Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples
Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples
Maths (/maths/) > Math Article (/maths/articles/) > Matrices For Class 12 (/maths/matrices-for-class-12/)
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Introduction
Matrix
Types of Matrices
Operations on Matrices
Transpose of a Matrix
Invertible Matrices
Matrices Definition
A matrix is a function that consists of an ordered rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the entities or the elements of
the matrix. The horizontal array of elements in the matrix is called rows, and the vertical array of elements are called the columns. If a matrix has m
rows and n columns, then it is known as the matrix of order m x n.
Types of Matrices
Depending upon the order and elements, matrices are classified as:
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Row matrix
Square matrix
Diagonal matrix
Scalar matrix
Identity matrix
Zero matrix
Equality of Matrices
⎡
⎣
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Definition
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Example
Example:
⎡
⎣
0
0
−4
0
0
0
6
⎤
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⎡
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1
0
Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples
A column matrix is an m × 1 matrix, consisting of a single column of m elements. It is also called a column vector.
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Column matrix
4
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Example:
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−5
A row matrix is a 1 × m matrix, consisting of a single row of m elements. It is also called a row vector.
Example: [2 −1 0]
−1
3
−4
[
1
1
−3
⎦
.
8
1
].
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A square matrix that has non-zero elements in its diagonal part running from the upper left to the lower right or vice versa.
The scalar matrix is a square matrix, which has all its diagonal elements equal and all the off-diagonal elements as zero.
Example:
Example:
Example: [
⎡
0
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]
1
4
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A square matrix that has all its principal diagonal elements as 1’s and all non-diagonal elements as zeros.
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1
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0
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1
1
⎤
⎦
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A matrix whose all entries are zero. It is also called a null matrix.
(ii) Each element of one matrix is equal to the corresponding element of the other matrix
Read more:
].
Operations on Matrices
In Chapter 3 of Class 12 Matrices, certain operations on matrices are discussed, namely, the addition of matrices, multiplication of a matrix by a
scalar, difference and multiplication of matrices.
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Transpose of a Matrix
A′ or (AT ).
= A =
⎢⎥
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Subtraction of matrices
Example:
M atrix, A = [
T ranspose of A
2
−4
1
T
3
5
]
⎣
2
3
1
−4
5
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Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples
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If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A and is denoted by
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A square matrix A = [aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix if A′ = – A, that is aji = – aij for all possible values of i and j. Also, if we substitute i = j, we have aii
= – aii and thus, 2aii = 0 or aii = 0 for all i’s. Therefore, all the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.
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2. The multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non zero number.
3. The addition to the elements of any row or column, the corresponding elements of any other row or column are multiplied by any non zero
number.
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Invertible Matrices
Suppose a square matrix A of order m, and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the
inverse matrix of A, and it is denoted by A-1. Also, matrix A is said to be an invertible matrix here.
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2,708
1,749
x + 3 z + 4 2y − 7 0 6 3y − 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
If −6 a − 1 0 = −6 −3 2c + 2 , then f ind the value of a, b, c, x, y, and z.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
b − 3 −21 0 2b + 4 −21 0
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Solution:
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It is given that, the two matrices are equal. Therefore, the corresponding elements present in matrices should be equal to each other. By
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comparing the corresponding elements in the matrices, we get:
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x+3 = 0.
⇒
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x = -3
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z +4 = 6
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⇒ z = 6-4
⇒z=2
2y-7 = 3y-2
⇒3y-2y =-7+2
⇒y = -5
a-1 = -3
⇒a = -3+1
⇒a=-2
2c+2 = 0
⇒2c = -2
⇒ c = -1
b-3 = 2b+4
⇒2b-b = -3-4
⇒ b = -7
Therefore, the values of the variables are:
a = -2
b = -7
c = -1
x = -3
y = -5
z=2
Example 2:
1
⎡ ⎤
T T T
If A = 3 and B = [−2 4 5], then verif y that (AB) = B A .
⎣ ⎦
−6
Solution:
Given,
1
⎡ ⎤
A = 3 and B = [−2 4 5]
⎣ ⎦
−6
1
⎡ ⎤
AB = 3 [−2 4 5]
⎣ ⎦
−6
−2 4 5
⎡ ⎤
= −6 12 15
⎣ ⎦
12 −24 −30
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⎡
−2 −6 12
⎤
T
Win
(AB) = 4 12 −24
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5 15 −30
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A
T
And
B A
=
T
= [1
⎢⎥
⎡
−2
⎤
3
Geometric Figures
Comments
Leave a Comment
5
Hence verified.
Bernoulli Probability
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T
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T
=
⎡
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−2
4
⎤
Post My Comment
⎣
−2
5
−6
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15
12
−24
−30
⎤
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Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples
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