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Unit III - Web Programming

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Unit III - Web Programming

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Course Web Programming Unit III

Contents
Java Script: Introduction, Client-Side JavaScript, Server-Side JavaScript, JavaScript
Objects, JavaScript Security, Operators: Assignment Operators, Comparison Operators,
Arithmetic Operators, Logical Operators, Short-Circuit Evaluation, String Operators,
Special Operators, (Conditional operator), ,(Comma operator), delete, new, this, void
Statements : Break, comment, continue, delete, do … while, export, for, for…in,
function, if…else, import, labelled, return, switch, var, while, with, Core JavaScript
(Properties and Methods of Each) : Array, Boolean, Date, Function, Math, Number,
Object, String, regExp Document and its associated objects : document, Link, Area,
Anchor, Image, Applet, Layer Events and Event Handlers : General Information about
Events, Defining Event Handlers and events

What is JavaScript ?
Javascript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most
commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script
to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming
language with object-oriented capabilities.

JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to
JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript
made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The
general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet
Explorer, and other web browsers.

The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript language.

 JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

 Designed for creating network-centric applications.

 Complementary to and integrated with Java.

 Complementary to and integrated with HTML.

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 Open and cross-platform

Client-side JavaScript
Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script should be
included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be interpreted by the
browser.

It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs that
interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML content.

The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional CGI
server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to check if the user has
entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.

The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all the
entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.

JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link
navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.

Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are −

 Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the page
off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server.

 Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page
reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.

 Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user
hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.

 Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-
drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the
following important features −
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 Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has been
kept for security reason.

 JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no such

support available.

 JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocessor capabilities.

Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that allows

you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive development
tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it is an interpreted
language inside the context of a web browser, you don't even need to buy a compiler.

To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript
editing tools. Some of them are listed here −

 Microsoft FrontPage − Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor called

FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number of JavaScript tools
to assist in the creation of interactive websites.

 Macromedia Dreamweaver MX − Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a very

popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web development crowd. It
provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript components, integrates well with databases,
and conforms to new standards such as XHTML and XML.

 Macromedia HomeSite 5 − HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and JavaScript

editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal websites effectively.

Where is JavaScript Today?

The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in over four
years. JavaScript 2.0 conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript standard, and the
difference between the two is extremely minor.
3

The specification for JavaScript 2.0 can be found on the following site:
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http://www.ecmascript.org/
Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the ECMAScript
standard, although both the languages still support the features that are not a part of
the standard

JavaScript Syntax

JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within the
<script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.

You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within you web
page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within the <head> tags.

The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text between
these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as follows.

The script tag takes two important attributes −

 Language − This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using.
Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and XHTML, its
successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.

 Type − This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting

language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".

So your JavaScript segment will look like −

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

JavaScript code
</script>

Your First JavaScript Script

Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional HTML
Page

comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code from a browser that
does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a "//-->". Here "//" signifies a
comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a browser from reading the end of the
HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript code. Next, we call a function document.write
which writes a string into our HTML document.

This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the following code.

This code will produce the following result −

Hello World!

Whitespace and Line Breaks

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs. You can
use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and you are free to format and
indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code easy to read and
understand.

Semicolons are Optional

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just as
they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon if
each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For example, the following code
could be written without semicolons.

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

<!--
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var1 = 10
var2 = 20
//-->
</script>

But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons −

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

</script>

Note − It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords, variables,
function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent
capitalization of letters.

So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.

NOTE − Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in JavaScript.

Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments, Thus −

 Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and is ignored
by JavaScript.

 Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This may span
multiple lines.

 JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--. JavaScript
treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the // comment.

 The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript so it

should be written as //-->.

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Example
The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

<!--

// This is a comment. It is similar to comments in C++

/*
* This is a multiline comment in JavaScript
* It is very similar to comments in C Programming
*/

//-->
</script>

All the modern browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently, you may
need to enable or disable this support manually. This chapter explains the procedure of
enabling and disabling JavaScript support in your browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox,
chrome, and Opera.

JavaScript in Internet Explorer

Here are simple steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in your Internet Explorer −

 Follow Tools → Internet Options from the menu.

 Select Security tab from the dialog box.

 Click the Custom Level button.

 Scroll down till you find Scripting option.

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 Select Enable radio button under Active scripting.

 Finally click OK and come out

To disable JavaScript support in your Internet Explorer, you need to select Disable radio
button under Active scripting.

JavaScript in Firefox
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Firefox −

 Open a new tab → type about: config in the address bar.

 Then you will find the warning dialog. Select I’ll be careful, I promise!

 Then you will find the list of configure options in the browser.

 In the search bar, type javascript.enabled.

 There you will find the option to enable or disable javascript by right-clicking on the
value of that option → select toggle.

If javascript.enabled is true; it converts to false upon clicking toogle. If javascript is

disabled; it gets enabled upon clicking toggle.

JavaScript in Chrome
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Chrome −

 Click the Chrome menu at the top right hand corner of your browser.

 Select Settings.

 Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.

 Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.

 In the "Javascript" section, select "Do not allow any site to run JavaScript" or "Allow
all sites to run JavaScript (recommended)".

JavaScript in Opera
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Opera −
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 Follow Tools → Preferences from the menu.

 Select Advanced option from the dialog box.

 Select Content from the listed items.

 Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.

 Finally click OK and come out.

To disable JavaScript support in your Opera, you should not select the Enable JavaScript
checkbox.

Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers

If you have to do something important using JavaScript, then you can display a warning
message to the user using <noscript> tags.

You can add a noscript block immediately after the script block as follows −

<html>
<body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

</script>
<noscript>
Sorry...JavaScript is needed to go ahead.
</noscript>
</body>
</html>

Now, if the user's browser does not support JavaScript or JavaScript is not enabled, then
the message from </noscript> will be displayed on the screen

Placement in HTML FILE

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There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML document.
However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML file are as follows −

 Script in <head>...</head> section.

 Script in <body>...</body> section.

 Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.

 Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.

In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file in different
ways.

JavaScript in <head>...</head> section

If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks somewhere,
then you will place that script in the head as follows −

<html>

<head>

</head>
<body>
10

<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />

</body>
Page

</html>
This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body>...</body> section

If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content in the
page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this case, you would
not have any function defined using JavaScript. Take a look at the following code.

<p>This is web page body </p>

</body>
</html>

This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections

You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as follows −

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
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}
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//-->
</script>
</head>

<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />

</body>
</html>

This code will produce the following result −

JavaScript in External File

As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find that there
are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple pages of a site.

You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files. The script
tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an external file and then
include it into your HTML files.

Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in your HTML
code using script tag and its src attribute.

<html>

<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="filename.js" ></script>
</head>
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To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your JavaScript source
code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then include that file as shown above.

For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then you can use
sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js file.

function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}

JavaScript - Variables

JavaScript Datatypes
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set of
data types it supports. These are the type of values that can be represented and
manipulated in a programming language.

JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types −

 Numbers, eg. 123, 120.50 etc.

 Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.

 Boolean e.g. true or false.

JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which
defines only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript
supports a composite data type known as object. We will cover objects in detail in a
separate chapter.
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Note − JavaScript does not make a distinction between integer values and floating-
point values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values.
JavaScript represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by the
IEEE 754 standard.

JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be
thought of as named containers. You can place data into these containers and then
refer to the data simply by naming the container.

Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables are
declared with the var keyword as follows.

You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows −

Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do variable

initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time when you need
that variable.

For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value 2000.50
to it later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of initialization as
follows.

<!--
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var name = "Ali";

var money;
money = 2000.50;
//-->
</script>

Note − Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life of
any variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same variable twice.

JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold a
value of any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to tell JavaScript
during variable declaration what type of value the variable will hold. The value type of
a variable can change during the execution of a program and JavaScript takes care of it
automatically.

JavaScript Variable Scope

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript
variables have only two scopes.

 Global Variables − A global variable has global scope which means it can be defined
anywhere in your JavaScript code.

 Local Variables − A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is
defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.

Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global variable
with the same name. If you declare a local variable or function parameter with the
same name as a global variable, you effectively hide the global variable. Take a look
into the following example.

<html>
<body onload = checkscope();>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var myVar = "global"; // Declare a global variable
15

function checkscope( ) {
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var myVar = "local"; // Declare a local variable

document.write(myVar);
}
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

This produces the following result −

local

JavaScript Variable Names

While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.

 You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a variable name.
These keywords are mentioned in the next section. For example, break or
boolean variable names are not valid.

 JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must
begin with a letter or an underscore character. For example, 123test is an
invalid variable name but _123test is a valid one.

 JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For example, Name and name
are two different variables.

JavaScript Reserved Words

A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table. They
cannot be used as JavaScript variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or any object
names.

abstract else instanceof switch

boolean enum int synchronized

break export interface this

byte extends long throw

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case false native throws

catch final new
transient
char finally null
true
class float package
try
const for private
typeof
continue function protected
var
debugger goto public
void
default if return
volatile
delete implements short
while
do import static
with
double in super

JavaScript - Operators

What is an operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called
operands and ‘+’ is called the operator. JavaScript supports the following types of
operators.

 Arithmetic Operators

 Comparision Operators

 Logical (or Relational) Operators

 Assignment Operators
17

 Conditional (or ternary) Operators

Page

Lets have a look on all operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators −

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No Operator and Description

+ (Addition)

1 Adds two operands

Ex: A + B will give 30

- (Subtraction)

Subtracts the second operand from the first

Ex: A - B will give -10

* (Multiplication)

Multiply both operands

Ex: A * B will give 200

/ (Division)

Divide the numerator by the denominator

Ex: B / A will give 2

% (Modulus)

Outputs the remainder of an integer division

Ex: B % A will give 0

6 ++ (Increment)
18

Increases an integer value by one

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Ex: A++ will give 11

-- (Decrement)

Decreases an integer value by one

Ex: A-- will give 9

Note − Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10 will
give "a10".

Example
The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.

document.write("a + b = ");
result = a + b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a - b = ");
result = a - b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
19
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document.write("a / b = ");
result = a / b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a % b = ");
result = a % b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a + b + c = ");
result = a + b + c;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

a = ++a;
document.write("++a = ");
result = ++a;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

b = --b;
document.write("--b = ");
result = --b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

Set the variables to different values and then try...

</body>
20

</html>
Page

Output
a + b = 43
a - b = 23
a / b = 3.3
a % b = 3
a + b + c = 43Test
++a = 35
--b = 8
Set the variables to different values and then try...

Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators −

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.N
Operator and Description
o

= = (Equal)

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then the condition becomes
1
true.

Ex: (A == B) is not true.

!= (Not Equal)

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal, then the
2 condition becomes true.

Ex: (A != B) is true.

> (Greater than)

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of the right operand, if
3 yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A > B) is not true.

4 < (Less than)

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Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of the right operand, if yes,
then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A < B) is true.

>= (Greater than or Equal to)

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right
5 operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A >= B) is not true.

<= (Less than or Equal to)

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the right
6 operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A <= B) is true.

Example
The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.

document.write("(a == b) => ");

result = (a == b);
document.write(result);
22

document.write(linebreak);
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document.write("(a < b) => ");

result = (a < b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a > b) => ");

result = (a > b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a != b) => ");

result = (a != b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >= b) => ");

result = (a >= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a <= b) => ");

result = (a <= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...
</body>
</html>

Output
23

(a == b) => false
Page

(a < b) => true

(a > b) => false
(a != b) => true
(a >= b) => false
a <= b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators −

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.N
Operator and Description
o

&& (Logical AND)

1 If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A && B) is true.

|| (Logical OR)

If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
2

Ex: (A || B) is true.

! (Logical NOT)

Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the Logical NOT
3 operator will make it false.

Ex: ! (A && B) is false.

Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in JavaScript.

<html>
24

<body>
Page
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var a = true;
var b = false;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a && b) => ");

result = (a && b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a || b) => ");

result = (a || b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("!(a && b) => ");

result = (!(a && b));
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
(a && b) => false
(a || b) => true
25

!(a && b) => true

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...
Page
Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators −

Assume variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 3, then −

Sr.N
Operator and Description
o

& (Bitwise AND)

1 It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer arguments.

Ex: (A & B) is 2.

| (BitWise OR)

It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.

Ex: (A | B) is 3.

^ (Bitwise XOR)

It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.

3 Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or operand two is true, but not both.

Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.

~ (Bitwise Not)

It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand.
4

Ex: (~B) is -4.

5 << (Left Shift)

It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of places specified in the
second operand. New bits are filled with zeros. Shifting a value left by one position is
equivalent to multiplying it by 2, shifting two positions is equivalent to multiplying by 4,
26

and so on.
Page
Ex: (A << 1) is 4.

>> (Right Shift)

Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by the number of
6 bits specified by the right operand.

Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.

>>> (Right shift with Zero)

This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in on the left are
7 always zero.

Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.

Example
Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.

document.write("(a & b) => ");

result = (a & b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a | b) => ");

result = (a | b);
Page

document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a ^ b) => ");

result = (a ^ b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(~b) => ");

result = (~b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a << b) => ");

result = (a << b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >> b) => ");

result = (a >> b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>

(a & b) => 2
(a | b) => 3
(a ^ b) => 1
28

(~b) => -4
Page

(a << b) => 16
(a >> b) => 0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators −

Sr.No Operator and Description

= (Simple Assignment )

1 Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand

Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C

+= (Add and Assignment)

It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
2

Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A

−= (Subtract and Assignment)

It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left
3 operand.

Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A

*= (Multiply and Assignment)

It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left
4 operand.

Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A

5 /= (Divide and Assignment)

It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left
29

operand.
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Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A

%= (Modules and Assignment)

It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
6

Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A

Note − Same logic applies to Bitwise operators so they will become like <<=, >>=,
>>=, &=, |= and ^=.

Example
Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.

document.write("Value of a => (a = b) => ");

result = (a = b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a += b) => ");

result = (a += b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
30

document.write("Value of a => (a -= b) => ");

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result = (a -= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a *= b) => ");

result = (a *= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a /= b) => ");

result = (a /= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a %= b) => ");

result = (a %= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Value of a => (a = b) => 10
Value of a => (a += b) => 20
Value of a => (a -= b) => 10
Value of a => (a *= b) => 100
Value of a => (a /= b) => 10
Value of a => (a %= b) => 0
31

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...
Page
Miscellaneous Operator
We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the conditional
operator (? :) and the typeof operator.

Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and then
executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result of the evaluation.

Sr.No Operator and Description

? : (Conditional )
1
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in
JavaScript.

document.write ("((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

result = (a > b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write ("((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

result = (a < b) ? 100 : 200;

Page

document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200
((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => 100
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which
can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.

The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a

number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the evaluation.

Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.

Type String Returned by typeof

Number "number"

String "string"

Boolean "boolean"

Object "object"

Function "function"
33
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Undefined "undefined"
Null "object"

Example
The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.

result = (typeof b == "string" ? "B is String" : "B is Numeric");

document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

result = (typeof a == "string" ? "A is String" : "A is Numeric");

document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
34

Result => B is String

Page

Result => A is Numeric

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

JavaScript - if...else Statement

While writing a program, there may be a situation when you need to adopt one out of
a given set of paths. In such cases, you need to use conditional statements that allow
your program to make correct decisions and perform right actions.

JavaScript supports conditional statements which are used to perform different actions
based on different conditions. Here we will explain the if..else statement.

Flow Chart of if-else

The following flow chart shows how the if-else statement works.

35
Page
JavaScript supports the following forms of if..else statement −

 if statement

 if...else statement

 if...else if... statement.

if statement
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make
decisions and execute statements conditionally.

Syntax
The syntax for a basic if statement is as follows −

if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

Here a JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) are executed. If the expression is false, then no statement would be not
executed. Most of the times, you will use comparison operators while making
decisions.

Example
Try the following example to understand how the if statement works.

if( age > 18 ){

Page

document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");

}
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Qualifies for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else statement:
The 'if...else' statement is the next form of control statement that allows JavaScript to
execute statements in a more controlled way.

Syntax
if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

else{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}

Here JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) in the ‘if’ block, are executed. If the expression is false, then the given
statement(s) in the else block are executed.

Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else statement in JavaScript.

<html>
37

<body>
Page

if( age > 18 ){

document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
}

else{
document.write("<b>Does not qualify for driving</b>");
}
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Does not qualify for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else if... statement

The if...else if... statement is an advanced form of if…else that allows JavaScript to
make a correct decision out of several conditions.

Syntax
The syntax of an if-else-if statement is as follows −

if (expression 1){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
}
38

else if (expression 2){

Page

Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true

}
else if (expression 3){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
}

else{
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
}

There is nothing special about this code. It is just a series of if statements, where each
if is a part of the else clause of the previous statement. Statement(s) are executed
based on the true condition, if none of the conditions is true, then the else block is
executed.

Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else-if statement in JavaScript.

else if( book == "maths" ){

document.write("<b>Maths Book</b>");
}

else if( book == "economics" ){

document.write("<b>Economics Book</b>");
Page

}
else{
document.write("<b>Unknown Book</b>");
}
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
<html>

Output
Maths Book
Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - Switch Case

You can use multiple if...else…if statements, as in the previous chapter, to perform a
multiway branch. However, this is not always the best solution, especially when all of
the branches depend on the value of a single variable.

Starting with JavaScript 1.2, you can use a switch statement which handles exactly
this situation, and it does so more efficiently than repeated if...else if statements.

Flow Chart
The following flow chart explains a switch-case statement works.
40
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Syntax
41

The objective of a switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and several

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different statements to execute based on the value of the expression. The interpreter
checks each case against the value of the expression until a match is found. If nothing
matches, a default condition will be used.

switch (expression)
{
case condition 1: statement(s)
break;

case condition 2: statement(s)

break;
...

case condition n: statement(s)

break;

default: statement(s)
}

The break statements indicate the end of a particular case. If they were omitted, the
interpreter would continue executing each statement in each of the following cases.

We will explain break statement in Loop Control chapter.

Example
Try the following example to implement switch-case statement.

switch (grade)
Page

{
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
break;

case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");

break;

case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");

break;

case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");

break;

case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");

break;

default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")

}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Exiting switch block
Set the variable to different value and then try...

Break statements play a major role in switch-case statements. Try the following code
43

that uses switch-case statement without any break statement.

Page

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Pretty good
Passed
Not so good
Failed
Unknown grade
Exiting switch block
44

Set the variable to different value and then try...

Page
JavaScript - While Loops
While writing a program, you may encounter a situation where you need to perform an
action over and over again. In such situations, you would need to write loop
statements to reduce the number of lines.

JavaScript supports all the necessary loops to ease down the pressure of
programming.

The while Loop

The most basic loop in JavaScript is the while loop which would be discussed in this
chapter. The purpose of a while loop is to execute a statement or code block
repeatedly as long as an expression is true. Once the expression becomes false, the
loop terminates.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of while loop looks as follows −

45
Page

Syntax
The syntax of while loop in JavaScript is as follows −

while (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

Example
Try the following example to implement while loop.

while (count < 10){

document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}

document.write("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Starting Loop
46

Current Count : 0
Page

Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

The do...while Loop

The do...while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition check
happens at the end of the loop. This means that the loop will always be executed at
least once, even if the condition is false.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of a do-while loop would be as follows −

Syntax
The syntax for do-while loop in JavaScript is as follows −
47

do{
Page

Statement(s) to be executed;
} while (expression);

Note − Don’t miss the semicolon used at the end of the do...while loop.

Example
Try the following example to learn how to implement a do-while loop in JavaScript.

document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");

do{
document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}

while (count < 5);

document.write ("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
48

Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Page

Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Loop Stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - For Loop

The 'for' loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following three
important parts −

 The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting value. The
initialization statement is executed before the loop begins.

 The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If the
condition is true, then the code given inside the loop will be executed, otherwise
the control will come out of the loop.

 The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your counter.

You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of a for loop in JavaScript would be as follows −

Syntax
Page

The syntax of for loop is JavaScript is as follows −

for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement){
Statement(s) to be executed if test condition is true
}

Example
Try the following example to learn how a for loop works in JavaScript.

for(count = 0; count < 10; count++){

document.write("Current Count : " + count );
document.write("<br />");
}

document.write("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
50

Current Count : 2
Page

Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript for...in loop

The for...in loop is used to loop through an object's properties. As we have not
discussed Objects yet, you may not feel comfortable with this loop. But once you
understand how objects behave in JavaScript, you will find this loop very useful.

Syntax
for (variablename in object){
statement or block to execute
}

In each iteration, one property from object is assigned to variablename and this
loop continues till all the properties of the object are exhausted.

Example
Try the following example to implement ‘for-in’ loop. It prints the web browser’s
Navigator object.

for (aProperty in navigator) {

document.write(aProperty);
document.write("<br />");
}
document.write ("Exiting from the loop!");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different object and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Navigator Object Properties
serviceWorker
webkitPersistentStorage
webkitTemporaryStorage
geolocation
doNotTrack
onLine
languages
language
userAgent
product
platform
appVersion
appName
appCodeName
hardwareConcurrency
maxTouchPoints
vendorSub
vendor
productSub
cookieEnabled
mimeTypes
52

plugins
Page

javaEnabled
getStorageUpdates
getGamepads
webkitGetUserMedia
vibrate
getBattery
sendBeacon
registerProtocolHandler
unregisterProtocolHandler
Exiting from the loop!
Set the variable to different object and then try...

JavaScript - Loop Control

JavaScript provides full control to handle loops and switch statements. There may be a
situation when you need to come out of a loop without reaching its bottom. There may
also be a situation when you want to skip a part of your code block and start the next
iteration of the loop.

To handle all such situations, JavaScript provides break and continue statements.
These statements are used to immediately come out of any loop or to start the next
iteration of any loop respectively.

The break Statement

The break statement, which was briefly introduced with the switch statement, is used
to exit a loop early, breaking out of the enclosing curly braces.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of a break statement would look as follows −

53
Page
Example
The following example illustrates the use of a break statement with a while loop.
Notice how the loop breaks out early once x reaches 5 and reaches to
document.write (..) statement just below to the closing curly brace −

while (x < 20)

{
if (x == 5){
break; // breaks out of loop completely
}
x = x + 1;
document.write( x + "<br />");
54

}
Page

document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering the loop
2
3
4
5
Exiting the loop!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

We already have seen the usage of break statement inside a switch statement.

The continue Statement

The continue statement tells the interpreter to immediately start the next iteration of
the loop and skip the remaining code block. When a continue statement is
encountered, the program flow moves to the loop check expression immediately and if
the condition remains true, then it starts the next iteration, otherwise the control
comes out of the loop.

Example
This example illustrates the use of a continue statement with a while loop. Notice how
the continue statement is used to skip printing when the index held in variable x
reaches 5 −

<!--
Page

var x = 1;
document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");

while (x < 10)

{
x = x + 1;

if (x == 5){
continue; // skip rest of the loop body
}
document.write( x + "<br />");
}

document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering the loop
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
Exiting the loop!

Using Labels to Control the Flow

Starting from JavaScript 1.2, a label can be used with break and continue to control
Page

the flow more precisely. A label is simply an identifier followed by a colon (:) that is
applied to a statement or a block of code. We will see two different examples to
understand how to use labels with break and continue.

Note − Line breaks are not allowed between the ‘continue’ or ‘break’ statement and
its label name. Also, there should not be any other statement in between a label name
and associated loop.

Try the following two examples for a better understanding of Labels.

Example 1
The following example shows how to implement Label with a break statement.

for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{
document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");
innerloop:
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++)
{
if (j > 3 ) break ; // Quit the innermost loop
if (i == 2) break innerloop; // Do the same thing
if (i == 4) break outerloop; // Quit the outer loop
document.write("Innerloop: " + j + " <br />");
}
}
57

document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

Page

//-->
</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 2
Outerloop: 3
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 4
Exiting the loop!

Example 2
<html>
<body>

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{
document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++)
{
if (j == 3){
continue outerloop;
}
document.write("Innerloop: " + j + "<br />");
}
}

document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

//-->
</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 2
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Exiting the loop!
59
Page
JavaScript - Functions
A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your program.
This eliminates the need of writing the same code again and again. It helps
programmers in writing modular codes. Functions allow a programmer to divide a big
program into a number of small and manageable functions.

Like any other advanced programming language, JavaScript also supports all the
features necessary to write modular code using functions. You must have seen
functions like alert() and write() in the earlier chapters. We were using these
functions again and again, but they had been written in core JavaScript only once.

JavaScript allows us to write our own functions as well. This section explains how to
write your own functions in JavaScript.

Function Definition
Before we use a function, we need to define it. The most common way to define a
function in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed by a unique function
name, a list of parameters (that might be empty), and a statement block surrounded
by curly braces.

Syntax
The basic syntax is shown here.

Example
60

Try the following example. It defines a function called sayHello that takes no
Page

parameters −
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>

Calling a Function
To invoke a function somewhere later in the script, you would simply need to write the
name of that function as shown in the following code.

</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<form>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello">
</form>
61

<p>Use different text in write method and then try...</p>

Page

</body>
</html>

Output
Function Parameters
Till now, we have seen functions without parameters. But there is a facility to pass
different parameters while calling a function. These passed parameters can be
captured inside the function and any manipulation can be done over those parameters.
A function can take multiple parameters separated by comma.

Example
Try the following example. We have modified our sayHello function here. Now it takes
two parameters.

</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>

</body>
Page

</html>
Output
The return Statement
A JavaScript function can have an optional return statement. This is required if you
want to return a value from a function. This statement should be the last statement in
a function.

For example, you can pass two numbers in a function and then you can expect the
function to return their multiplication in your calling program.

Example
Try the following example. It defines a function that takes two parameters and
concatenates them before returning the resultant in the calling program.

function secondFunction()
{
var result;
result = concatenate('Zara', 'Ali');
document.write (result );
}
</script>
63

</head>
Page
<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
There is a lot to learn about JavaScript functions, however we have covered the most
important concepts in this tutorial.

 JavaScript Nested Functions

 JavaScript Function( ) Constructor

 JavaScript Function Literals

JavaScript - Events
What is an Event ?
JavaScript's interaction with HTML is handled through events that occur when the user
or the browser manipulates a page.

When the page loads, it is called an event. When the user clicks a button, that click too
is an event. Other examples include events like pressing any key, closing a window,
resizing a window, etc.

Developers can use these events to execute JavaScript coded responses, which cause
64

buttons to close windows, messages to be displayed to users, data to be validated, and

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virtually any other type of response imaginable.

Events are a part of the Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 and every HTML
element contains a set of events which can trigger JavaScript Code.

Please go through this small tutorial for a better understanding HTML Event Reference.
Here we will see a few examples to understand a relation between Event and
JavaScript −

onclick Event Type

This is the most frequently used event type which occurs when a user clicks the left
button of his mouse. You can put your validation, warning etc., against this event
type.

Example
Try the following example.

</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button and see result</p>

<form>
65

<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />

</form>
Page
</body>
</html>

Output
onsubmit Event type
onsubmit is an event that occurs when you try to submit a form. You can put your
form validation against this event type.

Example
The following example shows how to use onsubmit. Here we are calling a validate()
function before submitting a form data to the webserver. If validate() function
returns true, the form will be submitted, otherwise it will not submit the data.

Try the following example.

</head>
<body>

<form method="POST" action="t.cgi" onsubmit="return validate()">

.......
Page

<input type="submit" value="Submit" />

</form>

</body>
</html>

onmouseover and onmouseout

These two event types will help you create nice effects with images or even with text
as well. The onmouseover event triggers when you bring your mouse over any
element and the onmouseout triggers when you move your mouse out from that
element. Try the following example.

function out() {
document.write ("Mouse Out");
}

//-->
</script>

</head>
<body>
<p>Bring your mouse inside the division to see the result:</p>
67

<div onmouseover="over()" onmouseout="out()">

<h2> This is inside the division </h2>
Page

</div>
</body>
</html>

Output
HTML 5 Standard Events
The standard HTML 5 events are listed here for your reference. Here script indicates a
Javascript function to be executed against that event.

Valu
Attribute Description
e

scrip
Offline Triggers when the document goes offline
t

scrip
Onabort Triggers on an abort event
t

scrip
onafterprint Triggers after the document is printed
t

scrip
onbeforeonload Triggers before the document loads
t

scrip
onbeforeprint Triggers before the document is printed
t

scrip
onblur Triggers when the window loses focus
t

scrip
oncanplay Triggers when media can start play, but might has to stop for buffering
t

oncanplaythrou scrip Triggers when media can be played to the end, without stopping for
gh t buffering
68

onchange scrip Triggers when an element changes

Page
t

scrip
onclick Triggers on a mouse click
t

scrip
oncontextmenu Triggers when a context menu is triggered
t

scrip
ondblclick Triggers on a mouse double-click
t

scrip
ondrag Triggers when an element is dragged
t

scrip
ondragend Triggers at the end of a drag operation
t

scrip
ondragenter Triggers when an element has been dragged to a valid drop target
t

scrip
ondragleave Triggers when an element is being dragged over a valid drop target
t

scrip
ondragover Triggers at the start of a drag operation
t

scrip
ondragstart Triggers at the start of a drag operation
t

scrip
ondrop Triggers when dragged element is being dropped
t

ondurationchan scrip
Triggers when the length of the media is changed
ge t

scrip
onemptied Triggers when a media resource element suddenly becomes empty.
69

t
Page

onended scrip Triggers when media has reach the end

scrip
onerror Triggers when an error occur
t

scrip
onfocus Triggers when the window gets focus
t

scrip
onformchange Triggers when a form changes
t

scrip
onforminput Triggers when a form gets user input
t

scrip
onhaschange Triggers when the document has change
t

scrip
oninput Triggers when an element gets user input
t

scrip
oninvalid Triggers when an element is invalid
t

scrip
onkeydown Triggers when a key is pressed
t

scrip
onkeypress Triggers when a key is pressed and released
t

scrip
onkeyup Triggers when a key is released
t

scrip
onload Triggers when the document loads
t

scrip
onloadeddata Triggers when media data is loaded
70

t
Page

onloadedmetad scrip Triggers when the duration and other media data of a media element is
ata t loaded

scrip
onloadstart Triggers when the browser starts to load the media data
t

scrip
onmessage Triggers when the message is triggered
t

scrip
onmousedown Triggers when a mouse button is pressed
t

scrip
onmousemove Triggers when the mouse pointer moves
t

scrip
onmouseout Triggers when the mouse pointer moves out of an element
t

scrip
onmouseover Triggers when the mouse pointer moves over an element
t

scrip
onmouseup Triggers when a mouse button is released
t

scrip
onmousewheel Triggers when the mouse wheel is being rotated
t

scrip
onoffline Triggers when the document goes offline
t

scrip
onoine Triggers when the document comes online
t

scrip
ononline Triggers when the document comes online
t

scrip
onpagehide Triggers when the window is hidden
71

t
Page

onpageshow scrip Triggers when the window becomes visible

scrip
onpause Triggers when media data is paused
t

scrip
onplay Triggers when media data is going to start playing
t

scrip
onplaying Triggers when media data has start playing
t

scrip
onpopstate Triggers when the window's history changes
t

scrip
onprogress Triggers when the browser is fetching the media data
t

scrip
onratechange Triggers when the media data's playing rate has changed
t

onreadystatecha scrip
Triggers when the ready-state changes
nge t

scrip
onredo Triggers when the document performs a redo
t

scrip
onresize Triggers when the window is resized
t

scrip
onscroll Triggers when an element's scrollbar is being scrolled
t

scrip Triggers when a media element's seeking attribute is no longer true, and
onseeked
t the seeking has ended

scrip Triggers when a media element's seeking attribute is true, and the
onseeking
72

t seeking has begun

Page

onselect scrip Triggers when an element is selected

scrip
onstalled Triggers when there is an error in fetching media data
t

scrip
onstorage Triggers when a document loads
t

scrip
onsubmit Triggers when a form is submitted
t

scrip Triggers when the browser has been fetching media data, but stopped
onsuspend
t before the entire media file was fetched

scrip
ontimeupdate Triggers when media changes its playing position
t

scrip
onundo Triggers when a document performs an undo
t

scrip
onunload Triggers when the user leaves the document
t

onvolumechang scrip Triggers when media changes the volume, also when volume is set to
e t "mute"

scrip
onwaiting Triggers when media has stopped playing, but is expected to resume
t

void is an important keyword in JavaScript which can be used as a unary operator that
appears before its single operand, which may be of any type. This operator specifies
an expression to be evaluated without returning a value.

Syntax
The syntax of void can be either of the following two −
73
Page

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
void func()
javascript:void func()

or:

void(func())
javascript:void(func())
//-->
</script>

</head>

Example 1
The most common use of this operator is in a client-side javascript: URL, where it
allows you to evaluate an expression for its side-effects without the browser displaying
the value of the evaluated expression.

Here the expression alert ('Warning!!!') is evaluated but it is not loaded back into
the current document −

</head>
74

<body>
Page
<p>Click the following, This won't react at all...</p>
<a href="javascript:void(alert('Warning!!!'))">Click me!</a>

</body>
</html>

Click the following, This won't react at all...

Click me!

JavaScript - Objects Overview

JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. A programming
language can be called object-oriented if it provides four basic capabilities to
developers −

 Encapsulation − the capability to store related information, whether data or

methods, together in an object.

 Aggregation − the capability to store one object inside another object.

 Inheritance − the capability of a class to rely upon another class (or number of
classes) for some of its properties and methods.

 Polymorphism − the capability to write one function or method that works in a

variety of different ways.

Objects are composed of attributes. If an attribute contains a function, it is considered

to be a method of the object, otherwise the attribute is considered a property.

Object Properties
Object properties can be any of the three primitive data types, or any of the abstract
data types, such as another object. Object properties are usually variables that are
used internally in the object's methods, but can also be globally visible variables that
75

are used throughout the page.

Page

The syntax for adding a property to an object is −

objectName.objectProperty = propertyValue;

For example − The following code gets the document title using the "title" property
of the document object.

var str = document.title;

Object Methods
Methods are the functions that let the object do something or let something be done to
it. There is a small difference between a function and a method – at a function is a
standalone unit of statements and a method is attached to an object and can be
referenced by the this keyword.

Methods are useful for everything from displaying the contents of the object to the
screen to performing complex mathematical operations on a group of local properties
and parameters.

For example − Following is a simple example to show how to use the write()
method of document object to write any content on the document.

document.write("This is test");

User-Defined Objects
All user-defined objects and built-in objects are descendants of an object called
Object.

The new Operator

The new operator is used to create an instance of an object. To create an object, the
new operator is followed by the constructor method.

In the following example, the constructor methods are Object(), Array(), and Date().
These constructors are built-in JavaScript functions.

var employee = new Object();

var books = new Array("C++", "Perl", "Java");
76

var day = new Date("August 15, 1947");

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The Object() Constructor

A constructor is a function that creates and initializes an object. JavaScript provides a
special constructor function called Object() to build the object. The return value of the
Object() constructor is assigned to a variable.

The variable contains a reference to the new object. The properties assigned to the
object are not variables and are not defined with the var keyword.

Example 1
Try the following example; it demonstrates how to create an Object.

<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>

</head>

<body>

</body>
</html>

Output
77
Page

Book name is : Perl

Book author is : Mohtashim
Example 2
This example demonstrates how to create an object with a User-Defined Function.
Here this keyword is used to refer to the object that has been passed to a function.

<title>User-defined objects</title>

</head>
<body>

</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
78

Defining Methods for an Object

Page
The previous examples demonstrate how the constructor creates the object and
assigns properties. But we need to complete the definition of an object by assigning
methods to it.

Example
Try the following example; it shows how to add a function along with an object.

<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>

function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author = author;
this.addPrice = addPrice; // Assign that method as property.
}
</script>

</head>
<body>

document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");

document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");

Page

document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");

</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100

The 'with' Keyword

The ‘with’ keyword is used as a kind of shorthand for referencing an object's
properties or methods.

The object specified as an argument to with becomes the default object for the
duration of the block that follows. The properties and methods for the object can be
used without naming the object.

Syntax
The syntax for with object is as follows −

with (object){
properties used without the object name and dot
}

Example
Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>

// Define a function which will work as a method

Page

function addPrice(amount){
with(this){
price = amount;
}
}

function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author = author;
this.price = 0;
this.addPrice = addPrice; // Assign that method as property.
}
</script>

</head>
<body>

document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");

document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>

</body>
</html>

Output

Book title is : Perl

Book author is : Mohtashim
81

Book price is : 100

Page
JavaScript Native Objects
JavaScript has several built-in or native objects. These objects are accessible
anywhere in your program and will work the same way in any browser running in any
operating system.

Here is the list of all important JavaScript Native Objects −

 JavaScript Number Object

 JavaScript Boolean Object

 JavaScript String Object

 JavaScript Array Object

 JavaScript Date Object

 JavaScript Math Object

 JavaScript RegExp Object

JavaScript - The Boolean Object

The Boolean object represents two values, either "true" or "false". If value parameter
is omitted or is 0, -0, null, false, NaN, undefined, or the empty string (""), the object
has an initial value of false.

Syntax
82

Use the following syntax to create a boolean object.

Page

var val = new Boolean(value);

Boolean Properties
Here is a list of the properties of Boolean object −

Property Description

constructor Returns a reference to the Boolean function that created the object.

JavaScript - The Number Object

The Number object represents numerical date, either integers or floating-point
numbers. In general, you do not need to worry about Number objects because the
browser automatically converts number literals to instances of the number class.

Syntax
The syntax for creating a number object is as follows −

var val = new Number(number);

In the place of number, if you provide any non-number argument, then the argument
cannot be converted into a number, it returns NaN (Not-a-Number).

Number Properties
Here is a list of each property and their description.

Property Description

MAX_VALUE The largest possible value a number in JavaScript can have

1.7976931348623157E+308
MIN_VALUE The smallest possible value a number in JavaScript can have 5E-324

NaN Equal to a value that is not a number.

NEGATIVE_INFINITY A value that is less than MIN_VALUE.

POSITIVE_INFINITY
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A value that is greater than MAX_VALUE

A static property of the Number object. Use the prototype property to
prototype assign new properties and methods to the Number object in the current
document

constructor Returns the function that created this object's instance. By default this is
the Number object.
In the following sections, we will take a few examples to demonstrate the properties of
Number.

Number Methods
The Number object contains only the default methods that are a part of every object's
definition.

Method Description

toExponential() Forces a number to display in exponential notation, even if the number is in

the range in which JavaScript normally uses standard notation.

toFixed() Formats a number with a specific number of digits to the right of the
decimal.

toLocaleString() Returns a string value version of the current number in a format that may
vary according to a browser's local settings.

toPrecision() Defines how many total digits (including digits to the left and right of the
decimal) to display of a number.
toString() Returns the string representation of the number's value.

valueOf() Returns the number's value.

JavaScript - The Strings Object

The String object lets you work with a series of characters; it wraps Javascript's string
primitive data type with a number of helper methods.

As JavaScript automatically converts between string primitives and String objects, you
can call any of the helper methods of the String object on a string primitive.
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Page

Syntax
Use the following syntax to create a String object −

var val = new String(string);

The String parameter is a series of characters that has been properly encoded.

String Properties
Here is a list of the properties of String object and their description.

Property Description

constructor Returns a reference to the String function that created the object.

length Returns the length of the string.

prototype The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an
object.
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of
String properties.

String Methods
Here is a list of the methods available in String object along with their description.

Method Description

charAt() Returns the character at the specified index.

charCodeAt() Returns a number indicating the Unicode value of the character at the
given index.
concat() Combines the text of two strings and returns a new string.

indexOf() Returns the index within the calling String object of the first occurrence of
the specified value, or -1 if not found.

lastIndexOf() Returns the index within the calling String object of the last occurrence of
the specified value, or -1 if not found.

localeCompare() Returns a number indicating whether a reference string comes before or

after or is the same as the given string in sort order.

Page

match() Used to match a regular expression against a string.

replace() Used to find a match between a regular expression and a string, and to
replace the matched substring with a new substring.

search() Executes the search for a match between a regular expression and a
specified string.
slice() Extracts a section of a string and returns a new string.

split() Splits a String object into an array of strings by separating the string into
substrings.

substr() Returns the characters in a string beginning at the specified location

through the specified number of characters.
substring() Returns the characters in a string between two indexes into the string.

toLocaleLowerCas
The characters within a string are converted to lower case while respecting
e() the current locale.

toLocaleUpperCas
The characters within a string are converted to upper case while respecting
e() the current locale.

toLowerCase() Returns the calling string value converted to lower case.

toString() Returns a string representing the specified object.

toUpperCase() Returns the calling string value converted to uppercase.

valueOf() Returns the primitive value of the specified object.

String HTML Wrappers

Here is a list of the methods that return a copy of the string wrapped inside an
appropriate HTML tag.

Method Description

anchor() Creates an HTML anchor that is used as a hypertext target.

big() Creates a string to be displayed in a big font as if it were in a <big> tag.

blink() Creates a string to blink as if it were in a <blink> tag.

Page

bold() Creates a string to be displayed as bold as if it were in a <b> tag.

fixed() Causes a string to be displayed in fixed-pitch font as if it were in a <tt> tag

fontcolor() Causes a string to be displayed in the specified color as if it were in a <font

color="color"> tag.

fontsize() Causes a string to be displayed in the specified font size as if it were in a

<font size="size"> tag.
italics() Causes a string to be italic, as if it were in an <i> tag.

link() Creates an HTML hypertext link that requests another URL.

small() Causes a string to be displayed in a small font, as if it were in a <small> tag.

strike() Causes a string to be displayed as struck-out text, as if it were in a <strike>

tag.
sub() Causes a string to be displayed as a subscript, as if it were in a <sub> tag

sup() Causes a string to be displayed as a superscript, as if it were in a <sup> tag

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of
String methods.

JavaScript - The Arrays Object

The Array object lets you store multiple values in a single variable. It stores a fixed-
size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a
collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of
87

variables of the same type.

Page

Syntax
Use the following syntax to create an Array object −

var fruits = new Array( "apple", "orange", "mango" );

The Array parameter is a list of strings or integers. When you specify a single numeric
parameter with the Array constructor, you specify the initial length of the array. The
maximum length allowed for an array is 4,294,967,295.

You can create array by simply assigning values as follows −

var fruits = [ "apple", "orange", "mango" ];

You will use ordinal numbers to access and to set values inside an array as follows.

fruits[0] is the first element

fruits[1] is the second element
fruits[2] is the third element

Array Properties
Here is a list of the properties of the Array object along with their description.

Property Description

constructor Returns a reference to the array function that created the object.

index The property represents the zero-based index of the match in the string
This property is only present in arrays created by regular expression
input
matches.
length Reflects the number of elements in an array.

prototype The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an
object.
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the usage of Array
properties.

Array Methods
88

Here is a list of the methods of the Array object along with their description.
Page

Method Description
concat() Returns a new array comprised of this array joined with other array(s)
and/or value(s).

every() Returns true if every element in this array satisfies the provided testing
function.

filter() Creates a new array with all of the elements of this array for which the
provided filtering function returns true.
forEach() Calls a function for each element in the array.

indexOf() Returns the first (least) index of an element within the array equal to the
specified value, or -1 if none is found.
join() Joins all elements of an array into a string.

lastIndexOf() Returns the last (greatest) index of an element within the array equal to the
specified value, or -1 if none is found.

map() Creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every
element in this array.
pop() Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.

push() Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new
length of the array.

reduce() Apply a function simultaneously against two values of the array (from left-
to-right) as to reduce it to a single value.

reduceRight() Apply a function simultaneously against two values of the array (from right-
to-left) as to reduce it to a single value.

reverse() Reverses the order of the elements of an array -- the first becomes the last,
and the last becomes the first.
shift() Removes the first element from an array and returns that element.

slice() Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.

some() Returns true if at least one element in this array satisfies the provided
testing function.
toSource() Represents the source code of an object
89

sort() Sorts the elements of an array

Page
splice() Adds and/or removes elements from an array.

toString() Returns a string representing the array and its elements.

unshift() Adds one or more elements to the front of an array and returns the new
length of the array.
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of
Array methods.

JavaScript - The Date Object

The Date object is a datatype built into the JavaScript language. Date objects are
created with the new Date( ) as shown below.

Once a Date object is created, a number of methods allow you to operate on it. Most
methods simply allow you to get and set the year, month, day, hour, minute, second,
and millisecond fields of the object, using either local time or UTC (universal, or GMT)
time.

The ECMAScript standard requires the Date object to be able to represent any date
and time, to millisecond precision, within 100 million days before or after 1/1/1970.
This is a range of plus or minus 273,785 years, so JavaScript can represent date and
time till the year 275755.

Syntax
You can use any of the following syntaxes to create a Date object using Date()
constructor.

new Date( )
new Date(milliseconds)
new Date(datestring)
new Date(year,month,date[,hour,minute,second,millisecond ])

Note − Parameters in the brackets are always optional.

Here is a description of the parameters −

Page
 No Argument − With no arguments, the Date() constructor creates a Date
object set to the current date and time.

 milliseconds − When one numeric argument is passed, it is taken as the

internal numeric representation of the date in milliseconds, as returned by the
getTime() method. For example, passing the argument 5000 creates a date that
represents five seconds past midnight on 1/1/70.

 datestring − When one string argument is passed, it is a string representation

of a date, in the format accepted by the Date.parse() method.

 7 agruments − To use the last form of the constructor shown above. Here is a
description of each argument:

o year − Integer value representing the year. For compatibility (in order to
avoid the Y2K problem), you should always specify the year in full; use
1998, rather than 98.

o month − Integer value representing the month, beginning with 0 for

January to 11 for December.

o date − Integer value representing the day of the month.

o hour − Integer value representing the hour of the day (24-hour scale).

o minute − Integer value representing the minute segment of a time

reading.

o second − Integer value representing the second segment of a time

reading.

o millisecond − Integer value representing the millisecond segment of a

time reading.

Date Properties
Here is a list of the properties of the Date object along with their description.
91

Property Description
Page
constructor Specifies the function that creates an object's prototype.

prototype The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an
object
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of
different Date properties.

Date Methods
Here is a list of the methods used with Date and their description.

Method Description

Date() Returns today's date and time

getDate() Returns the day of the month for the specified date according to
local time.

getDay() Returns the day of the week for the specified date according to
local time.
getFullYear() Returns the year of the specified date according to local time.

getHours() Returns the hour in the specified date according to local time.

getMilliseconds() Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to local

time.
getMinutes() Returns the minutes in the specified date according to local time.

getMonth() Returns the month in the specified date according to local time.

getSeconds() Returns the seconds in the specified date according to local time.

getTime() Returns the numeric value of the specified date as the number of
milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.
getTimezoneOffset() Returns the time-zone offset in minutes for the current locale.

getUTCDate() Returns the day (date) of the month in the specified date
according to universal time.
92

getUTCDay() Returns the day of the week in the specified date according to
Page

universal time.
getUTCFullYear() Returns the year in the specified date according to universal time.

getUTCHours() Returns the hours in the specified date according to universal

time.

getUTCMilliseconds() Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to

universal time.

getUTCMinutes() Returns the minutes in the specified date according to universal

time.

getUTCMonth() Returns the month in the specified date according to universal

time.

getUTCSeconds() Returns the seconds in the specified date according to universal

time.
getYear() Deprecated - Returns the year in the specified date according to
local time. Use getFullYear instead.

setDate() Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to local
time.
setFullYear() Sets the full year for a specified date according to local time.

setHours() Sets the hours for a specified date according to local time.

setMilliseconds() Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to local time.

setMinutes() Sets the minutes for a specified date according to local time.

setMonth() Sets the month for a specified date according to local time.

setSeconds() Sets the seconds for a specified date according to local time.

setTime() Sets the Date object to the time represented by a number of

milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.

setUTCDate() Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to
universal time.
setUTCFullYear() Sets the full year for a specified date according to universal time.

setUTCHours() Sets the hour for a specified date according to universal time.
93

setUTCMilliseconds() Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to universal

Page

time.
setUTCMinutes() Sets the minutes for a specified date according to universal time.
setUTCMonth() Sets the month for a specified date according to universal time.

setUTCSeconds() Sets the seconds for a specified date according to universal time.

setYear() Deprecated - Sets the year for a specified date according to local
time. Use setFullYear instead.
toDateString() Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.

toGMTString() Deprecated - Converts a date to a string, using the Internet GMT

conventions. Use toUTCString instead.
toLocaleDateString() Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a string, using the
current locale's conventions.
toLocaleFormat() Converts a date to a string, using a format string.

toLocaleString() Converts a date to a string, using the current locale's conventions.

toLocaleTimeString() Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a string, using the
current locale's conventions.

toSource() Returns a string representing the source for an equivalent Date

object; you can use this value to create a new object.
toString() Returns a string representing the specified Date object.

toTimeString() Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a human-readable

string.
toUTCString() Converts a date to a string, using the universal time convention.

valueOf() Returns the primitive value of a Date object.

Converts a date to a string, using the universal time convention.

Date Static Methods

In addition to the many instance methods listed previously, the Date object also
defines two static methods. These methods are invoked through the Date() constructor
itself.
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Method Description
Date.parse( ) Parses a string representation of a date and time and returns the
internal millisecond representation of that date.

Date.UTC( ) Returns the millisecond representation of the specified UTC date

and time.
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usages of
Date Static methods.

JavaScript - The Math Object

The math object provides you properties and methods for mathematical constants and
functions. Unlike other global objects, Math is not a constructor. All the properties and
methods of Math are static and can be called by using Math as an object without
creating it.

Thus, you refer to the constant pi as Math.PI and you call the sine function as
Math.sin(x), where x is the method's argument.

Syntax
The syntax to call the properties and methods of Math are as follows

var pi_val = Math.PI;

var sine_val = Math.sin(30);

Math Properties
Here is a list of all the properties of Math and their description.

Property Description

E\ Euler's constant and the base of natural logarithms, approximately 2.718.

LN2 Natural logarithm of 2, approximately 0.693.

LN10 Natural logarithm of 10, approximately 2.302.

LOG2E Base 2 logarithm of E, approximately 1.442.

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LOG10E Base 10 logarithm of E, approximately 0.434.

Ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximately
PI
3.14159.

Square root of 1/2; equivalently, 1 over the square root of 2, approximately

SQRT1_2
0.707.

SQRT2 Square root of 2, approximately 1.414.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of
Math properties.

Math Methods
Here is a list of the methods associated with Math object and their description

Method Description

abs() Returns the absolute value of a number.

acos() Returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number.

asin() Returns the arcsine (in radians) of a number.

atan() Returns the arctangent (in radians) of a number.

atan2() Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.

ceil() Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.

cos() Returns the cosine of a number.

Returns EN, where N is the argument, and E is Euler's constant, the base of
exp()
the natural logarithm.

floor() Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number.

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log() Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number.

max() Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.

min() Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.

pow() Returns base to the exponent power, that is, base exponent.

random() Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.

round() Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.

sin() Returns the sine of a number.

sqrt() Returns the square root of a number.

tan() Returns the tangent of a number.

toSource() Returns the string "Math".

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of the
methods associated with Math.

Regular Expressions and RegExp

Object
A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern of characters.

The JavaScript RegExp class represents regular expressions, and both String and
RegExp define methods that use regular expressions to perform powerful pattern-
matching and search-and-replace functions on text.

Syntax
A regular expression could be defined with the RegExp () constructor, as follows −

var pattern = new RegExp(pattern, attributes);

or simply
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var pattern = /pattern/attributes;

Here is the description of the parameters −

 pattern − A string that specifies the pattern of the regular expression or

another regular expression.

 attributes − An optional string containing any of the "g", "i", and "m" attributes
that specify global, case-insensitive, and multiline matches, respectively.

Brackets
Brackets ([]) have a special meaning when used in the context of regular expressions.
They are used to find a range of characters.

Expressi
Description
on

[...] Any one character between the brackets.

[^...] Any one character not between the brackets.

[0-9] It matches any decimal digit from 0 through 9.

[a-z] It matches any character from lowercase a through lowercase z.

[A-Z] It matches any character from uppercase A through uppercase Z.

[a-Z] It matches any character from lowercase a through uppercase Z.

The ranges shown above are general; you could also use the range [0-3] to match any
decimal digit ranging from 0 through 3, or the range [b-v] to match any lowercase
character ranging from b through v.

Quantifiers
The frequency or position of bracketed character sequences and single characters can
be denoted by a special character. Each special character has a specific connotation.
98

The +, *, ?, and $ flags all follow a character sequence.

Page
Expressi
Description
on

p+ It matches any string containing one or more p's.

p* It matches any string containing zero or more p's.

p? It matches any string containing at most one p.

p{N} It matches any string containing a sequence of N p's

p{2,3} It matches any string containing a sequence of two or three p's.

p{2, } It matches any string containing a sequence of at least two p's.

p$ It matches any string with p at the end of it.

^p It matches any string with p at the beginning of it.

Examples
Following examples explain more about matching characters.

Expressio
Description
n

It matches any string not containing any of the characters ranging from a through z
[^a-zA-Z]
and A through Z.

It matches any string containing p, followed by any character, in turn followed by

p.p
another p.

^.{2}$ It matches any string containing exactly two characters.

<b>(.*)</
It matches any string enclosed within <b> and </b>.
b>
99

It matches any string containing a p followed by zero or more instances of the

p(hp)*
Page

sequence hp.
Literal characters
Character Description

Alphanume
Itself
ric

\0 The NUL character (\u0000)

\t Tab (\u0009)

\n Newline (\u000A)

\v Vertical tab (\u000B)

\f Form feed (\u000C)

\r Carriage return (\u000D)

The Latin character specified by the hexadecimal number nn; for example, \x0A is
\xnn
the same as \n

The Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number xxxx; for example, \
\uxxxx
u0009 is the same as \t

\cX The control character ^X; for example, \cJ is equivalent to the newline character \n

Metacharacters
A metacharacter is simply an alphabetical character preceded by a backslash that acts
to give the combination a special meaning.

For instance, you can search for a large sum of money using the '\d' metacharacter:
/([\d]+)000/, Here \d will search for any string of numerical character.

The following table lists a set of metacharacters which can be used in PERL Style
100

Regular Expressions.

Character Description
Page
. a single character

\s a whitespace character (space, tab, newline)

\S non-whitespace character

\d a digit (0-9)

\D a non-digit

\w a word character (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _)

\W a non-word character

[\b] a literal backspace (special case).

[aeiou] matches a single character in the given set

[^aeiou] matches a single character outside the given set

(foo|bar|baz) matches any of the alternatives specified

Modifiers
Several modifiers are available that can simplify the way you work with regexps, like
case sensitivity, searching in multiple lines, etc.

Modifier Description

I Perform case-insensitive matching.

Specifies that if the string has newline or carriage return characters, the ^ and $
m
operators will now match against a newline boundary, instead of a string boundary

Performs a global matchthat is, find all matches rather than stopping after the first
g
match.
101

RegExp Properties
Page

Here is a list of the properties associated with RegExp and their description.
Property Description

constructor Specifies the function that creates an object's prototype.

global Specifies if the "g" modifier is set.

ignoreCase Specifies if the "i" modifier is set.

lastIndex The index at which to start the next match.

multiline Specifies if the "m" modifier is set.

source The text of the pattern.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of
RegExp properties.

RegExp Methods
Here is a list of the methods associated with RegExp along with their description.

Method Description

exec() Executes a search for a match in its string parameter.

test() Tests for a match in its string parameter.

Returns an object literal representing the specified object; you can use this
toSource()
value to create a new object.

toString() Returns a string representing the specified object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of
RegExp methods.
102

JavaScript - Document Object Model or

Page

DOM
Every web page resides inside a browser window which can be considered as an
object.

A Document object represents the HTML document that is displayed in that window.
The Document object has various properties that refer to other objects which allow
access to and modification of document content.

The way a document content is accessed and modified is called the Document Object
Model, or DOM. The Objects are organized in a hierarchy. This hierarchical structure
applies to the organization of objects in a Web document.

 Window object − Top of the hierarchy. It is the outmost element of the object
hierarchy.

 Document object − Each HTML document that gets loaded into a window
becomes a document object. The document contains the contents of the page.

 Form object − Everything enclosed in the <form>...</form> tags sets the

form object.

 Form control elements − The form object contains all the elements defined
for that object such as text fields, buttons, radio buttons, and checkboxes.

Here is a simple hierarchy of a few important objects −

103
Page
There are several DOMs in existence. The following sections explain each of these
DOMs in detail and describe how you can use them to access and modify document
content.

 The Legacy DOM − This is the model which was introduced in early versions of
JavaScript language. It is well supported by all browsers, but allows access only
to certain key portions of documents, such as forms, form elements, and
images.

 The W3C DOM − This document object model allows access and modification of
all document content and is standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C). This model is supported by almost all the modern browsers.

 The IE4 DOM − This document object model was introduced in Version 4 of
Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser. IE 5 and later versions include support for
most basic W3C DOM features.

DOM compatibility
If you want to write a script with the flexibility to use either W3C DOM or IE 4 DOM
depending on their availability, then you can use a capability-testing approach that
first checks for the existence of a method or property to determine whether the
browser has the capability you desire. For example −

if (document.getElementById) {
// If the W3C method exists, use it
}

else if (document.all) {
// If the all[] array exists, use it
}

else {
// Otherwise use the legacy DOM
104

}
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