History of Pakistan Hockey

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S www.irss.academyirmbr.com September 2020
S International Review of Social Sciences Vol. 8 Issue.9
Analysis of Golden Era and Decline of Pakistan Hockey: A

Case Study of National Level
MUBASHAR KHAN
Coach, Directorate of sports Government College University Faisalabad.
Email: [email protected]
SUMEIRA RAJAB
Lecturer, Health & Physical Education, Government College Women University Faisalabad.
FEHMIDA AYUB
Lecturer, Health & Physical Education, Government College Women University Faisalabad.
Abstract
Hockey is known as Pakistan national game although it was introduced in sub-continent by the British. In
the field of hockey Pakistan ruled over the world as world champion for long since. Pakistan hockey earned
world titles in champion trophies, Olympic and Asian games. But in present time, it is hard to say that the
Pakistan hockey has been victimized of decline due to numerous reasons. This article elucidates factors
behind the glorious period as well as elements caused the declination and sufficient measures for the
revival of Pakistan Hockey. The article is consisted of parameters of qualitative research by making semi-
structured interviews with twenty respondents. This article deals three major questions such as what were
the factors behind the glorious period of national game hockey, what are reasons caused demise or decline
of national game Hockey and what are sufficient measures need to be taken for the revival of Hockey.
Under the insight of inferences of the article one thing has been declared that the former governments,
Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) and old players are due responsible for the demise of Pakistan Hockey.
It is hard to say that the Pakistan hockey is going to decline since two decades it could not be able to earn
world champion trophy except Asian trophies due to lack of mismanagement of Pakistan Hockey
Federation, facilitations, funds, non-serious attitude of old players and Olympians and role of school
colleges. There should be grave attention to grass root level, Pakistan Sports Board and Punjab Sports
Boards hockey competition must be conducted as well as under- fourteen and under- nineteen competitions
must be continued and annual proficiency reports must be analyzed by government.
Keywords: Hockey, Hockey Federation, Pakistan Sports Boards, Olympians, Coaches.
Introduction
Although numerous games being played in Pakistan, yet hockey is recognized as national game of the
country. It was introduced in sub-continent known as united India by the British as cricket introduced by
them. After getting the independence of Pakistan, the PHF Pakistan Hockey Federation was inaugurated in
1948 and under the garb of the federation hockey was granted the status of national game. Later on many
hockey sport associations were launched in distinct places as in West Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and
NWFP known as KPK Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. The first hockey team was sent to Belgium under the
leadership of Ali Iqtidar Shah Dara for playing international matches in 1948. This tournament played at
ISSN 2309-0081 Khan, Rajab & Ayub (2020) 282

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London Olympics Belgium was defeated by Pakistan. Helsinki Olympics was held in 1952 in which
Pakistan hockey team defeated distinct countries like Netherland, France and Denmark (Paracha, 2015).
Furthermore, during Asian Games held in 1958 Pakistan made her victory over Asian teams of Malaysia,
Japan, South Korea and India by getting first gold medal at international level. Thus Pakistani hockey team
remained undefeated in Rome Olympics embarked in 1960 against Poland, Japan and Australia. (Zuberi,
2015)The second gold medal was earned by the hockey team led by Chudhry Ghulam Rasool then the
captain of Pakistan playing in Asian games held in 1962. However, Pakistan hockey team got the second
Olympics Games gold medal in Summer Olympics held at Mexico in 1968. Along with this the credit goes
to Pakistan to initiate hockey world cup because this idea floated by president of Pakistan Hockey
Federation (PHF) known Air Martial Nur Khan in 1969. He was not only very much appreciated by the
Federation International Hockey (FIH) but it was decided that the first world cup would be held in Pakistan.
And this was the great honor for Pakistan that the first hockey world cup was held in Pakistan in 1971 but
due to precarious situation prevailing in the whole country for the separation of Bangladesh it was
postponed (Paracha, 2015). The FIH Federation of International Hockey decided to make Spain as host of
first hockey world cup. Ten teams were invited in the first world cup trophy but the final played between
two neighboring and archrival states Pakistan and India but India was defeated by Pakistan. Thus Pakistan
was considered to be the first Champion of first Hockey World Cup.
The golden era of Pakistan hockey was embarked earning first hockey world cup and remained till 1995.
During this period Pakistan hockey team won further three hockey world cup held in 1978, 1982 and 1994
subsequently. (Waheed, 2016)Along with this, three Champion Trophies in 1978, 1980, and 1994 and
thrice times Asia Cup was earned by Pakistan Hockey team as well as six times got first position in Asian
Games. Moreover, the hockey team just only secured third position in distinct years such as 2004 and 2012
in Champion Trophies Tournaments. Although Pakistan hockey team remained its hegemony over the
world in the golden period yet it could not be able to get any high position. Now the world champion
hockey team of Pakistan is standing at seventh in ranking wise. In 2016 Asian Games were held in which
the team only could defend its gold medal by the skin of their teeth, defeating India due to strikes of Arslan
Qadir. (Ghaffar, 2016)It is regret to say that the world champion hockey team of Pakistan is standing at
eleventh number ranking wise in the entire world and this national game has demised or declined at
national and international level. Numerous reasons of such demise are discussed in detail in the research
work. For getting brought the national game at zenith again the government and Pakistan Hockey
Federation must take some provident measures.
Hockey is glorified as national game of Pakistan. Long since Pakistan hockey has been winning champion
trophies and plenty of other titles as well as in the field of hockey Pakistan produced myriad of renowned
players such as Shahabaz Ahmed, Hassan Sardar and QaziMohib but now Pakistan hockey is going to
decline from last decade due to many factors playing their role in such declination (Hameed, 2014). The
state has never done a great job in supporting and promoting hockey. We continued to produce great
players until hockey was a mainstream game in our schools and villages. And it was the brilliance of some
of these players that led the country to famous victories. Now that hockey has been successfully eliminated
from the grass root level, we shouldn't expect miracles to happen. Actually the government consideration is
very meager to secure the glory of hockey as national game. Government must take serious measures to
improve Hockey as done for enhancing other games especially cricket at school, college and university
level. Generally, hockey in Pakistan declined with the rest of Pakistani society.
Hockey predominantly was a game in Punjab and there are clubs that participated; Gojra remained for
many years a place that had organized hockey. The game was dominated by few institutions that fed the
national team; for many years this was Army many famous players came from it; in subsequent years PIA,
Customs and to some extent Habib Bank remained the main institutions that gave players to the national
team (Ali, 2016). So in essence there never was a promotion of hockey in a wider area including local
clubs, varsity games, and training or coaching; the key institutions supporting the good players also kind of

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downgraded their support. There is a lack of infrastructure of hockey in the sense of hockey federations,
grounds and administration.
In the budget of the country there is very meager amount is kept for sports although it should be large
extent especially for national game. Now a days the interest of people has diverted from Hockey to cricket
because the government and Pakistan Cricket Board giving full attention to it and the national game hockey
is going to decline. In international hockey new techniques and tactics have been introduced while the
country hockey players are totally barren for using such kind of techniques (Ali, 2017). Although the role
of Pakistan Hockey Federation PHF is very pivotal to improve the national game yet they are nothing to do
for the revival of the glory of national game. I personally feel media is to be blamed as well. Media stopped
projecting hockey. Young generation, when they don't hear or see anything about hockey when growing up,
will not develop any affection for the game. On the other hands cricket has been commercialized,
glamorized and sensationalized to no end. It is sad but true that because of the money involved, media and
corporate interests naturally followed after cricket.
Objectives of the Study

i. To identify factors behind the glorious period of national game hockey.
ii. To indicate factors causing declination of Hockey game.
iii. To elucidate sufficient measures those need to be taken for the revival of Hockey.
Research Questions
Q1. What were the factors behind the glorious period of national game hockey?
Q2. What are factors caused demise/ decline of national game Hockey?
Q3. What are sufficient measures need to be taken for the revival of Hockey?
Research Methodology
In this article, for collection of data or information from selected cluster of people for identifying factors
prompted to bring Pakistan national game hockey at unparalleled heights by earning world champion
trophies, Olympic trophies and Asian champions as well as the factors which are responsible to bring the
demise or decline of Pakistan hockey in present era, semi structure interview method has been used. The
respondents of the article are 20 belonging Pakistan hockey old national players who played hockey at
national level, coaches who are doing coaching at distinct clubs and administrators who did work as
managers of hockey team in different eras. To analyze the collected data from concerned respondents the
descriptive analysis method is used. The conducted interviews have been described individually by coding.
Literature Review
The literature review of this article consists of most relevant material regarding national game hockey.
Distinct articles are analyzed like the rise and fall of hockey in Pakistan, the relationship between hockey
coaches and performance of national athletes of Pakistan, Pakistan hockey: rise and demise, Pakistan
hockey decline, role of Pakistan education in decline of hockey and the impact of hockey coaches and
cohesion on the performance of players and Future of Pakistan hockey as well. The mentioned data is
evaluated for the completion of this article.
Analysis of Data in Response to the Article major Questions
This article deals three major questions raised in front of respondents through interviews such as:

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I. What were the factors behind the glorious period of national game hockey?
II. What are reasons caused demise/ decline of national game Hockey?
III. What are sufficient measures need to be taken for the revival of Hockey?
This article conducted interviews have been described by making coding of respondents from R- to R-20.
Q 1. What were the factors behind the glorious period of national game hockey?
R1
I say that this credit goes to then the secretary of Pakistan hockey federation named brigadier (R)
M.H Atif. I think in the past the projection of hockey played very pivotal role in rising Pakistan
hockey but it is the need of hour to support Pakistan hockey as is being supported football in
Brazil with full zeal
In this regard the hockey federation played very indispensable role to project and promotion the national
game of Pakistan for earning distinguished titles.
R2
I think this credit goes to then the players and management. My point is such kind of declaration
did not influence in promotion of national game but I also said that the hockey as game was
treated like step mother. I think in past the talent was promoted but now it is not being promoted
and there is no job security.
The management did great work to upraise the Pakistan national game hockey although in olden days
hockey was appreciated at large extent yet it is not being done in a proper way.
R3
This credit goes to Brigadier Atif, Brigadier Hammidi and Air Martial Noor Khan. I think such
projection did give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey in past but now Asian and European
styles of hockey should be adopted. My point is such kind of declaration did influence in
promotion of hockey at national level but present time hockey is in decline because lack of jobs
and daily allowances.
The earning of distinct medals and trophies was only strives of formers players but now there are many
loopholes in this game for the lacking of job opportunities, different allowances and modern techniques.
R4
I think this credit goes to Tahir Zaman, Hassan Sardar and Manzoor Joiner. I think such projection
did not give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey because PHF did not take sufficient measures.
My point is such kind of declaration did meager influence in promotion of hockey because PHF
and governments did not do more work.
In the consonant with this views the old players made prolong struggle to uplift the national game but
unfortunately Pakistan Hockey Federation and governments did nothing for the projection of hockey.
R5
I think this credit goes to government, PHF and grass root level. I think such projection did not
give assistance to rise because governments did not pay attention to hockey.
Then the government and Pakistan Hockey Federation played very pivotal role to promote hockey by
initiating grass root level as well as appreciating talent.
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R6
This credit goes to grass root level hockey being played in school and colleges as well as the
important role of then the players. I think such projection did not give assistance to rise because
PHF did not pay attention to hockey at grass root level.
According to context the national game hockey was uplifted through grass root level hockey initiated at
school and college level but then the federation did nothing do so.
R7
This credit goes to then the players and Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF). I think such projection
did give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey at international level but did not do so at domestic
level.
Pakistan hockey was glorified being international champion because of old players and Pakistan hockey
federation and then the talent which was appreciated but with the passage of time the said people made very
little strive to promote hockey.
R8
The senior players and Olympians including Tahir Zaman and Shahbaz Senior. I think such
projection did give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey but rise and decline is the part of any
game. My point is hockey was promoted definitely as national game of Pakistan in past but at
grass root level work was not done.
In this regard Pakistan hockey was promoted by the great effort to former Olympians and this strive
considered to be very fruitful for upraising the national game.
R9
I think this credit goes to then the senior players and Olympians but the performance was good at
grassy ground. I think such projection did give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey but now the
work is not being done in the field of hockey.
Hockey was played very well at grass but unfortunately new trends and techniques were not introduced that
prompted the decline of national game.
R10
This credit goes to then the senior players, Olympians, Pakistan Hockey Federation, coaches and
government. I think such projection did give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey and famous as
in present time the football is famous in Brazil. In the past talent was promoted in hockey and then
the players used to work with honesty.
The uprising of the national game of Pakistan was due to projection of hockey with enthusiastic spirit by
pushing then the governments and players as well as people support.
R11
I think this credit goes to Brigadier Atif, Brigadier Hammidi and Tahir Zaman. My point is hockey
was promoted definitely in the past but now it is not being promoted. I think in past the talent was
promoted in hockey and then the players used to work with honesty.

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The decline of hockey is only because of dearth of talent and not much support of government as other
games of Pakistan are being promoted.
R12
This credit goes to then the grass root level players as well as then the facilitations of government
therefore Pakistan hockey could be able to win 1994 hockey world cup. I think such projection did
not give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey and Pakistan was recognized in the entire world by
hockey before it India was considered to be place of hockey. I think in past the talent was
promoted in hockey because hockey was played in every corner of the state as well as then the
hockey players including Hassan Sardar were followed by people as heroes and to be skilled like
them.
Actually the government support was considered to be blessing in disguise for projection of Pakistan
national game therefore it was appreciated in the entire world and skilled people were injected in this game.
R13
Credit goes to then the management including Brigadier Atif, Air Martial Noor Khan and team
work. I think, PHF did not apply the rules adopted by Federation of International Hockey at proper
time in Pakistan. My point is really true hockey is our national game but no proper and standard
programs have been arranged.
In accordance with the view some talented managers of Pakistan hockey federation played indispensable
role for earning distinct titles but later on PHF no made little strive to heir such kind of honest persons.
R14
I think such projection did give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey but it is the need of hour to
professionals for giving awareness at club level. My point is hockey was not promoted properly so
that it could be promoted as national game.
The decline of hockey has happened but some measures have to be taken by Pakistan hockey federation and
government by establishing different clubs and academies.
R15
I think this credit goes to then the renowned players. My point is hockey was established as
national game unfortunately but its promotion the work was not done. I think in past the talent was
promoted in hockey but lack of future planning now the hockey talent is being spoiled.
Due to spoiling of talent in hockey the national game is going to demise but in previous days it did not do
so and old players played very well.
R16
This credit goes to then the school level hockey. I think such projection did give assistance to rise
of Pakistan hockey but not as much as should be. My point is such kind of declaration did
influence in promotion of hockey at national level because at time jobs and developments were in
abundant. I think in past the talent was promoted blatantly because they had more facilitations.

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Pakistan hockey was glorified being international champion because of old players and Pakistan hockey
federation and then the talent which was appreciated but with the passage of time the said people made very
little strive to promote hockey.
R17
I think this credit goes to Brigadier Sajjad Khokhar, M.Irfan, Shahbaz Joiner and grassroots. I
think such projection did give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey but now rules and techniques
have been altered. I think in past the talent was promoted to large extent because the involvement
of government and people as well as the media coverage was more.
In the consonant with this views the old players made prolong struggle to uplift the national game but
unfortunately Pakistan Hockey Federation and governments did nothing for the projection of hockey.
R18
I think this credit goes to then the management, coaches and players. I think such projection did
give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey. My point is such kind of declaration did influence in
promotion of hockey but not as much as expected.
Then the government and Pakistan Hockey Federation played very pivotal role to promote hockey by
initiating grass root level as well as appreciating talent.
R19
I think this credit goes to then the management, coaches and players. I think such projection did
give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey.
Hockey was played very well at grass but unfortunately new trends and techniques were not introduced that
prompted the decline of national game.
R20
I think this credit goes to then the volunteers including Aslam Roda, Zafar Mahmood and Bha
Ayyoub. I think such projection did give assistance to rise of Pakistan hockey especially and
generally Asian hockey. My point is such kind of declaration did influence in promotion of
hockey but not as much as promoted in future.
This credit goes to then the volunteers including Aslam Roda, Zafar Mahmood and Bha Ayyoub. In past the
talent was not promoted blatantly due to the insufficient planning of PHF the most of talent was spoiled.
Q.2 What are reasons caused demise or decline of national game Hockey?
R1
I opined that Pakistan hockey is going to decline until its structure is profound. I say that the
governments are core responsible for decline because the funds are not being allocated to hockey.
I think it is obvious that PHF is also responsible therefore any domestic tournament not being
conducted by PHF. Yes definitely but if we adopt international structure then Pakistan hockey
would be able to meet international standards. I think that the old players really did not show their
interest although they should have done so yet they must show their interests and come to grounds
without making any discrimination.

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In this regard the previous and successive governments remained lazy for the projection of hockey therefore
the national game is being declined. Along with this the other respective departments played very meager
role to reinstate Pakistan hockey as cricket is appreciated in present time.
R2
Pakistan hockey is going to decline until its structure is profound and Astro turf. I say that the
governments are core responsible for decline because the funds are not being allocated to hockey.
Fiscal funds must be mentioned to national game hockey to federation. Although PHF consisted of
old hockey players they should have played their role in projection of hockey. The old players
really did not do work at grass root level and they must further polish their new skills and
techniques.
There some lacunae are prevailing in promotion of the national game such as lacking of funds,
infrastructure, fiscal funds and other facilitations as well as new trends and techniques. Hockey is not being
projected with zeal and zest at school and college level by considering it as national game.
R3
Pakistan hockey is going to decline but it is the need of hour to promote schools hockey and club
hockey. I think that the governments are meager responsible for decline because the work of
governments is only to provide funds. I opined that cricket especially influenced national game
hockey. I think hockey is not promoting at school and college level while PETs and DPEs must be
allocated.
As this view one thing is extracted that many loopholes were existing that prompted the decline of hockey
but some actions need to be taken for rehabilitate the national game by appointing new authorities and
institutions.
R4
Pakistan hockey is going to decline due to some persons including Rana Mujahid and Asif Bajwa.
I think it is obvious that PHF is also responsible but now the PHF must get built grounds and
stated hockey at school level. I think that it could not meet international standards but new
techniques and guidelines may meet international standards.
Unfortunately some black sheep were caused the decline of the national game hockey they corrupted
Pakistan hockey federation. Major authorities and institutions did not play excellent role for the promotion
of hockey. It is the need of hour to make some measures.
R5
I opined that Pakistan hockey is going to decline due to lack of facilities. I think that the
governments and Olympians are also responsible. I think it is obvious that PHF is also responsible
but along with it governments and seniors players are also. I think that it could meet international
standards, having great talent but there are lack of facilities. I think there is lack of facilitations,
stadiums, high qualified coaches and astro turf.
Although the core responsible of declination of hockey former Olympians and PHF yet hockey must be
promoted and advertised by Pakistani media therefore it well be appreciated and enhanced in every
institutions of the country.
R6
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I opined that Pakistan hockey is going to decline due to non-serious attitude of government, lack
of astro turf and grass root level hockey. I think that the governments are responsible definitely
because they did not provide new techniques including astro turf. I opined that cricket has
immense influence over the other games and the downfall of other game of Pakistan because of
cricket.
Due to lacking of new trends and techniques the Pakistan hockey faced loss to much extent like astro turf
skills and dearth of administrated and coaching staff. In the present time hockey has wiped out on the soil
of the country because of immense influence of cricket.
R7
I opined that Pakistan hockey is going to decline surely if measures cannot be taken as soon as
possible the hockey would be wiped out from the soil of Pakistan. I think that the governments are
responsible definitely if the government had worked the hockey would not have reached at the
stage of declination. I think it is obvious that PHF is also responsible because it did not work on
such game. I think that it could meet international standards if the foreigner coaches would be
hired.
projected with zeal and zest at school and college level by considering it as national game. Sport boards
should also play their role to promote hockey.
R8
I opined that Pakistan hockey is going to decline but it is expected that some improvements are
going on due to foreign coach. If government gives funds the hockey would be reinstated. I think
that it could not meet international standards but now our condition is better to some extent. I
think that the old players really did show their interests to elevate the national game hockey.
projected with zeal and zest at school and college level by considering it as national game.
R9
Pakistan hockey is going to decline due to lack of funds and rewards. I think that the old players
really did show their interests to elevate the national game hockey because government did not
support them. Definitely educational institutions are not playing their role to promote hockey as
national game and students are not being given awareness. I opined that cricket has immense
influence over the other games because it was projected by media and hockey leagues are not
launched as cricket leagues are done.
It is blinking fact that the national game hockey is going to decline but it can be reinstate by injecting
international coaches and skilled persons to train new youth in the field of hockey at every level. The
incumbent government must take some initiatives for promotions hockey.
R10

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I think in the past the thirty departments were doing work in the field of hockey yet they are hard
to twenty. I think that it could not meet international standards but if government and PHF do
work together then hockey would be able to meet international standards. I say that there is
definitely lack of infrastructure but federation is not responsible for this cause because they have
lack of funds.
Pakistan hockey could not meet international standards but if government and PHF do work together then
hockey would be able to meet international standards. There are many lacunae such as negligence of
government, lack of interest, no attention of federation and lack of departmental hockey. The old players
really did not show their interests to elevate the national game hockey but now they have to do work at
grass root level.
R11
I think it is obvious that PHF is also responsible because it did not do work at grass root level to
overcome the decline of hockey. In PHF the dishonest people remained by having monopoly. I
think that it could not meet international standards but if the grassroots promoted then the hockey
can be revamped. I think that the old players really did not show because they did not earn honor
and now long term policies must be taken to intake older players as administrators. I opined that
cricket has immense influence now over the other games but in past such influence did not do so. I
think there are no rather reasons but the need of hour to allocate Pakistani professionals so that
they revamp hockey.
In this regard the previous and successive governments remained lazy for the projection of hockey therefore
the national game is being declined. Along with this the other respective departments played very meager
role to reinstate Pakistan hockey as cricket is appreciated in present time.
R12
I opined that Pakistan hockey is not going to decline while it has declined having some reasons
such as inflation, quota system and financial support. I think that the governments are responsible
definitely because they did not give their interests in hockey by formulating national level policies
to get it high position. I think it is obvious that PHF is also responsible but along with-it
government and old players are also responsible. I think that it could not meet international
standards because of lacking the technical coaching. And now there is a widen gulf between
Pakistan hockey and international hockey therefore we are standing at thirteen in rank wise.
Due to lacking of new trends and techniques the Pakistan hockey faced loss to much extent like astro turf
skills and dearth of administrated and coaching staff. In the present time hockey has wiped out on the soil
of the country because of immense influence of cricket. In every province must do work to promote hockey
at district level and Pakistan Sports Board and Punjab Sports Board must do work for the promotion of
under fourteen and under sixteen matches.
R13
I opined that Pakistan hockey has touched the lowest level of world ranking at present. I think it is
obvious that PHF is also responsible because FIH has amended so many rules of European teams
but PHF did not adopt them. I think that since after 1994, Pakistan Hockey fell victim of hockey
politic so that they out rightly failed at world level. I think that the old players really did not utilize
them properly. Definitely educational institutions are not playing their role to promote hockey as
national game because basic facilities are not available at educational institutions. I opined that
cricket is the main reason of hockey decline in the country.

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The national game of Pakistan could not bridge the gap of international standards and trends introduced by
federation of international hockey. Along with this the other respective departments played very meager
role to reinstate Pakistan hockey as cricket is not appreciated in present time.
R14
I opined that Pakistan hockey has wiped out in Pakistan but if it is remaining at minute level for
sake of god. I think that the governments are responsible definitely because they did not give their
interests in hockey and funds to PHF. I think it is obvious that PHF is also responsible but proper
planning and observation should have done. In present time foreign high qualified coaches must
be hired. I opined that cricket has immense influence because in hockey the interest was not
developed due to this people have tilted towards cricket.
Although the core responsible of declination of hockey former Olympians and PHF yet hockey must be
promoted and advertised by Pakistani media therefore it would be appreciated and enhanced in every
institutions of the country. Due qualified coaching staff the national game hockey was promoted in present
days it does do so.
R15
Educational institutions are not playing their role to promote hockey as national game so that they
caused the decline of hockey. I say that there is definitely not any infrastructure of hockey because
ancestors did not make work on basic infrastructure of hockey. I opined that cricket has immense
influence over the national game hockey because at international level cricket is more obliged
rather than hockey. I think there are some other reasons including lack of infrastructure, no
policies at national level and federation is not strengthen.
In the field of hockey the old players really did not show their interests although they kept earning rewards
and positions on the behalf of hockey. Different institutions are not playing their role to promote hockey as
national game so that they caused the decline of hockey.
R16
I opined that Pakistan hockey is going to decline because of federation policies. I think that the
governments are meager responsible for decline of hockey. I opined that cricket did not influence
Hockey because cricket has own structure followed by it. I think there is no special education for
hockey and coaching courses.
The earning of distinct medals and trophies was only strives of formers players but now there are many
loopholes in this game for the lacking of job opportunities, different allowances and modern techniques.
Hockey is not being projected with zeal and zest at school and college level by considering it as national
game.
R17
I opined that Pakistan hockey is not going to decline while hockey has wiped out in schools and
colleges as well as the competition of under fourteen and under nineteen. Educational institutions
are not playing their role to promote hockey so I suggest that a formal letters must be sent from
sports secretary to the EDOs so that the hockey must be declared necessary game at schools and
colleges level.
In the present time hockey has wiped out on the soil of the country because of immense influence of
cricket. In every province must do work to promote hockey at district level and Pakistan Sports Board and
Punjab Sports Board must do work for the promotion of under fourteen and under sixteen matches. Then
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the government and Pakistan Hockey Federation played very pivotal role to promote hockey by initiating
grass root level as well as appreciating talent.
R18
I think that then the Olympians really did play their role to decline hockey. Definitely educational
institutions are not playing their role to promote hockey. I say that there is definitely infrastructure
caused the decline of hockey.
Hockey decline is due to lack of academies, camps and advertisement of hockey at school and colleges. It is
obvious that PHF is also responsible because lack of planning. Then the Olympians really did play their
role to decline hockey.
R19
I think that could meet international standards in past because then the stations including Gojra,
Karachi and Bahawal poor were doing work on hockey. I think that then the Olympians really did
play their role to decline hockey. I say that there is definitely infrastructure caused the decline of
hockey because it was not developed. I opined that cricket especially influenced national game
hockey.
Infrastructure caused the decline of hockey because it was not developed. Pakistan hockey could not meet
international standards but if government and PHF do work together then hockey would be able to meet
international standards. There are many lacunae such as negligence of government, lack of interest, no
attention of federation and lack of departmental hockey and role of Pakistan Sports Board. The old players
really did not show their interests to elevate the national game hockey but now they have to do work at
grass root level.
R20
I opined that Pakistan hockey is going to decline but further I want to say that Pakistan hockey is
taking last breathes. I think that the governments are responsible for decline of hockey at sixty
percent because they did not sufficient effort for the survival of hockey. I think hockey decline is
due to deprivation of players and in the time of Asif Bajwa above thirty year players were banned
and Hockey was politicized.
Pakistan national game has declined because the old players were deprived, insufficient coaching and
leaving Asian or international standards. Along with this the other respective departments played very
meager role to reinstate Pakistan hockey as cricket is not appreciated in present time. The most of players
were victimized of lobbying while they could play their role for promoting hockey.
Q.3 What are sufficient measures need to be taken for the revival of Hockey?
R1
I suggest that there should be launched coaching courses, international coaches should be hired by
PHF and do work in accordance with international structure.
Pakistan hockey can be promoted by taking some initiatives such as inducting highly skilled coaches they
have great insight as well as advancing infrastructure.
R2

I
R
I suggest that there should be worked at grass root level, government must provide funds and hard
work must be done. Although PHF consisted of old hockey players they should play their role in
projection of hockey.
In accordance with the suggestions the incumbent government and Pakistan hockey federation must
allocate funds and facilitate players by expanding opportunities.
R3
I suggest that there should be worked at grass root level. I think hockey should promote at school
and college level while PETs and DPEs must be allocated. The incumbent governments must
provide funds.
New authorities must be hired for the promotion of hockey to lift up the national game hockey from nadir
to zenith by promoting grass root hockey.
R4
I think there must be conducted domestic tournaments, no hockey game at school and college
level. New techniques and guidelines must be given to the players and they may meet international
standards.
There domestic hockey must be launched and promoted in different educational institutions therefore youth
would be able to make its tendency.
R5
I suggest that asro turf must be launched at every district. I opined that cricket and football are
professional games so media must promote hockey. I think that it could meet international
standards, having great talent but there are lack of facilities.
New trends of hockey must be introduced in the field of hockey so that this game would be able to meet
international standards by mitigating loopholes.
R6
I suggest that there should be worked at grass root level especially at schools, colleges and
universities. The government must provide new techniques including astro turf I think that it could
meet international standards with hard work and passions.
There should be worked at grass root level by injecting new techniques including astro turf and other
techniques those are going on at high level.
R7
I suggest that the Olympians are requested to bring professionals who would be able to manage in
proper way and funds must be given. I think the Pakistan Sports Board, sports minister must do
more work for the promotion of national game hockey.
It is blinking fact that the national game hockey is going to decline but it can be reinstate by injecting
international coaches and skilled persons to train new youth in the field of hockey at every level.
R8

I
R
I suggest that astro turf must be launched by establishing more grounds and there should be
experienced coaches who are very much known about new techniques. I think there should be
funds, equipment, grounds and jobs for hockey players.
There should be worked at grass root level by injecting new techniques including astro turf and other
techniques those are going on at high level.
R9
I suggest that hockey must be provided more budgets, jobs, and arranged hockey leagues in
Pakistan. I think that it could meet international standards but it can be standardized if foreign
coaches would be hired.
There domestic hockey must be launched and promoted in different educational institutions therefore youth
would be able to make its tendency.
R10
I suggest that there should be grave attention to schools, departments and academies of hockey. I
think that it could meet international standards but if government and PHF do work together then
hockey would be able to meet international standards.
Pakistan hockey could meet international standards but if government and PHF do work together then
hockey would be able to meet international standards.
R11
Pakistan Sports Board and Punjab Sports Boards hockey competition must be conducted as well as
under sixteen and under nineteen competitions must be continued and annual proficiency reports
must be analyzed by government. I think there are no rather reasons but the need of hour to
allocate Pakistani professionals so that they revamp hockey.
In every province must do work to promote hockey at district level and Pakistan Sports Board and Punjab
Sports Board must do work for the promotion of under fourteen and under sixteen matches.
R12
I suggest that the incumbent government must involve in flourishing of hockey, hockey matches
must be given media coverage and old players must come to hockey grounds so that people come
to this game for their inspiration.
There should be media coverage and old players must come to hockey grounds so that people come to this
game for their inspiration. The budget of school hockey should be given to it only and the budget of hockey
should be doubled rather than other games.
R13
I suggest that there should be permanent jobs for players, strong basic infrastructure, hockey
academies and senior joiner competitions.
There domestic hockey must be launched by establishing different academies in educational institutions
therefore youth would be able to make its tendency.
R14

I
R
I suggest that there should be grave attention to grass root level, promotion of domestic hockey
and it be fully funded. In present time foreign high qualified coaches must be hired.
R15
Should be grave attention to club hockey, grass root level, provide astro turf at districts level and
hire new skilled coaches.I think there are some other suggestions including infrastructure, policies
at national level and federation must be strengthened.
Hockey can be reinstated by injecting international coaches and skilled persons to train new youth in the
field of hockey at every level. The incumbent government must take some initiatives for promotions
hockey.
R16
I suggest that there should be established five stations of hockey including Lahore, Faisalabad,
Karachi, Peshawar, and Islamabad to moderate hockey with modern coaching. Definitely
educational institutions must play their role to promote hockey.
R17
I suggest that there should be keen interest of government by providing funds and PHF must
conduct domestic hockey and new skilled coaches must be hired. I suggest that a formal letters
must be sent from sports secretary to the EDOs so that the hockey must be declared necessary
game at schools and colleges level.
PHF must conduct domestic hockey and new skilled coaches must be hired. I suggest that a formal letters
must be sent from sports secretary to the EDOs.
R18
I think there should be academies, camps and advertisement of hockey at school and colleges. The
incumbent governments must provide funds.
Domestic hockey must be launched by establishing different academies in educational institutions therefore
youth would be able to make its tendency.
R19
I suggest that there should be supervision of government, provide funds, role of PSB and
federations must do work and work at domestic level by providing more jobs opportunities to the
hockey players.
allocate funds and facilitate players by expanding job opportunities.
R20

I
R
I suggest that there should be worked at domestic and governmental level by providing more jobs
opportunities to the hockey players and removal of politicization. Most of players are victimized
of lobbying while they can play their role for promoting hockey.
Pakistan national game has been politicized through distinct lobbies but now if all stake holders want to
rehabilitate this pride of Pakistan the political influence must be wiped out and eliminated all kind of
pressure.
Conclusion
The conclusion of the article depends upon the answers given by the selected respondents. Two or three
decades ago the Pakistan hockey was appreciated and glorified because of then the players, Pakistan
Hockey Federation, government and grassroots. As national game of Pakistan it was spread in the entire
country with enthusiastic spirit and zeal for long since by promoting talent at every level from grass root to
international. The projection of hockey across the globe did great impact on flourishing Pakistan hockey.
Due to such kind of prospects Pakistan hockey earned numerous titles in Olympian, Asian and champion
trophies for four times and defeated all major hockey teams of the world. It is hard to say that the Pakistan
hockey is going to decline and since two decades it could not be able to earn world champion trophy except
Asian trophies due to lack of mismanagement of Pakistan Hockey Federation, facilitations, funds, non-
serious attitude of old players and Olympians and role of school colleges. The projection of hockey at grass
root level means in schools and colleges has hampered due to consideration of educational authorities. PHF
and other sports board are doing nothing to advance and flourish the national game hockey by making
sufficient policies and steps. In the budget of the country there is very meager amount is kept for sports
although it should be large extent especially for national game. Now a days the interest of people has
diverted from Hockey to cricket because the government and Pakistan Cricket Board giving full attention to
it and the national game hockey is going to decline. In international hockey new techniques and tactics have
been introduced while the country hockey players are totally barren for using such kind of techniques.
Although the role of Pakistan Hockey Federation PHF is very pivotal to improve the national game yet they
are nothing to do for the revival of the glory of national game. I personally feel media is to be blamed as
well. Media stopped projecting hockey. Young generation, when they don't hear or see anything about
hockey when growing up, will not develop any affection for the game. On the other hands cricket has been
commercialized, glamorized and sensationalized to no end. It is sad but true that because of the money
involved, media and corporate interests naturally followed after cricket. The state has never done a great
job in supporting and promoting hockey. We continued to produce great players until hockey was a
mainstream game in our schools and villages. And it was the brilliance of some of these players that led the
country to famous victories. Now that hockey has been successfully eliminated from the grass root level,
we shouldn't expect miracles to happen. Actually the government consideration is very meager to secure the
glory of hockey as national game. Government must take serious measures to improve Hockey as done for
enhancing other games especially cricket at school, college and university level. Generally, hockey in
Pakistan declined with the rest of Pakistani society.
Recommendations
In accordance with the one of the objectives of the research to make some recommendations to eradicate
the loopholes and elements causing the decline of Pakistan Hockey as well as to promote and reinstate the
lost glory of national game hockey.
 There should be launched coaching courses, international coaches should be hired by PHF and do
work in accordance with international structure.
 There should be worked at grass root level, government must provide funds and hard work must
be done.

I
R
 There should be worked at grass root level by opening more opportunities to people so that hockey
can be promoted.
 There should be worked at grass root level and asro turf must be launched at every district.
 Olympians are requested to bring professionals who would be able to manage in proper way and
funds must be given.
 Astro turf must be launched by establishing more grounds and there should be experienced
coaches who are very much known about new techniques.
 Hockey must be provided more budgets, jobs, and arranged hockey leagues in Pakistan. There
should be grave attention to schools, departments and academies of hockey.
 The promotion of hockey government consideration is the need of hour to accountable institutions
and sport funds must spend on sports.
 There should be grave attention to grass root level, Pakistan Sports Board and Punjab Sports
Boards hockey competition must be conducted as well as under fourteen and under nineteen
competitions must be continued and annual proficiency reports must be analyzed by government.
 Every province must do work to promote hockey at district level and Pakistan Sports Board and
Punjab Sports Board must do work for the promotion of under fourteen and under sixteen matches.
 The incumbent government must involve in flourishing of hockey, hockey matches must be given
media coverage and old players must come to hockey grounds so that people come to this game
for their inspiration.
 There should be permanent jobs for players, strong basic infrastructure, hockey academies and
senior joiner competitions.
 There should be established five stations of hockey including Lahore, Faisalabad, Karachi,
Peshawar, and Islamabad to moderate hockey with modern coaching.
 I suggest that a formal letters must be sent from sports secretary to the EDOs so that the hockey
must be declared necessary game at schools and colleges level.
 There should be supervision of government, provide funds, role of PSB and federations must do
work and work at domestic level by providing more jobs opportunities to the hockey players.
 There should be worked at domestic and governmental level by providing more jobs opportunities
to the hockey players and removal of politicization.
References
Ali, S. (2016, December 24). Wapda, Army, PIA win opening matches at National Hockey Championship.
Retrieved from Daily Pakistan: https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/sports/wapda-army-pia-win-opening-
matches-at-national-hockey-championship/
Ghaffar, A. (2016, january 02). Retrieved may 15, 2018, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1230056
Hameed, E. (2014, May 28). Hall of fame: Shahbaz Ahmed — the Maradona of Hockey. Retrieved from
The Express Tribune: https://tribune.com.pk/story/713889/hall-of-fame-shahbaz-ahmed-the-maradona-
of-hockey/
Paracha, N. (2015, july 10). Retrieved may 14, 2018, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1193619
Waheed, I. (2016, july 20). Retrieved may 14, 2018, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1264769
Zuberi, A. (2015, july 4). Retrieved may 14, 2018, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1192138

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S International Review of Social Sciences Vol. 8 Issue.9

Analysis of Golden Era and Decline of Pakistan Hockey: A

Keywords: Hockey, Hockey Federation, Pakistan Sports Boards, Olympians, Coaches.

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Objectives of the Study

Analysis of Data in Response to the Article major Questions

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