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    Adobe Scan 16 Jun 2024

    Uploaded by

    Lawrence Salel

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Adobe Scan 16 Jun 2024

    Uploaded by

    Lawrence Salel
    2 views2 pages

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    Adobe Scan 16 Jun 2024 (1)

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    2 views2 pages

    Adobe Scan 16 Jun 2024

    Uploaded by

    Lawrence Salel

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

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    PRACT ICA L 2
    DET ER~ ll'.\.H IO'.' i OF FRE E FAT TY
    ACID (FFA) I~ COC O'.'il :T OIL

    AnR1' sis of Free Fett: Acids (FFA) in coco


    nut oil (VCO or Copra Oil) is !mpo~ant for
    che.:~ing the qualit~ of the oil. before it can be
    used or mark~ted. FF~ ~uildup in the
    .:oconut oil is due to , arious factors. some relate
    d to processing conditions. others to natural
    breskdown of the oil molecule and other facto
    rs.
    The major objective of this lab practical is to
    compare the oil sample provided with the
    international standard for coconut oil used in
    the food industry. for both industrial and
    edible purposes. The oil sample provide for the
    analysis is deriv ed from white copra which
    is a food grade raw material, that can be used
    to produce Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO).
    Therefore, students will compare the FFA of
    purposes. the sample to that of VCO standard for edib
    le

    1. Definition
    The acid value is the number of milligrams of
    neutralize the free acids in 1 gram of oil samp potassium or sodium hydroxide requ ired to
    le.
    The acidity is the content of free fatty acid conv
    of !auric acid. entionally expressed as a percentage (m m)

    2. Principle
    To determine the free fatty acid present in the
    coconut oil, a samp le of oil is dissolved in
    95% ethanol and titrate with 0.1 M or 0.5M of
    phenolphthalein indicator. aque ous sodium hydroxide using

    3. Reagents
    3.1. Standard Potassium or Sodium Hyd
    roxide, 0.1 N (Note 1).
    3.2. Phen olphthalein indicator solution, 1.0%
    solution of phenolohthale in in 95% v v
    ~than e!. To prepare this solution, weigh 1 gram
    of phenolphthalein, add 95 ml
    1so-propanol and 5 ml distilled water. Filter
    measurement. if necessary. Use I 00 ml burene fo r
    3.3. Ethanol. 95% v/v (Note 2).

    4. Apparatus
    4.1. Burette, 25 ml with graduation of 0. 5 ml
    4.2. Conical flask 250 ml divisions.
    4.3. Hot plate with temperature control

    5. Procedure
    5.1. Weigh out 5 ~ 0.5 g of coconut oil into
    _ fla:k an~ bring to boil to boiling point. a con ical flask. Plac e 50 ml of etha I ·
    no m a
    :i.2. While s_t1II ove_r_70°C, neutralize the
    ethanol using 0.5 ml of indicator solution
    d~okp -w1 se a~d1t1on_ of o. b.
    pm ' co1our 1s obtamed. L'v! potassium Hydroxide solution till a faint but perm,an~nt
    5.3. Pour the neutralized ethan ol on the weig
    hed coconut in the flask and mix the
    contents.
    5.4. Bring to boil and while still hot, titrate with the 0.1 M Sodium or Potassium
    Hydroxide solution. Shaking vigorous ly during the titration. The end-point of the
    titration is reached when the addition of a single drop of alkali produces a slight
    but definite colour change persisting fo r at least 15 seconds.

    6. Calculation
    _ ,i.AP\~ ~ ~ C>--\"" ,f\on c_ G-..UC\
    Calculate as follow:
    D · l , ¼.c\.O"""
    V )'
    FFA, as !auric ac id, (%) 200 X N X V x l 00
    1000 X W
    N = normality (Molar) of the Potassium hydroxide solution in four decimal places.
    V = volume in ml of the potassium hydroxide solution used and
    W = weight in grams of the extracted oil
    Note 1.
    Potassium or sodium hydroxide of approximately 0.1 N should be standardized with
    potassium hydrogen phthalate as follows :
    Dry potassium hydrogen phthalate' in an oven at l 20°C for 2 hours and allow to cool in a
    desiccator before use. Weigh out 0.4 ± 0.2 g to 1.0 g of the potassium hydrogen phtha\ate
    directly into a conical flask . Add 30 ml water and phenolphthalein indicator.
    Place on a hot plate and swirl till the salt has completely dissolved and titrate with
    potassium hydroxide to the first appearance of a permanent pink colour.

    Normality of the alkali = W x 1o·3


    t X 204.2

    where W = the weight of phthalate taken


    t = the volume of potassium hydroxide in ml
    Express the results to four decimal places.
    Carry out dupl icate determinations. The titre of the hydroxide should be checked prior to it
    being used.

    Note 2.
    Isopropanol may also be used

    Laboratory Practical Write Up


    For the lab Report Writeup, students must report using the standard Lab writeup procedure .
    This will include,
    Abstract, Introduction, Aims/Objectives, Materials used, Methods Used, Results, Discussion,
    Conclusion and References.
    In the discussion, students are to compare the FF A of the tested sample with that of
    international market standard for VCO.
    Questions to answer.
    (1) Why is FFA important in vegetable or edible oil trade?
    ,(2) How can FFA be reduced in copra oil after oil extraction? .
    (~) /J(;...r.J.<- On~ fv{t::.~ 6'¼--cJ l~l rr~ \-u,tl.\\~ Gr ~T,\-)~i\-~ ~u.t(\J..~~ .

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