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Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples

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2/2/24, 4:26 PM Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples

Maths (/maths/) > Math Article (/maths/articles/) > Matrices For Class 12 (/maths/matrices-for-class-12/)

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Matrices For Class 12

Matrices Class 12 Notes


Matrix is one of the important concepts of Mathematics and one of the most powerful tools, which has various applications such as in solving linear
equations, budgeting, sales projection, cost estimation, etc. Matrices for class 12 covers the important concepts in matrices, such as types, order,
matrix elementary transformation operations (https://byjus.com/maths/how-to-do-elementary-transformation-of-matrices/) and so on.
Students can get a detailed explanation of matrix concepts here. Matrices for class 12 helps the students with their higher studies, as it covers all
the basic topics. Go through the notes on class 12 matrices to score good marks in the examinations.

Matrices for Class 12 Topics


The topics covered in matrices for class 12 include the following topics:

Introduction

Matrix

Types of Matrices

Operations on Matrices

Transpose of a Matrix

Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices

Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix

Invertible Matrices

Matrices Definition
A matrix is a function that consists of an ordered rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the entities or the elements of
the matrix. The horizontal array of elements in the matrix is called rows, and the vertical array of elements are called the columns. If a matrix has m
rows and n columns, then it is known as the matrix of order m x n.

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To know, how to determine the order of a matrix, visit here (https://byjus.com/maths/determine-the-order-of-matrix/).

Types of Matrices
Depending upon the order and elements, matrices are classified as:

Column matrix (https://byjus.com/maths/column-matrix/)

Row matrix (https://byjus.com/maths/row-matrix/)

Square matrix (https://byjus.com/maths/square-matrix/)

Diagonal matrix (https://byjus.com/maths/diagonal-matrix/)

Scalar matrix (https://byjus.com/maths/scalar-matrix/)

Identity matrix (https://byjus.com/maths/identity-matrix/)

Zero matrix (https://byjus.com/maths/zero-matrix/)


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of matrix

Row matrix

Square matrix

Diagonal matrix

Scalar matrix

Identity matrix

Zero matrix

Equality of Matrices


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1

⎢⎥
andClasses
Example

Square matrix of order 3 is

Example:


0

0
−4
0

0
0

6



1

0
Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples

A column matrix is an m × 1 matrix, consisting of a single column of m elements. It is also called a column vector.
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Column matrix
4

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Example:


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−5

A row matrix is a 1 × m matrix, consisting of a single row of m elements. It is also called a row vector.

Example: [2 −1 0]

A matrix that has an equal number of rows and columns. It is expressed as m × m.

Example: Square matrix of order 2 is

−1

3
−4
[

1
1

−3


.
8

1
].
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A square matrix that has non-zero elements in its diagonal part running from the upper left to the lower right or vice versa.

The scalar matrix is a square matrix, which has all its diagonal elements equal and all the off-diagonal elements as zero.

Example:

Example:

Example: [

Two matrices are said to be equal if-


1
4

(i) The order of both the matrices is the same


0

Identity matrix of order 3 is

0
0⎤

]
1

4

A square matrix that has all its principal diagonal elements as 1’s and all non-diagonal elements as zeros.

Identity (Unit) matrix of order 2 is [


1

0
0
0

0
1

1


0

A matrix whose all entries are zero. It is also called a null matrix.

(ii) Each element of one matrix is equal to the corresponding element of the other matrix

Read more:
].

Important questions for class 12 maths Chapter 3 Matrices (https://byjus.com/maths/important-questions-class-12-maths-chapter-3-


matrices/)

Determinants For Class 12 (https://byjus.com/maths/determinants-for-class-12/)

Class 12 Maths (https://byjus.com/maths/class-12-maths/)

Operations on Matrices
In Chapter 3 of Class 12 Matrices, certain operations on matrices are discussed, namely, the addition of matrices, multiplication of a matrix by a
scalar, difference and multiplication of matrices.
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Transpose of a Matrix

A′ or (AT ).

= A =

⎢⎥
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Subtraction of matrices

In other words, if A = [aij] m × n , then A′ = [aji] n × m .

Example:

M atrix, A = [

T ranspose of A
2

−4
1

T
3

5
]


2

3
1
−4

5


Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples
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If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A and is denoted by
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Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices


A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if the transpose of A is equal to A, that is, [aij] = [aji] for all possible values of i and j.
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A square matrix A = [aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix if A′ = – A, that is aji = – aij for all possible values of i and j. Also, if we substitute i = j, we have aii
= – aii and thus, 2aii = 0 or aii = 0 for all i’s. Therefore, all the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.

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symmetric-matrix/).

Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix


There are six operations (transformations) on a matrix, three of which are due to rows, and three are due to columns, known as elementary
operations or transformations.

1. The interchange of any two rows or two columns.

2. The multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non zero number.

3. The addition to the elements of any row or column, the corresponding elements of any other row or column are multiplied by any non zero
number.

Learn more about the elementary operations of the matrix (https://byjus.com/maths/elementary-operation-of-matrix/) here.

Invertible Matrices
Suppose a square matrix A of order m, and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the
inverse matrix of A, and it is denoted by A-1. Also, matrix A is said to be an invertible matrix here.

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2,708

1,749

Matrices for Class 12 Examples


Example 1:

x + 3 z + 4 2y − 7 0 6 3y − 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
If −6 a − 1 0 = −6 −3 2c + 2 , then f ind the value of a, b, c, x, y, and z.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
b − 3 −21 0 2b + 4 −21 0

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It is given that, the two matrices are equal. Therefore, the corresponding elements present in matrices should be equal to each other. By
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comparing the corresponding elements in the matrices, we get:
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x+3 = 0.


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z +4 = 6
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⇒ z = 6-4
⇒z=2
2y-7 = 3y-2

⇒3y-2y =-7+2
⇒y = -5
a-1 = -3

⇒a = -3+1
⇒a=-2
2c+2 = 0

⇒2c = -2
⇒ c = -1
b-3 = 2b+4

⇒2b-b = -3-4
⇒ b = -7
Therefore, the values of the variables are:

a = -2

b = -7

c = -1

x = -3

y = -5

z=2

Example 2:

1
⎡ ⎤
T T T
If A = 3 and B = [−2 4 5], then verif y that (AB) = B A .

⎣ ⎦
−6

Solution:

Given,

1
⎡ ⎤
A = 3 and B = [−2 4 5]

⎣ ⎦
−6

1
⎡ ⎤
AB = 3 [−2 4 5]

⎣ ⎦
−6

−2 4 5
⎡ ⎤
= −6 12 15
⎣ ⎦
12 −24 −30

Now, we need to calculate the transpose of AB.

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−2 −6 12

T
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(AB) = 4 12 −24
⎣ ⎦
5 15 −30

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A
T

And

B A
=

T
= [1

⎢⎥

−2

3

Geometric Figures

Comments
Leave a Comment
5

Therefore, (AB)T = BTAT.

Hence verified.

Bernoulli Probability

Straight Line Formula


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T
=


−2

4

Maths Project For Class 6


[1

How To Make A Frequency Polygon


3 −6] =

Type your message or doubt here...

Post My Comment

Srikar Naidu Penta


September 3, 2020 at 12:01 pm


−2

5
−6

12

15
12

−24

−30


Matrices For Class 12 - Notes, Important Key Points and Examples

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