter films. copying material either word for word or as a paraphrase from
·The right to distribute copies of the work to the public. articles, books, internet sites, course notes and oral or visual
·The right to publicly display or perform the work. presentation is ethically wrong and has been known to cost many
·The right to translate the work into other languages an individual their scholarly place.
(e.g. Chinua Achebe’s novel “Things fall Apart” that has In academia, the following actions fall under unethical
been translated into over 20 languages. behaviour and are frowned upon
·Unintentional Plagiarism: unknowingly copying too
2.7 Implications of copyright infringement much of other people’s works and using it even with
In utilizing any of the exclusive rights provided to the copyright citation.
holder without his permission, one may be violating or infringing ·Intentional Plagiarism: intentionally using other
on the rights of the owner under the Copyright Act. Infringing a people’s work and passing it off as one’s own.
work that already enjoys copyright protection may lead to ·D u p l i c a t e P u b l i c a t i o n : m o d i f y i n g a n o l d
payment of compensation to the owner. Compensation may paper/assignment/article/term paper and submitting
include damages such as loss of profits from the infringing activity or publishing it as a new paper.
or statutory damages for each infringing copy or higher, if the ·Data Falsification: changing data to suit one’s research
court feels that the infringement was wilfully committed. One may questions or to give a favourable response.
even be criminally liable if the infringement is done for profit or ·Data Fabrication: inventing data for an experiment
financial gain. that was not carried out.

Unit 3: Plagiarism 3.2 Difference between Plagiarism and Copyright

Copyright is a construct of the Law while Plagiarism is a construct
3.1 Definition of concept: of Ethics.
Plagiarism is defined as the taking of the original work or works or The difference between plagiarism and copyright
ideas of another person and presenting it as one’s own or without infringement is that not all materials can be copyright infringed
giving proper attribution for it. “Work” can include a variety of while all materials can be plagiarised. Example:
things such as ideas, words, images, etc. Anything that is seen as Laying claim to Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” would be plagiarism
an unethical and unattributed use of another’s original creation and not copyright infringement because the play is in the public
can be defined as plagiarism. domain and not protected by copyright.
In academics, plagiarism is a very serious offence as it means However, things are changing as plagiarists are now being
that one is a fraud who has no capacity for intellectual rigor and so prosecuted in courts of law. There is an on-going case between the
has to make use of another’s work as if it was one’s own. With the Emir of Kano Sanusi Sanusi and Prof. Dike a United States based

121 122
but Nigerian born lecturer who claims that the Emir, while still the plagiarised their work. This assumption is wrong especially in
governor of the central bank of Nigeria, plagiarised his work in a the present time when there are so many plagiarism checkers in
speech (Nnamdi, 2012). There have also been cases of lecturers use both by institutions of higher learning and by journal
summarily dismissed because they have been found to have editors in the case of academic journals publishing. Presently,
plagiarised other people’s work. (Punch, 2013; Premium Times, the Committee of Vice Chancellors of Nigerian Universities,
2013; and The Sun, 2013). (CVCNU) have adopted the use of TURN-IT-IN software to
detect plagiarism in students’ write ups. Projects, dissertations
3.3 Why do people plagiarise? and thesis are now being subjected through a check using this
It has been established by researchers over the years that people software. It also presents opportunity for lecturers to run
plagiarise for a number of reasons ranging from ignorance to students’ assignments through it and it has facility to grade
outright wilful infringement. The following are some of the such. With these plagiarism checkers in place, assuming that
reasons why people, especially students, plagiarise one would not be caught for plagiarising is a futile dream.
a. Ignorance about plagiarism: it is a pity to affirm that a
lot of students are not aware of what plagiarism is or the fact d. The internet: people find the internet a good medium for
that they are even plagiarising. This ignorance is as a result of searching and copying related topics. Research simple means
not being taught about plagiarism at the early stage of ‘searching again’ meaning that there is not topic that has not
education. This trend is however changing as some schools been searched before. This means that the internet if filled
have now included intellectual property right in the general with any topic one may want to search. Because of this, the
studies programme and a lot more schools are joining in lazy student may see the internet as a ready source of
creating early awareness about plagiarism in their students. plagiarising and the truth is that that is what most people now
resort to, copying and pasting of works from the internet and
b. Ignorance about proper citation: students also plagiarise
claiming such as theirs.
because they do not have adequate knowledge about how to
properly cite references that they have used in their writings.
e. Procrastinating: when people rush to do things in the last
There are many citation styles, some of which will be discussed
minute, they do the only thing that is left to be done, plagiarise.
in details in due course. The issue here is that different schools
Students are often in the habit of procrastinating instead of
have adopted different citation methods and improper citation
doing their essays and assignments at the right time. They wait
invariably leads to plagiarism. Plagiarism is not just about
till the last minutes and in order to beat the deadline, they resort
citation but about proper citation of work used in the course of
to plagiarising by going to the internet to copy and paste other
one’s writing. Proper citation means knowledge of the citation
people’s work and passing them off as theirs.
style in use in one’s institution.
c. Wilfully plagiarising: for some others, plagiarism is done 3.4 Plagiarism checkers
because there is the belief that when one copies the work of There are several plagiarism checkers available for a fee and for
another person and passes them off as one’s own, they would free. In order to check one’s work before submitting it to one’s
not be caught by the original owner of the work. For a large lecturer or supervisor, it is advisable to run the work through a
number of plagiarists, there is the wrong assumption that the plagiarism checker first. The following are plagiarism checkers
original owner of a work will not know that they have available for free on the internet.

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a. Google.com: the search engine is a cheap and fast. All that 1) In-text Citation with APA
is needed to do is to cut and paste into the search engine. If Three kinds of information must be included in the APA style in-
the work exists elsewhere, google will bring it out with name text citations. The author’s last name and the work’s date of
of author and where it could be found. publication must always appear, and these items must match
b. Plagiarism.net: this is an online site where one can exactly the corresponding entry in the references list. The third
ascertain that one’s work is free of plagiarism. It accepts more kind of information, the page number, appears only in a
number of words than Google and every plagiarised part will citation when there is a direct quotation.
be written in red. It also provides name of the original author For a paraphrased sentence or sentences, put the original
and where it can be found on the internet. The originality author’s name in bracket with the year of publication, example....
content is presented in percentage and one should always (Fasola, 2015).
strive for at least 75% originality content.
c. Smallseotools.com: works similar to plagiarism.net. Direct quote from the text: when one is quoting directly from
a text in the body of the write up, the quoted words must be put in
Unit 4: Citation/Referencing styles inverted commas and the surname of the author, followed by a
Citation simply means a way of giving proper credit to individuals comma, the year of publication and the page number where the
whose creative and intellectual works one has used to support quoted words are found must be put in brackets, example.
one’s own research. Citation also makes it possible for the reader “The potentially contradictory nature of Moscow’s priorities
to locate a work and to curb plagiarism. Citation may include the surfaced first in its policies towards East Germany and
author’s name, year of publication, title of the work, journal, book Yugoslavia,” (Crockatt, 1995, p. 1).
or thesis title, issue, volume, pages and DOI (Digital Object When a quotation is more than two lines but not more than
Identifier). The information required in a citation and way it is six however, the quoted words should be indented both right and
used differs from one institution to another or from one journal to left with the tab button and put in inverted quotation marks, with
another and is known as referencing or citation style. A number of the author surname, year of publication and page number place at
very popularly used referencing styles will be discussed below. the bottom of the entire quote. Example.

4.1 American Psychological Association (APA) “While the use of social media cuts across different age
This referencing style originated in 1929 by a group of groups and professions in every society, it is of particular
psychologists, anthropologists and business managers to establish interest to librarians because their work as information
a simple set of procedures that would codify the many components professionals demands an in-depth understanding of
of scientific writing in order to increase the ease of reading information technologies and on how to make the best
comprehension. This style is mostly used by those in education, use of it for enhancing library services. Because libraries
psychology and the sciences and concerns uniform use of such are custodians of knowledge and agents of the
elements as selection of headings, tone, length, punctuation and dissemination of knowledge, social media fulfils the
abbreviations, presentation of numbers and statistics, library’s mission to collaborate and engage in virtual
construction of tables and figures and citation of references. The spaces where librarians can connect and converse with
rules of citation apply to both in-text and external referencing. users.” (Fasola, 2015 p897)

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2) Major Citations for a Reference List/Bibliography Websites - professional The World Famous Hot Dog Site.
Note: All second and third lines in the APA Bibliography should be or personal sites (1999, July 7). Retrieved January 5, 2008,
indented. See the reference section of this Module. from http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/
hotdog/hotdog.html
Material Type Reference List/Bibliography Websites - online government U.S. Department of Justice. (2006,
A book in print Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in publications September 10). Trends in violent
health care and education. victimization by age, 1973-2005. Retrieved
Philadelphia: BallièreTindall. from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/
A book chapter, print version Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy glance/vage.htm
and the science of subjective well- Emails (cited in-text only) According to preservationist J. Mohlhenrich
being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (personal communication, January 5,
(Eds.), The science of subjective well- 2008).
being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Mailing Lists (listserv) Stein, C.(2006, January 5). Chessie rescue -
Guilford Press. Annapolis, MD [Message posted to Chessie-
An eBook Millbower, L. (2003). Show biz L electronic mailing list]. Retrieved from
training: Fun and effective business http://[email protected]
training techniques from the worlds Radio and TV episodes - DeFord, F. (Writer). (2007, August
of stage, screen, and song. Retrieved
from library databases 8). Beyond Vick: Animal cruelty for sport
from http://www.amacombooks.
[Television series episode]. In NPR
org/
(Producer), Morning Edition. Retrieved
An article in a print journal Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children from Academic OneFile database.
change their minds: Strategy change
can be gradual or abrupt. Radio and TV episodes - Sepic, M. (Writer). (2008). Federal
from website prosecutors eye MySpace bullying case
Developmental Psychology, 35, 127-
[Television series episode]. In NPR
145.
(Producer), All Things Considered. Retrieved
An article in a journal without DOI Carter, S., & Dunbar-Odom, D.
from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
(2009). The converging literacies
center: An integrated model for Film Clips from website Kaufman, J.C. (Producer), Lacy, L.
writing programs. Kairos: A Journal (Director), &Hawkey, P. (Writer). (1979).
of Rhetoric, Technology, and Mean Joe Greene [video file]. Retrieved from
Pedagogy, 14(1), 38-48. Retrieved http://memory.loc.gov/mbrs/ccmp/meanj
from http://kairos.technorhetoric. oe_01g.ram
net/ Film Greene, C. (Producer), del Toro,
An article in a journal with DOI Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. G.(Director). (2015). Crimson peak [Motion
(2008). Spatial cues more salient picture]. United States: Legendary Pictures.
than color cues in cotton-top Photograph (from book, Close, C. (2002). Ronald. [photograph].
tamarins (saguinusoedipus) magazine or webpage) Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY.
reversal learning. Journal of R e t r i e v e d f r o m
Comparative Psychology, 122, 441- http://www.moma.org/collection/object.p
444. doi: 10.1037/0735- hp?object_id=108890
7036.122.4.441

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Artwork - from library Clark, L. (c.a. 1960’s). Man with Baby. Newspaper Article Last name, first name Initial. “Article Title.”
Newspaper Title (city) Date Month, year Publishe:
database [photograph]. George Eastman House, page(s). Medium
Rochester, NY. Retrieved from ARTstor
Example:
Artwork - from website Close, C. (2002). Ronald. [photograph]. Sulaiman, Kazeem N. “Workers Unrest in Nigerian
Museum of Modern Art, New York. Retrieved Universities.” The Punch Newspaper 16 March, 2017:
62. Print
from http://www.moma.org/collection/
browse_results.php?object_id=108890 Note that (city) is not included in the example above.
Do not include city if the newspaper is well known or
nationally published
4.2 MLA (Modern Language Association) A Journal Article Last name, First name Initial. “Article Title.” Journal
Title Series Volume, Issue (year published): Page(s).
This referencing style for documentation is widely used in the Medium.
humanities, especially in writing on language and literature. MLA
Example:
style features brief parenthetical citations in the text keyed to an Fasola, Omobolanle S. “The Plague of Plagiarism in
alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of the work. Nigerian Higher Institutions.” The Electronic Library
23.4 (2018): 76 -91. Print
A Website Last Name, First Name Initial. “Arti cle Title.” Website
Material type How to cite using MLA Title. Website Publisher, Date Month Year Published,
Book Last name, first name initial in capital. Book title : Web. Date Month year Accessed.
publisher, year published, medium.
Example:
Adepoju, Bisola. “Makeup Tips for Girls Who Wear
Example: Glasses.” Beauty.com . 19 April 2018. Web. 20 Sept.
Olorunsola, Richard A. Amazing grace. Babjii Printing 2018
Works.Ilorin: 2014. Print
Book chapter/ anthology Melville, Herman. “Hawthorne and His Mosses.” The Note: url is optiona l unless the source cannot be located
Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina without it
Online databases Last name, First Name Initial. “Article Title.” Journal
Baym. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 1989. 5 -25. Print.
Title Series Volume. Issue (Year Published): Page(s).
Database Name . Web. Date Month Accessed.
(Note: essays, short stories and poems are put in quotes.
Works originally published independently such as plays Example:
and novels are italici sed) Ahn, Hyunchul, and Kyoung -jae Kim. “Using Genetic
Magazine Article Last name, First name Initial “Article Title.” Magazine Algorithms to Optimize Nearest Neighbors for Data
Title Day Month, Year Published: page(s). Medium. Mining.” Annals of Operations Research 263.1 (2008):
5-18. Academic Search Premier . Web. 25 Sept. 2008.
Example:
TV/Radio Programme “Episode”. Contributors: Programme. Network. Call
Chinelu, Mazi. “Realising the Biafran Dream.” Letter, City, Date. Medium
News Week 29 Sept. 2018: 75. Print
Newspaper Article Last name, first name Initial. “Article Title.” Example:
Newspaper Title (city) Date Month, year Publishe: “Bursting the Balloon.” Prod. Ryan Seacrest. Big
page(s). Medium Brother Naija . Africa Magic, Johannesburg, 15 March
2017. Television
A Film Title. Dir. First name, Initial. Last name and First
Example:
Name Initial. Last name. Performer. First name I nitial.
Sulaiman, Kazeem N. “Workers Unrest in Nigerian
Last name and First Name Initial. Last name.
Universities.” The Punch Newspaper 16 March, 2017: Distributor, Year Published. Media Type.
62. Print
Example:
Note that (city) is not included in the example above. The Dark Knight . Dir. Christopher Nolan. Perf.
Do not include city if the newspaper is well known or Christian Bale, Heath ledger, and Aaron Eckhart.
Warner Bros., 2008. DVD
nationally published

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 Sound recording Contributors. “ Song.” Album. Band. Manufacturer, Citation basics for Chicago Manual of Style.
Year. Medium. Material type How to cite using Chicago manual of Style
book Last, First M. Book. City: Publisher, Year
Example:
Published.
Reekado Banks and Falz. “Celebrity Girlfriend.”
Celebrity Girlfriend . Wannabes. Wannabe Recods
Example:
Nigeria, 2018. Cd
Carley, Michael J. 1939: The Alliance That Never
Visual art photographs Last Name, First name Initial . Title. Year Created. Was and the Coming of World War II . Chicago:
Medium. Museum/Institution, Location.
Dee, 199
Book chapter/ anthology Last, First M. “Section Title.” In Book/Anthology ,
Example:
edited by First M. Last, Page(s). Edition ed. City:
Picasso, Pablo. Three Musicians . 1921. Oil on panel.
Publisher, Year Published.
Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Lecture/Speech Last name, First name Initial . “Speech.” Meeting / Example:
Organization. Location. Date. Description .
Melville, Herman. “Hawthorne and His Mosses.”
In The Norton Anthology of American Literature ,
Example:
edited by Nina Baym, 5 -25. 3rd ed. New York:
Ayodabo, O latunde “Inaugural Lecture.” 2016 Ajayi Norton, 1989.
Crowther Inaugural Lecture Series. Modupe and Magazine Last, First M. “Article Title.” Magazine Title,
FolorunsoAlakija Law Auditorium 20 Jan. 2016. Month Date, Year Published.
Lecture.
Interview Interviewee. “Title.” Interview by interviewer. Example:
Publication information. Medium. Pressman, Aaron. “Bottom Fishing in Rough
Waters.” BusinessWeek , September 29, 2008.
Example:
Newspaper Last, First M. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title
Marion Wallac e. “African Curator.” Interview by
(City), Month Date, Year Published.
Omobolanle Fasola. ACU News . Crowther Television,
Oyo. 23 March. 2017 . Television.
Example:
Cartoon Last, First M. “Title.” Cartoon / Comic strip. Campoy, Ana. “Gasoline Surges in Southeast
Publication information. Medium. After Ike.” The Wall Street Jou rnal, September
23, 2008.
Example: Journal Last, First M., and First M. Last. “Article Title.”
Trudeau, Garry. “Doonesbury.” Comic str ip. New York Journal Title, Series , Volume, no. Issue (Month
Times 8 May 2008: 12. Print Date, Year Published): Page(s).

Example:
Source: MLA 7 citation guide website found at Bharadwaj, Parag, and Katherine T. Ward.
http://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/mla-format/quick-guide/ “Ethical Considerations of Patients w ith
Pacemakers.” American Family Physician 78
(2008): 398-99.
4.3 Chicago/Turabian Style guides for citations. Website Last, First M. “Article Title.” Website Title.
The Chicago Manual of Style is used in some social science Month Date, Year Published. Accessed Month
publications and most historical journals. This is the style you will Date, Year. URL.
most likely be using if your paper is for a history course except
Example:
where it is absolutely stated that a different style be used. Satalkar, Bhakti. “Water Aerobics.” Buzzle.com.
July 15, 2010. www.buzzle.com .

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 Online databases ast, First M. “Article Title.” Journal Title, Series, that have been used. List all references numerically in the order
Volume, no. Issue (Month Date, Year
they’ve been cited within the paper, and include the bracketed
Published): Page(s). Accessed Month Date, Year.
URL. number at the beginning of each reference.
Example:
·Title your list as References either centred or aligned
Ahn, Hyunchul, and Kyoung -jae Kim. “Using left at the top of the page.
Genetic Algorithms to Optimize Nearest ·Create a hanging indent for each reference with the
Neighbors for Data Mining.” Annals of
Operations Research 263, no. 1 (2008): 5 -18. bracketed numbers flush with the left side of the page.
Academic Search Premier. The hanging indent highlights the numerical sequence
of your references.
*Note: Only include URL if it is stable. If no stable
URL, use database name instead. ·The author’s name is listed as first initial, last name.
Example: Adel Al Muhairy would be cited as A. Al
Source: http://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/chicago- Muhairy (NOT Al Muhairy, Adel).
turabian/quick-guide/
·The title of an article is listed in quotation marks.
4.4 IEEE Citation Style ·The title of a journal or book is listed in italics.
The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a
professional organization supporting many branches of Examples of citations for different materials using the IEEE citation
engineering, computer science, and information technology. In style
addition to publishing journals, magazines, and conference
proceedings, IEEE also makes many standards for a wide variety of Material Type Works Cited
industries.IEEE citation style includes in-text citations, numbered Book in print [1] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 1986.
in square brackets, which refer to the full citation listed in the
Chapter in book [2] L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers
reference list at the end of the paper. The reference list is organized and You, J. S. Brake, Ed. New York: Wiley, 1994,
numerically, not alphabetically pp. 55-70.
eBook [3] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software
Examples of in-text citations: Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA:
Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari
“...end of the line for my research [13].” e-book.
“This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1].” Journal article [4] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation - Part I:
An assessment of feasability,” IEEE Trans. Electron.
“Scholtz [2] has argued that...” Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.
eJournal (from database) [5] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, “Analysis of
“Several recent studies [3], [4], [15], [16] have suggested that....” software requirements engineering exercises in a
“For example, see [7].” global virtual team setup,” Journal of Global
Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+,
April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic
Creating a Reference List The Reference List appears at the OneFile, http://find.galegroup.com. [Accessed
end of the paper and provides the full citations for all the references May 31, 2005].

133 134
eJournal (from internet) [6] A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the adopted some of the styles listed above while some have evolved
context of reading on the web: Language learners’ theirs. The most important thing to note here is that whatever
experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6,
no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available:
style you want to use, make sure you do proper in-text and
http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. external referencing.
[Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].
Conference paper [7] L. Liu and H. Miao, ”A specification based 4.5 Knowing what to Cite and what not to cite
approach to testing polymorphic attributes,” in Below is a guide on how to know what to cite and what not to cite.
Formal Methods and Software Engineering:
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on
However, if you are confused about anything in relation to proper
Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2004, citation, ask your lecturer.
Seattle, WA, USA, November 8-12, 2004, J.
Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin:
Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.
What to cite What not to cite
Conference proceedings [8] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds.,
Informatics and the Digital Society: Social, ethical
·
Any words or ideas that you ·Your own life experiences,
read that are not common observations and insights.
and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open
knowledge. ·Your own results from labs,
Conference on Social, Ethical and Cognitive
Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, ·
Any new information you gain personal studies or field
Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, through conversations or experience.
2003. interviews. ·Your own artwork, digital
photographs, video or
Newspaper article [9] J. Riley, “Call for new look at skilled migrants,” Any diagrams, illustrations,
· audio.
(from database) The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. charts, pictures or other ·Common knowledge, such
Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. visual material you use that as “October 1 is Nigeria’s
st

[Accessed May 31, 2005]. was created by someone independence day”.

Technical report [10] J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration else.
program for the 16-foot antenna,” Elect. Eng.
Res. Lab., Univ. Texas,Austin, Tech. Memo. NGL-
006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
Patent [11] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit Two ways of avoiding outright plagiarism apart from proper
devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, July 16, 1990. citation is by mastering the art of Paraphrasing and Summarizing.
Standard [12] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems,
IEEE Standard 308, 1969. 4.6 Paraphrasing
Thesis/Dissertation [1] J.O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. When one is able to use different words, sentences or paragraphs
dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ.,
Cambridge, MA, 1993. to express the thought of another person without losing the
original meaning intended by the owner, one is said to have
Source: http://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/ieee paraphrased. The key here is to use one’s OWN words to express
another person’s idea.
The examples listed above are some of the popular citation style in
use all over the world. However, there are still others and even
some universities have developed their own special styles which
their students must follow in citing works. Note that journals have

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Example of paraphrasing up the facts presented. However, it should be noted that even
The paragraph below is an excerpt from an article in the Nigerian when the words of another person have been paraphrased, they
Library and Information Science review 2015 MUST still be cited.

Original author’s writing–Factors identified as affecting the 4.7 Summarising

effectiveness of library resources and services provided in the libraries Summarising is a condensed version of a piece of writing. One can
studied in Imo State include, lack of access to computers and other summarise a whole article into a single paragraph or a whole
ICTs, irregular internet services, inadequacy of relevant materials, paragraph into a single sentence. To be able to successfully
inadequate photocopying facilities and poor attitude of staff. summarise a work, one must have read and fully understood it. In
essence, just glancing through an article or skimming a book will
First attempt to paraphrase - factors identified to affect the not enable one to be able to do a good summary of the work. A
effectiveness of library resources and services provided in the libraries summary captures all of the most important parts of the original
studied in Imo state are, lack of access to computers and other ICTs, work but expresses them in a much shorter space. The difference
irregular internet services, inadequacy of relevant materials, between paraphrasing and summarising is that paraphrasing is
inadequate photocopying facilities and poor attitudes of staff. when one rewords a sentence or paragraph in ones word without
losing the essence of the original. It needs not be shorter than the
Note: This is bad paraphrasing because the only difference
original.
between the author’s and paraphrase’s are 4 minor words that
were changed. It basically says exactly the same thing that the
Example of summarising
original author wrote, so it is not one’s own words.
Original author writing: Under the guise of protecting
Second attempt: the researchers found in a study of libraries in children from sexual and “offensive” material, the government has
Imo state that lack of access to computers and other ICTs, irregular repeatedly embraced overreaching policies that chill lawful
internet services, inadequacy of relevant materials and inadequate speech. In ACLU v Reno, EFF and a coalition of public interest
photocopying facilities and poor attitude of staff were factors groups achieved a landmark victory by successfully challenging
identified as affecting library effectiveness. the unconstitutional communication Decency Act. The U.S
Supreme Court’s unanimous decision affirmed that online speech
Note: this is a slight improvement on the first attempt but still deserves the full protection of the First Amendment. EFF
containing a sizeable number of the original author’s words. continues to fight related censorship policies today.
(http://www.eff.org/censorship/ accessed 16 March, 2017)
Third attempt: In a study carried out in Imo State, the
researchers identified lack of access to ICT facilities, inadequacy of Original author writing summarised – The
relevant materials such as photocopying facilities and poor Communications Decency Act that restricted freedom of speech
attitude of staff as factors affecting effectiveness of library was unanimously overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in ACLU
resources and services. v Reno, a case involving offensive material online.

Note: This is much better because it rewords the information given

by the original author without changing the meaning or messing

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Unit 5: Summary of the Module b. Explain three reasons why people plagiarise.
c. List three examples of plagiarism checkers.
In this module, I have defined intellectual property and 4. What is citation?
identified works that fall under Intellectual Property. The b. Describe three citation styles.
module also identified the two categories of intellectual 5. Explain two ways that one can use to avoid plagiarising.
property such as industrial right and copyright. Copyright and
copyright infringement was also discussed in detail. The
concept of plagiarism, what makes up plagiarism, why people References and Reading List
plagiarise and the difference between plagiarism and copyright
were painstakingly explained and analysed. Four major citation Cvetkovic, V.B. and Anderson, K.E. (2010). Stop plagiarism: a guide
styles were exhaustively explained with various examples. The to understanding and prevention. Neal-Schuman Publishers,
module also explained how to properly cite works using both Inc. 220pages
internal and external citation and explained how to use the Chicago Manual of Style. Available at
paraphrasing and summarising tools to assist in writing so as to http://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/chicago-
avoid plagiarism. turabian/quick-guide/ accessed 16 December, 2017
Fasola, O.S. (2015). Perceptions and acceptance of librarians
towards using Facebook and Twitter to promote library
Unit 6: Evaluation on the Module.
services in Oyo State, Nigeria. The Electronic Library, 33.5:
1. What is intellectual property? 870 – 882
b. List four items that fall under intellectual property.
http://www.eff.org/censorship/accessed 16 March, 2017
c. What is the name of the organisation in charge of
protecting intellectual property? Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineers available at
http://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/ieee accessed 20
2. State the two categories of Intellectual Property
March, 2017
b. Copyright is a construct of the law while plagiarism is a
construct of ethics. Explain this sentence in one Modern language Association citation style available at
paragraph. http://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/mla-
format/quick-guide/ Accessed 7 February, 2017
c. Describe the two types of right enjoyed by a copyright
holder. Nnamdi, F. (2012). Plagiarism: Nigeria’s central bank governor sued
d. How long does the moral right of a copyright holder http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/04/23/plagiarism-
last? nigerias-central-bank-governor-sued/ Accessed 13 August,
2015
d. What does it mean to say that a work has fallen into the
public domain? Okebukola, P. (2015). Elevating academic integrity in tertiary
e. state at least four rights enjoyed by a copyright holder institutions in Nigeria: keynote address presented at the
workshop on academic integrity in tertiary institutions in
3. What is plagiarism?
Nigeria, held at the anti-corruption academy, Nigeria.

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Onwubiko, E. (2012). Plagiarism: The Story of Sanusi and Zakaria MODULE NINE
http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/96225/1/plagi
arism-the-story-of-sanusi-and-zakaria.html Accessed 13th SOCIAL MEDIA AND LIBRARY MARKETING
August, 2015 Omobolanle S. Fasola
Postner, R.A. (2009). The little book of plagiarism. Chicago:
Pantheon, 128pages Introduction
With the advent of Information Communication Technology
University of Wisconsin Writing centre. Available at (ICT), vocabulary world over is changing to accommodate
http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_plagiarism.html terminologies and practices that will boost professions and at the
Accessed 20 March, 2017 same time enhance them. The new generation of library users are
World intellectual Property Organisation. Available at those very versatile with the trending technology. In order to reach
http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ accessed 20 March, 2017. them, professionals in all fields of endeavour have to speak their
language. The library is not left out in this need to reach out to its
users. In fact, with Google and the world wide web competing
keenly with the library, it has to be attuned to the needs of its users
and join the trend in making sure that it is not relegated in the new
dispensation of information need at the speed of light. Social
media is an avenue that the library can use to advocate for, engage
with and support young adults in their quest for information.

Unit 1: Objectives of the Module

At the end of the module, the students should be able to:
· Define social media
· Define library marketing
· Social media marketing
· Describe the various types of social media
· Relate the social media types described with library marketing
· Identify the library’s social media handles
· Relate with librarians using the social media handles

Unit 2: Social Media

2.1. Definition
Social media is the second generation of the world wide web
which is also known as web 2.0. Web 2.0 is a movement of the first

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generation static web pages that allow for dynamic content that what takes place here can be likened to a transaction as it is a
can be shared with others. With web 2.0, it became possible to two-way communication.
have applications that facilitated interactive information sharing, 4. Communities: with social media, it is easy for people with
interoperability that is user designed and ability to collaborate. similar interests to come together and form communities.
The beauty of web 2.0 and the attendant social media networking These communities share common interests and
sites make it possible to share news that is both professional and communication is easy and effective.
social with others, collaborate on issues and generally share
content. With web 2.0 users were gifted with the ability to 5. Connectedness: Another feature of social is that it is easy
generate content such as conversations and communications. to connect. Links can easily connect someone to a related site,
Social media is about sharing ideas, cooperating and people or resources. Sometimes the links may even connect a
collaborating to create art, thinking and commerce, vigorous user to a site that is totally unrelated to the previous one.
debate and discourse, finding people who might be good friends,
allies and lovers. It is what our species has built several 2.3 Types of Social media
civilisations on. People can find information, inspiration, like- 1. Social networks: Sites of this nature enables users to build
minded people, communities and collaborators faster than ever personal webpages that allow them to connect with friends in
before. New ideas, services, business models and technologies order to share content and communicate. Popular examples
emerge and evolve at dizzying speed in social media. of social networks are Facebook and MySpace.

2.2. Characteristics of Social Media 2. Blogs: Blogs are similar to magazines in that it is possible to
Social media is a new kind of online media, quite different from publish long entries in them with the most recent appearing
the traditional media that share all or most of the following first. There are two popular blog providers, Google Blogger
characteristics: and Wordpress
1 Participation: with social media, it is easy for people to
contribute to issues and give feedback on topics of interest. 3. Wikis: These are websites that allow people to add content to
With traditional media, it was almost impossible to give or to edit the information in them. Everybody can act as an
feedback on pertinent issues and where possible the feedback editor on wikis as they serve as communal databases or
was delayed feedback. There is a blur in the line dividing the documents. A very popular example is Wikipedia that has
media and the audience in social media. millions of articles in English.
2. Openness: because everyone can see the content on most social
media services, except where it is password protected, users can 4. Forums: These are areas for discussion usually on specific
comment on issues, vote or even share content. There is virtually topics and interests that are pertinent to all in the forum.
no barrier to access where social media is concerned.
5. Content communities: Communities are those which
3. Conversation: the traditional media of television, radio and
organise and share particular kinds of content. The most
cable is about ‘broadcast’ where content is transmitted or
popular content communities tend to form around photos
distributed to an audience with less likelihood of the audience
(Flickr) and videos (YouTube).
responding. The opposite is the case with social media since

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6. Microbloging: Social networking combined with small 5. Social media sites have information such as user profile data,
blogging, where small amounts of content (‘updates’) which which can be used to target a specific set of users for
is not up to the usual one found on the conventional blog are advertising.
distributed online and through the mobile phone network. A
very popular example of a microblogging site is Twitter. 3.2 library social media marketing
Librarians as professionals have always used social media in their
Unit 3: Social Media Marketing. personal and professional work. However, the usage has always
Social media marketing are when social media sites are used in been limited to the benefits accruable to the librarian rather than the
library as an entity. The major use of social media in the library is to
order to enhance and build the visibility of one’s products and
fulfil a range of objectives, with most of these objectives focused on
services on the internet. Because social media makes it possible for
promotion that is, the visibility of the library and usage of the
all to create and share content on the internet, this trend has
library service and resources. However, the library is veering into
turned everyone into a content creator. However, there are certain other uses for social media such as for broadcast and informational
groups of people who are known as social influencers. These are communications. These are increasingly being supplemented with
people who influence others on the choices they make especially two-way communications designed to solicit feedback especially in
online. With social media marketing, the idea is to reach social the area of collection development where they offer real-time
influencers and then convince them to patronise our products and customer service and build engagement with users. Social media is
services. Social media are useful for building social and business also increasingly being seen as a collection management tool,
networks that can enhance ones business and profession. offering flexible ways to present resources, for example, through
Social media marketing uses podcasts, wikis, blogs, YouTube for video delivery and for categorize them. Outreach is
folksonomies, online videos, photo sharing, news sharing, another important area because it helps libraries to increase their
message boards, and posts on social networking sites to reach a visibility and connections within the broader library community and
large or targeted audience. to would be users. Furthermore, social media is used to assist the
promotion of learning and teaching.
3.1 Reasons to adopt social media in marketing
1. It is possible to reach a large number of people in a more 3.3. Opportunities and challenges of library social
media marketing
spontaneous way without paying large advertising fees.
The opportunities accruable to the library in marketing its services
2. The use of blogs and social and business networking sites can
to users and potential users through social media are innumerable
increase traffic to ones website from other social media
but so also are the challenges. However, properly managed, social
websites. This in turn may increase ones Page Rank, resulting
media marketing for the library’s opportunities far outweighs its
in increased traffic from leading search engines.
challenges. Below are some of the opportunities and challenges of
3. Social media complements other marketing strategies such as
using social media to market the library.
a paid advertising campaign.
4. One can build credibility by participating in relevant forums
A. Opportunities
and responding to questions. l The low cost of social media: This is one of the
main attractions to its use by the library. Whereas the

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 traditional media is more expensive with limited maintaining visibility for the library brand and
outreach, using social media to market the library is copyright issues that relate to hosting library resources
done at a reduced cost of only bandwidth or data as the on social media sites.
case may be.
·Social media has wider reach: with social media it 3.4 Social media marketing tools for the library
is possible to reach more users and potential users. The Libraries are besieged with greater demands from their various
philosophy of the library had been one encased in community for access to and instruction in electronic information
buildings, but with all the development in technology resources such as e-books and database resources, while at the same
that has brought rise to e-libraries and virtual library, time feeling pressure to advocate and promote awareness of library
the trend is now towards a library without physical resources and services to current, former, and new users. There is a
space. In essence, with social media marketing, users constantly complain of the dearth of users in the library coupled with
from all over the world can have access to a library’s the fact that with smart phones and gadgets, users now have access
services. This is the era of libraries without borders.
to wide variety of information on their fingertips. This also entails
·Meeting users at their spaces: The essence of
that users may not want to physically be present in the library. Also,
using social media to market the library is because the
statistics has also shown that young users spend a lot of time on
generation of users are comfortable with technology
social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and blogs,
and are very versatile in its use. Therefore, for the
library not to be relegated to the background, it has to just to mention a few. So for the library to get these young users, it is
be ready to meet users in this space of technology. That essential for it to connect with them on a platform that they are often
way, the library will be bringing its services to the user on. This is why social media marketing is essential for a library that
instead of waiting for the user to come to it. wants to make its resources not only visible to the public but also
·Building communities: Social media provides the useful to it, through integrating the new format and technologies of
library with the opportunity to build a sense of social media to the library.
community between the library and its users, in order to
support co-development of collections and help keep 3.4.1. Some very popular social networking sites that the library
librarians updated on industry news and initiatives. can utilise to market their services to the public are listed below.

B. Challenges A. Facebook: In February, 2004, two college students Mark

· Time: the time that is required to maintain an active Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin formed what has now
social media presence is a big challenge because social become one of the most famous social network sites, Facebook.
media marketing needs constant social media presence It was initially meant to cater for Harvard students alone but
and the pressure to respond instantly to service queries. with time was expanded to other Ivy League colleges in the
· Acquisition of new skills: Library staffs need hitherto town of Boston and then to universities in the USA and Canada.
unknown skills for using social media effectively, such as By September 2006, barely two years later, it became available
striking the right tone between professional and to anyone who owned an email address from age thirteen
personal, coordinating activities across the parent body to above. Currently in 2017, Facebook has 1.94billion active users
avoid duplication of content on these social media, worldwide and a record of over 16million users in Nigeria

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 alone. In essence, in marketing its services using Facebook, C. Blogs: The term weblog refers to a web page containing
a library has access to almost 2billion users on a monthly brief, chronologically arranged items of information that is
basis. made available to the general public on the open web.
Weblogs are also likened to personal websites, usually
List of library applications on Facebook maintained by an individual, which is constantly updated
l LibGuides Librarian, which allows librarians to with new information, personal experiences, analysis,
display their guides in their Facebook profiles and also hyperlinks to other webpages and sites, and commentary.
provides a search of their library’s catalogue. However not all weblogs are personal websites: institutions
l Librarian, this is an app which provides links to books (including libraries, information centres, professional
and other resources through the facebook app associations and companies) have created what they
l Books iRead, which lets users and librarians share themselves describe as weblogs. Weblogs have been
avirtual bookshelf of titles they are currently described as a cross between a diary, a web site and an online
readingor not reading. They can also rate titles and community. Here, librarians can periodically post messages;
listbooks they own, and highlight their favourite share information on a particular subject or issue, and allow
booksand so on. users to contribute to content. They can write articles, news
l COPAC Search, which gives librarians the ability on topical issues and expect an instant reaction from their
tosearch the COPAC’s union catalogue from within users. Librarians can also interact with users and create a new
l With the services listed above, libraries can use these arrival corner where newly acquired library resources are
through their social media pages to raise awareness displayed for users. This makes it easy for users as they are
on the services offered by the library, publicise new already aware of what they want and where to get them
arrivals, charge out resources and interact with users before coming to the library. With weblogs, there is also
and would be users. unlimited opportunity for interaction as it is possible to get
feedback on content posted.
B. Twitter: Twitter was created in 2006 by Odeo, a D. Instagram: Instagram is very ideal for the library to use as it
podcasting company and launched in the same year and requires fewer words and more images. Facebook also owns
quickly gained worldwide popularity. It is a news and social Instagram so it is easy to integrate both social media apps to
networking site that focuses on the posting of pictures, ge the best service. With Instagram one can easily showcase
videos and words of 140 characters after the popular short the holdings of the library through images and videos.
message service SMS. Because of its text message like
feature, twitter has proved to be a good source for posting Social networking sites are constantly promoting open access
and reading news. Twitter is also referred to as a micro to knowledge. The term used torefer to resources that are openly
blogging service. Presently, Twitter has a monthly active available to users with no requirements for authentication or
international user of about 160million! That is a lot of users payment is known as open access. With open access, there is free
to reach as a library on a monthly basis. T.Y. Danjuma access to publications both scholarly publications and non-scholarly
library handle can be accessed at @tylibrary … or ones In an open access platform, there is free access to articles or
@ACUoyo for the university twitter account. Follow us on other resources, and are free to read, download, copy, distribute,
twitter to get latest information print, search, or link to full texts of these resources, provided they

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do not violet copyright rules, search, browse, filter, find, ·Social media helps in promoting distance learning: with
collaborate by anybody and everybody and there is open access to social media, distance learning becomes easier as
knowledge and ability to contribute to web content. resources and course material can be made available
through the library’s portal to the students. Distance
3.5. Advantages of Using Social Media in the Library learning students will also have equal access to the
·Social media captures potential users of the library: library’s holding as regular students. In this regard,
with social media, it is possible to capture non users of social media will help to promote distance learning as
the library who may because of this marketing strategy feedback can also been done between the students and
begin to use the library. their course facilitators.
·Social media offers more unconventional ways of
Since social media happens to be very widely used applications,
marketing library services: with social media, the
a library should apply it so as to capture the attention of youths
conventional ways of marketing library services such as
especially in academic, school and public libraries. The essence of
through handbills, book fairs and seminars are amped
information has further evolved to taking the information to the user,
up. These same ways can be amplified through these
that is, meeting the user at the point of their needs.
social networking sites
Regularly updating the social media sites being used is of
·Social media motivates students to use library: because utmost importance as it will not be of benefit for users to get to a
of the interactive platforms of social media, students library’s page, handle or blog only to discover that information on it
who hitherto do not use the student may come across has not been updated over a long period of time and that there are no
what they want and this could prompt them into using new contents on the pages. This will cancel out the essence of using
the library social media as a marketing tool for the library in the first instance. In
·Social media allows user to create, connect, converse, essence, there a library aiming to market its services to its users and
to contribute, vote and share information potential user ought to have someone whose sole aim is to constantly
·It creates relationship between the library and the user update the content of the social media. To ensure that there is always
·It helps libraries in building collaborative network new content and also to be available to respond to queries from
withusers: Users are able to also post content in the users, a library’s page should be closely monitored.
form of feedback and this is a form of collaboration.
Unit 4: Summary of the Module
·Social media creates awareness for the user in locating
library resources: through regular updating of a In this module, I have discussed, defined social media, social
library’s social media pages, users are aware of new media marketing and library marketing using social media. I
arrivals and other resources available in the library. have also explained the various social media tools that can be
used to market library services such as Facebook, Twitter,
·Social media facilitates knowledge sharing: resource
Instagram and blogging. The module also explained the various
sharing between librarians and even between users is a
applications that are used by Librarians on Facebook. The various
form of knowledge sharing which can lead to
ways that these tools can be used to market library services were
knowledge creation.
also explained in the module. The benefits to the library using
·Social media helps to feed user with information

151 152
 these tools and to the students were also looked into and
explained in detail. The module also gave the Facebook page, References and Reading list
twitter handle and the blog url of T.Y Danjuma library and Ajayi Bahar Bicen Aras (2015) The role of social media in the promotion
Crowther University. The benefits of using social media for of university libraries. Journal of Library and Information
marketing were also explained. Science, Vol.3.2, pp79-105
Chauham, Mehul (2013) Use of social media in libraries. Key note
Unit 5: Evaluation on the Module
address on Librarians held at EDII Gandhinagar on refining
1. What is social media? libraries to create next generation librarians.
b. what is social media marketing? Edewor, Nelson, Okite-Amughoro, Faith, Osuchukwu, Ngozi P.
c. Explain three reasons to use social media for marketing and Egreejena, Dennis E. (2016) Marketing Library and
information services in selected university libraries in Africa.
2. What is web. 2.0?
International Journal of Advanced Library and Information
3. Describe the feature(s) that differentiate the traditional web Services, Vol. 4.1, pp291-300
from web. 2.0
Kadan, V. Sachin (2014) Impact of use of social networking sites on
4. List 3 examples of popular social media that can be used for libraries. Knowledge Librarian, Vol. 1.1 pp116-124
library marketing.
Salim S.and Akindi and Mohammed Nasser Al-Sugri (2013) Social
5. State the benefits to using social media tools for marketing. Networking sites as marking and outreach tools of library and
6. Give the list of library applications available on Facebook information services. Global Journal of Human Social Science,
7. What is the twitter handle of T.Y. Danjuma library? Arts, Humanities and Psychology, Vol.13.2. pp1-15
8. List four characteristics of social media
b. Explain each of the four listed above.
9. Explain two major challenges to using social media for
marketing.

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 INDEX Government documents, 54 Literature search tools, 55
Greece, 3, 4 Local Area Network (LAN), 107
A Clay tablets, 3 Gutenberg, Johannes, 5
Abstracts 55 Collection development, 22 M
Academic libraries 20, 76 Computer devices, 93 H Magazine, 3, 9, 37
Added entries 62 Concordance, 57 Handbooks, 51 Manuals, 51
Alice for Windows 100 Copyright, 118-122 Hieroglyphics, 4 Manuscript, 5, 40
Almanacs 50 Copyright infringement, 120, 121-122 Maps, 52
American Psychology Association Copyright page, 34 I Medieval times, 4
See APA Cuneiform, 3 Index, 36, 56 Mesopotamia, 3
Ancient times 3 Information Communication Metropolitan Area Network (MAN),
APA, Citation, Manual of Style 125- D Technologies (ICT), 88-114 108
127 Database management system, 105, Information content in books, 32 Micro Computer Documentation
Appendix 35 106 Information literacy, 79, 80, 81 System, 97-98
Application software 97 Dewey Decimal Classification Information literacy instruction, 79 Microforms, 41
Assurbanipal 3 Scheme, 68, 69, 70 Information navigators Mobile libraries, 9
Atlas/Atlases 52 Dictionaries, 48, 50 Information resources, 30-32 Modern Languages Association
Author card 62 Digital Libraries, 101, 102, 103 Input devices, 93 (MLA), 129
Automated library catalogue (OPAC) Directories, 53, 113 Institute of Electrical Electronic Modes of instruction, 77
66 Dissertation, 38 Engineers (IEEE), 133 Monastic libraries, 4,5
Automation 104 Intellectual property, 117, 118 Moral right, 120
Auxiliary/External storage 94 E Moys Classification Scheme, 14, 68,
Internet, 108
Economic right, 119 69, 70
B Education, 74, 75 J
Bibliographies 31, 55, 56, 127 Egyptians, 4 N
Journals 36-37
Biographical sources 52 E-Learning in Nigeria, 83 National Library of Nigeria, 6, 7-9
Biography 35, 52, 55 Electronic Learning Environment, 81 National libraries,7
K
Electronic learning systems, 82 Newspapers, 9, 37,56
KOHA, 97, 106
C Electronic Library, 102, 104 Non-book materials, 39-40
Call Number 62, 71-72 Electronic resources, 40 Non-print resources, 39-42
L Notation, 71
Card catalogue 65 Encyclopaedias, 48 Law library, 12-15
Carnegie Corporation 6 Exclusive rights, 118 Law reports, 13
Catalogue 61, 64-67 O
Legal databases, 15 Online Public Access Catalogue See
Cataloguing 60, 61 F Legal deposit, 7
Financial right, 119 OPAC, 24, 66, 67
Cathedral Libraries, 4, 5 Library and education, 74
Forward, 34 Online Resources, 15
CDROM, 2, 36 Library catalogue, 23, 64, 65 OPAC, 24, 66, 67
Central Processing Unit, 94 Library instruction, 78 Operating software, 96
Chicago Manual Style, 131-132 G Library of Congress Classification Output device, 93
Circulation Unit 23 Gazetteers,53 Scheme, 68, 69
Citation styles 126 Gazettes, 54 Library marketing, 142 P
Class mark, 62, 71-72 Geographical sources, 52 Library orientation, 78 Papyrus, 3
Classification, 67, 71 Globe, 53 Library rules, 25-27 Paraphrasing, 136-138
Classification Scheme, 62, 67-70 Glossary, 35

155 156
Parts of a Book, 33-36 Sumerians, 3
Patents, 56 Summarising, 138
Periodicals, 9, 36, 37, 56 System software, 96
Plagiarism,121-125
Polymedia library, 102 T
Preface, 34 Table of content, 34
Preliminary pages, 33 Telecommunication, 88, 106, 107
Primary Sources, 31 Tertiary sources, 31
Print materials, 32 Thesaurus, 50
Private Libraries, 14 Thesis, 38
Public Libraries, 9-10 TINLIB, 97, 99
Title card, 63
R Title page, 33
Rare Materials, 39 Turabian style, 131
Readers’ Services, 23, 77 Twitter, 149
Reference Sources, 45-57 Types of libraries, 6
Referencing Styles, 125
Reference Unit/Reprography Unit, U
24 Universal Decimal Classification, 68
Renaissance, 5 University College of Ibadan, 6
Reserved Collection, 24 University libraries, 4, 5
Rome, 3, 5 User education, 78
Romans, 3, 4
V
S Verso page, 34
Satellite technology, 91 Virtual Learning Environment, 83,
School Libraries, 16 84
Scriptoria, 5 Virtual libraries, 17, 102
Searching by subject, 66
Secondary Sources, 31 W
Serials, 22, 36 Wide Area Network (WAN), 108
Social media, 142-148, 151, 152 WIPO, 119
Social media marketing, 146, 148, 149 World Wide Web (WWW), 109, 111
Software technology, 91 Workstations, 90
Softwares, 96, 97
Special Libraries, 10-12 X
Specialised language dictionaries, X-Library automation, 100
49
Statistical sources, 54 Y
Statutes, 13 Yearbooks, 51
Subject dictionaries, 50
Subject heading, 63

157