COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

22IN2205

STUDENT ID: ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24

STUDENT NAME:
A.Y. 2023-24 LAB/SKILL CONTINUOUS EVALUATION

S.No Date Experiment Name Pre- In-Lab (25M) Post- Viva Total Faculty
Lab Program/ Data and Analysis Lab Voce (50M) Signature
(10M) Procedure Results & (10M) (5M)
(5M) (10M) Inference
(10M)
1. Introductory Session -NA-
GENERATION OF BASIC
SIGNALS
a. Unit step
2. b. Unit Impulse
c. Unit Ramp
d. Sinusoidal
e. Unit exponentiation
SIGNAL OPERATIONS
a. Addition Operation
b. Signal Reverse
3. c. Signal Subtraction
d. Signal Multiplication
e. Signal Scaling in Time
f. Signal Shifting
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
4.
AND DEMODULATION
AM – DSB - SC MODULATION
5.
AND DEMODULATION
6. FREQUENCY MODULATION
Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

S.No Date Experiment Name Pre- In-Lab (25M) Post- Viva Total Faculty
Lab Program/ Data and Analysis Lab Voce (50M) Signature
(10M) Procedure Results & (10M) (5M)
(5M) (10M) Inference
(10M)
7. PHASE MODULATION

8. PILSE CODE MODULATION

9. DELTA MODULATION

10. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

11. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

12. PHASE SHIFT KEYING

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INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
AIM :To write a MATLAB program to perform some basic operation on matrices such
as addition, subtraction, multiplication.
SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
1. MATLAB ONLINE.

THEORY:-
MATLAB, which stands for MATrixLABoratory, is a state-of-the-art
mathematical software package, which is used extensively in both academia and
industry. It is an interactive program for numerical computation and data visualization,
which along with its programming capabilities provides a very useful tool for almost all
areas of science and engineering. Unlike other mathematical packages, such as MAPLE
or MATHEMATICA, MATLAB cannot perform symbolic manipulations without the
use of additional Toolboxes. It remains however, one of the leading software packages
for numerical computation. As you might guess from its name, MATLAB deals mainly
with matrices. A scalar is a 1-by-1 matrix and a row vector of length say 5, is a 1-by-5
matrix.. One of the many advantages of MATLAB is the natural notation used. It looks
a lot like the notation that you encounter in a linear algebra. This makes the use of the
program especially easy and it is what makes MATLAB a natural choice for numerical
computations. The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize MATLAB, by
introducing the basic features and commands of the program.

Built in Functions:
Scalar Functions:
Certain MATLAB functions are essentially used on scalars, but operate
element-wise when applied to a matrix (or vector). They are summarized
below.
1. sin - trigonometric sine
2. cos - trigonometric cosine
3. tan - trigonometric tangent
4. asin - trigonometric inverse sine (arcsine)
5. acos - trigonometric inverse cosine (arccosine)
6. atan - trigonometric inverse tangent (arctangent)
7. exp - exponential

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8. log - natural logarithm

9. abs - absolute value
10. sqrt - square root
11. rem - remainder
12. round - round towards nearest integer
13. floor - round towards negative infinity
14. ceil - round towards positive infinity

Vector Functions:
Other MATLAB functions operate essentially on vectors returning a scalar
value. Some of these functions are given below.
1. max largest component : get the row in which the maximum element lies
2. min smallest component
3. lengthlength of a vector
4. sortsort in ascending order
5. sumsum of elements
6. prod product of elements
7. medianmedian value
8. meanmean value std standard deviation

Matrix Functions:
Much of MATLAB‟s power comes from its matrix functions. These can
be further separated into two sub-categories.
The first one consists of convenient matrix building functions, some of which
are given below.
1. eye - identity matrix
2. zeros - matrix of zeros
3. ones - matrix of ones
4. diag - extract diagonal of a matrix or create diagonal matrices
5. triu - upper triangular part of a matrix
6. tril - lower triangular part of a matrix
7. rand - randomly generated matrix

commands in the second sub-category of matrix functions are

1. sizesize of a matrix
2. det determinant of a square matrix
3. inv inverse of a matrix
4. rankrank of a matrix
5. rref reduced row echelon form
6. eig eigenvalues and eigenvectors
7. poly characteristic polynomial

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PROGRAM:-
a=[1 2 -9 ; 2 -1 2; 3 -4 3];
b=[1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
disp('The Matrix a= ');
a disp('The matrix b=
'); b
% to find sum of a and b
c=a+b; disp('The sum of a and
b is '); c
% to find difference of a and b d=a-
b; disp('The difference of a and b is
'); d
%to find multiplication of a and b
e=a*b; disp('The product of a and b is ');
RESULT:-
Finding addition, subtraction, multiplication using MATLAB was Successfully
completed.

VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1.Expand MATLAB?And importance of MATLAB?

2.What is clear all and close all will do?

3.What is disp() and input()?

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4.What is the syntax to find the eigen values and eigenvectors of the matrix?

5. What is the syntax to find the rank of the matrix?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Evaluator MUST ask Viva-voce prior to signing and posting marks for each

experiment.

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1. Experiment Title: Generation of Basic Signals

a. Unit step b. Unit Impulse c. Unit Ramp d. Sinusoidal e. Unit exponentiation
Aim/Objective: To generate basic signals like unit impulse, unit step, unit ramp signal
and Exponential signals.
Description:
Unit Impulse:
The delta function, also known as the unit impulse signal, is a signal that is zero
everywhere except at t=0, when it exhibits an indefinitely narrow spike of infinite
amplitude. It can be represented mathematically as (t), where represents the impulse. It is
often used in signal analysis to understand system behaviour at precise points in time.

Impulse function is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as δ(t) = {10t=0t≠0{1�=00�≠0

Unit Step:
The Heaviside function, commonly known as the unit step signal, is a signal that is zero
for t less than 0 and one for t greater than or equal to 0. It can be written mathematically
as u(t), where u represents the step function. The unit step signal represents abrupt shifts
or transitions in a system.
Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as u(t) = {1t⩾00t<0

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Unit Ramp:
The unit ramp signal is a continuous signal that begins at zero and climbs linearly with
time t. It is denoted mathematically as r(t), and its equation is r(t) = t*u(t), where r denotes
the ramp function. The unit ramp signal is used to simulate progressive growth or change
in a system.

Exponential:
A continuous signal that rises or decays exponentially with time t is known as an
exponential signal. It is denoted by x(t) = e(at), where an is a constant. The exponential
signal can either expand or decay with time depending on the value of a. It is widely

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utilised in a variety of applications, including population growth modelling, radioactive

decay, and electrical circuits involving capacitors or inductors.

Pre-Requisites:
Before proceeding with this tutorial, you must have a basic understanding of differential
and integral calculus, limits and adequate knowledge of mathematics.
1. Unit impulse signal: A unit impulse signal, also known as a Dirac delta function,
is a signal that has an amplitude of zero everywhere except at a single point where
it has an infinite amplitude.
2. Unit step signal: A unit step signal, also known as a Heaviside step function, is a
signal that starts at zero and subsequently jumps to a constant value of one at a
specified point in time.
3. Unit ramp signal: A unit ramp signal is a signal that starts at zero and climbs
linearly with time, often with a slope of one.
4. Exponential signal: An exponential signal is one that changes at an exponential
rate over time. Depending on whether the exponent is positive or negative, it might
be either a growing or a decaying exponential signal.
These fundamental signals are widely utilised in signal
processing and system analysis to describe and analyse a wide range of systems
and phenomena.

Pre-Lab:
1. What is the mathematical representation of a unit step signal?

2. What are the applications of unit step signals in real-world systems?

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3. How can a unit ramp signal be generated or synthesized?

4. Can you provide an example of a system or phenomenon where an exponential

signal is commonly observed or used for analysis?

In-Lab:
Program:
(a). Program for the generation of UNIT impulse signal

Results:

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(b). Program for the generation of UNIT step signal

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Result

(c).Program for the generation of unit RAMP signal

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Result

(d).Program for the generation of Exponential signal

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Results:

(e). Program for Continuous time signal

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Results:

(f). Program for Discrete time cosine signal :

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Results:

 Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. Define impulse signal

2. Define ramp signal

3. Define unit step signal

4. Define exponentional signal

5. Define sinusoidal signal

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment-2: Title: SIGNAL OPERATIONS

a) Addition Operation b)Signal Reverse c)Signal Subtraction d) Signal

Multiplication e)Signal Scaling in Time f) Signal Shifting

Aim : To analyze signal operations such as addition, reversal, subtraction, multiplication,

scaling, scaling in time, and shifting for understanding their effects and applications in
signal processing.

Description:

a) Addition Operation: This involves combining two or more signals by adding

their respective values at each point in time, often used for mixing or overlaying
signals in various applications such as audio synthesis or communication systems.

b) Signal Reverse: This operation entails reversing the order of samples in a signal,
effectively mirroring it, which can be useful for tasks like time reversal or creating
echo effects in audio processing.

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c) Signal Subtraction: In this operation, one signal is subtracted from another by

subtracting their corresponding values, commonly used in noise reduction or
cancellation techniques to extract desired signals from a noisy environment.

d) Signal Multiplication: This operation involves multiplying corresponding samples of

two signals, which can amplify or attenuate specific frequency components, and finds
applications in modulation, filtering, and spectral analysis.

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Pre-Lab:

1) How does adding two signals affect their frequencies and amplitudes?

2) What effect does signal reversal have on the time-domain representation of a signal?

3) What challenges might arise when subtracting signals with different characteristics?

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4) How does signal multiplication contribute to frequency domain analysis?

5) Can you explain how signal shifting is used in signal synchronization systems?

In-Lab:

Program:

a) Addition Operation

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Results:

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Results:

c) Signal Subtraction

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Results:

d) Signal Multiplication:

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Results:

e) Signal Scaling in time:

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Result:

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f) Signal Shifting:

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Results:

Analysis and Inferences:

Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1) Differentiate between analog and digital signals.?

2) Define signal addition and explain how it is performed in the time domain.

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3) Explain the concept of time scaling in signal processing and its effects on the
signal.

4) How does time scaling affect the frequency content of a signal?

5) How does signal shifting affect signal phase and amplitude?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment :4 AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION.

Aim/Objective: To implement Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation (double

sideband) using MATLAB.

Description:

Amplitude modulation is a change in the signal voltage with all other factors remaining
constant. I.e. the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied by the modulating signal voltage
whose frequency is lower than that of carrier. Am defined as the system of modulation in
which the amplitude of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of
the modulating voltage.

The carrier voltage Vc and modulating voltage Vm can be represented by Vc=

Vc Sin Wct,Vm= VmSinWmt.

The modulation m is given by m=Vm/Vc.

1. The change in the amplitude of the wave is caused by, and is directly proportional to
the polarity and amplitude of the message signal.
2. The zero level of the message signal corresponds to the maximum level of the un
modulated carrier signal. When the message signal goes positive ,the total signal is made
greater in amplitude than the un modulated by an amount equal two the message signal.
When the message signal goes negative, the total voltage is made less than the un
modulated carrier wave by an amount equal to the message signal.
3.The +ve and –ve peaks of the modulated wave are mirror images of each other for
conditions of Vmax and Vmin.
4.When the level of the message signal is equal to the level of carrier signal, the carrier is
said to be fully modulated (100% modulation). The conditions for 100% modulation is
Vc+Vm=2Vc,Vc-Vm=0.
Vmax-Vmin
Modulation factor (m)= ----------------
Vmax+Vmin
i.e. the peak message signal voltage is equal to the peak carrier voltage at 100%
modulation . Then the total voltage in the wave at 100% modulation must be equal to
twice the un modulated carrier voltage. The total side band voltage is equal to the carrier
voltage; the voltage of each side band is equal to one-half the carrier voltage.
There fore total voltage= Vc+mVc/2+mVc/2 ,
Which means that the to side band voltages are equal and the value between zero and
one-half of the carrier voltage.

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The expression for the amplitude-modulated wave is

E(message ) = e = Es(max)sin(2π fs)t
E(total)=Ec sin(2π fc)t- mEc/2 cos 2π (fc+fs)t + mEc/2 cos2π (fc-fs)t.
Ec sin(2π fc)t represents the carrier signal,
mEc/2 cos 2π (fc+fs)t is upper sideband and
mEc/2 cos2π (fc-fs)t. is lower side band.

The minimum voltage to be transmitted will be the unmodulated carrier voltage Ec for
m=o.The maximum voltage to be transmitted will be 2Ec for 100% modulation, with a
voltage of Ec/2in the lower side band and a voltage of Ec/2 in the upper side band.

The process of extracting a base band signal from the modulated signal is known as de
modulation .AM signal with large carrier are detected by using the envelope detector. The
envelope detector employs the circuit that extract the envelop of the AM wave. The
envelope of the AM wave is the base band signal , How ever, a low level modulated signal
can be detected by using square law detector in which a device operating in the non linear
region is used to detect the base band signal.

A diode operating in a linear region of its characteristics can extract the envelop detector
.it is very simple and less expensive.

Pre-Requisites:
Amplitude Modulation (AM): A modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier
signal is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
Carrier Signal: A high-frequency sinusoidal signal that is modulated to carry the
information. It typically has a much higher frequency than the modulating signal.
Modulating Signal: The baseband signal that contains the information to be transmitted.
It is typically an audio signal or any other low-frequency signal.
Modulated Signal: The resulting signal after the carrier signal is modulated with the
modulating signal. It consists of the carrier signal with the information encoded in the
amplitude variations.
Double Sideband (DSB): A type of AM where both the upper and lower sidebands are
transmitted, resulting in a double bandwidth requirement.
Pre-Lab:
1. What is the purpose of implementing amplitude modulation and demodulation in
MATLAB?

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2. How does the modulation index affect the amplitude modulation process, and
what is its significance?

3. Describe the steps involved in demodulating an amplitude modulated (double

sideband) signal in MATLAB.

4. How can a low-pass filter be used in the demodulation process, and why is it
necessary?

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of amplitude modulation compared to

other modulation techniques, and how can these be observed in the MATLAB
implementation?

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In-Lab:

 Program:

Amplitude Modulation:

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Results: Under Modulation

Results: Critical Modulation

Results: Over Modulation

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Demodulation:

Results:

 Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What is the purpose of amplitude modulation (AM) in communication systems?

2. How does MATLAB facilitate the implementation of amplitude modulation and

demodulation?

3. How can the modulation index be adjusted to control the level of modulation in
AM?

4. What is the significance of the carrier frequency and the message signal
frequency in AM?

5. How does the demodulation process in AM (double sideband) using MATLAB

help recover the original message signal?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment:5 AM – DSB - SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Aim/Objective: To implement AM-DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation using

MATLAB.

Pre-Requisites:
AM-DSB-SC Modulation: Amplitude modulation with double sideband suppressed
carrier is a modulation technique where both the upper and lower sidebands are
transmitted, while the carrier signal is suppressed or removed.
Carrier Signal: A high-frequency sinusoidal signal that is modulated to carry the
information. In AM-DSB-SC, the carrier signal is suppressed and not transmitted.
Modulating Signal: The baseband signal that contains the information to be transmitted.
It is typically an audio signal or any other low-frequency signal.
Modulated Signal: The resulting signal after the carrier signal is modulated with the
modulating signal. It consists of the double sideband (upper and lower sidebands) without
the carrier.
Modulation Index: A parameter that determines the extent of amplitude variation in the
modulated signal. It is the ratio of the peak amplitude of the modulating signal to the peak
amplitude of the carrier signal.
Pre-Lab:
1. Describe the process of AM-DSB-SC modulation, including the role of the carrier
signal and modulation index?

2. Explain the frequency spectrum of an AM-DSB-SC modulated signal?

3. Discuss two common methods for demodulating an AM-DSB-SC signal and

recovering the original modulating signal?

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4. Describe the role of the low-pass filter in AM-DSB-SC demodulation?

5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of AM-DSB-SC modulation?

In-Lab:

 Program:

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Results: Time Domain

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Results: Frequency Domain

 Analysis and Inferences:

Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What is the basic principle behind AM-DSB-SC modulation?

2. How is the carrier signal suppressed in AM-DSB-SC modulation?

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3. What is the modulation index in AM-DSB-SC modulation?

4. How can the original modulating signal be recovered in AM-DSB-SC

demodulation?

5. What is the purpose of the low-pass filter in AM-DSB-SC demodulation?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment :6 Frequency Modulation

Aim/Objective: To implement Frequency Modulation using MATLAB.

Description :

Frequency Modulation (FM) is a modulation technique widely used in

telecommunications, broadcasting, and various other communication systems. At its core,

FM involves encoding information onto a carrier wave by varying the frequency of the

carrier signal in accordance with the amplitude of the input signal (modulating signal).

Here's a detailed description of Frequency Modulation:

In FM, the frequency of the carrier wave is modulated in proportion to the amplitude

variations of the input signal. When the amplitude of the modulating signal increases, the

frequency of the carrier wave increases, and when the amplitude decreases, the frequency

decreases. This modulation process creates sidebands around the carrier frequency,

containing the encoded information.

Pre-Lab:

1.) Define Frequency Modulation (FM) and explain how it differs from Amplitude

Modulation (AM).

2) What are the advantages of FM over AM in terms of noise immunity and signal quality?

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3) What is the modulation index in FM? How does it affect the frequency deviation and

the bandwidth of the FM signal?

4) Explain why FM modulation is often preferred in radio broadcasting and

telecommunications applications.

5) What are the key components of an FM transmitter circuit? Briefly explain the function

of each component.

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In-Lab:

Program:

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Results:

Analysis and Inferences:

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Viva Questions:

1. Can you explain the process of modulating a carrier wave using FM? How is

information encoded onto the carrier frequency?

2. How does FM provide noise immunity compared to AM modulation? Can you

explain this concept?

3. What is meant by bandwidth efficiency in FM modulation? How does FM achieve

a constant bandwidth regardless of the modulating signal's frequency?

4. How does FM encode information onto a carrier wave?

5. How does FM provide frequency diversity in wireless communication?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment: 7. PHASE MODULATION

Aim/Objective: To implement PHASE Modulation using MATLAB.

Description:

Phase modulation involves changing the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal

according to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. This modulation

process results in a phase-shifted carrier wave, where the phase angle of the carrier wave

is directly proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

In phase modulation, the relationship between the modulating signal and the phase of the

carrier wave is expressed by the modulation index, which determines the amount of phase

shift introduced by the modulating signal. A larger modulation index corresponds to a

greater deviation in phase, resulting in a more significant change in the carrier wave's

phase angle.

One of the key characteristics of phase modulation is its constant amplitude, unlike

amplitude modulation where the amplitude of the modulated signal varies. This constant

amplitude makes PM less susceptible to noise and distortion, leading to improved signal

quality and greater immunity to channel noise.

Phase modulation is closely related to Frequency Modulation (FM), as both techniques

involve manipulating the carrier wave's characteristics to encode information. In fact, PM

and FM are often used interchangeably in practical systems, with phase modulation being

a special case of frequency modulation where the frequency deviation is directly

proportional to the modulating signal's amplitude.

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Phase modulation finds applications in various communication systems, including

telecommunications, satellite communication, and digital data transmission. It is

particularly well-suited for applications requiring high spectral efficiency and robustness

against noise and interference.

Pre-Lab :

1. Define Phase Modulation (PM) and explain how it differs from other modulation

techniques like Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM).

2. What is the basic principle behind Phase Modulation? How is information

encoded onto the carrier wave in PM?

3. Describe the relationship between the modulating signal and the phase of the

carrier wave in Phase Modulation.

4. What is the modulation index in PM, and how does it affect the phase deviation

of the modulated signal?

5. Explain why Phase Modulation is considered to have constant amplitude. How

does this characteristic contribute to its noise immunity?

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In-Lab:

Program:

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Results:

Analysis and Inferences:

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Viva Questions:

1. What is Phase Modulation (PM), and how does it differ from Amplitude

Modulation (AM)?

2. How is information encoded onto the carrier wave in Phase Modulation?

3. What is the modulation index in Phase Modulation, and what role does it play?

4. Why is Phase Modulation considered to have constant amplitude?

5. What are the advantages of Phase Modulation over other modulation techniques?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment:8 PULSE-CODE MODULATION

Aim/Objective: To implement Pulse-code modulation using MATLAB.

Description :

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) stands as a cornerstone in the realm of digital signal
processing, providing a robust method for the faithful representation of analog signals in
digital form. It involves a systematic process of sampling, quantization, encoding,
transmission or storage, and subsequent reconstruction of analog signals, ensuring high
fidelity and accuracy in the digital domain.

At the heart of PCM lies the process of sampling, wherein the continuous analog signal
is discretized at regular intervals in time. This discrete-time representation enables the
conversion of the continuous signal into a series of discrete amplitude values. The rate at
which these samples are taken, known as the sampling rate or sampling frequency, plays
a critical role in determining the fidelity of the reconstructed signal. According to the
Nyquist theorem, the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency
component of the analog signal to prevent aliasing and ensure accurate reconstruction.

Following sampling, the sampled amplitude values undergo quantization, where each
amplitude value is mapped to the nearest discrete level within a predetermined set of
levels. This process essentially involves assigning a digital code to each sampled
amplitude, effectively converting the continuous amplitude variations into discrete digital
values. The number of quantization levels determines the resolution of the PCM system,
with higher resolutions allowing for more precise representation of the original analog
signal.

Once quantized, the digital representations of the sampled amplitudes are encoded into
binary code words. This encoding process typically involves representing each quantized
value using a fixed number of bits, known as the bit depth. Common PCM formats include
8-bit, 16-bit, and 24-bit representations, with higher bit depths offering greater dynamic
range and fidelity at the expense of increased data size.

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The encoded PCM data can then be transmitted over communication channels or stored
in digital storage devices for subsequent playback or processing. During transmission or
storage, measures are often taken to ensure the integrity and reliability of the data, such
as error detection and correction techniques.

At the receiving or playback end, the encoded PCM data is decoded to reconstruct the
original analog signal. This involves converting the binary code words back into analog
voltages using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The reconstructed analog signal
closely resembles the original analog signal, provided that the sampling rate and
quantization resolution are sufficiently high.

PCM finds widespread application across various domains, including

telecommunications, audio recording and playback, medical imaging, and
instrumentation. Its ability to accurately represent analog signals in digital form, coupled
with its compatibility with digital systems and resilience to noise, makes it a fundamental
tool in modern signal processing and communication systems.

Pre-Lab:

1. Define Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and explain its significance in digital signal

processing.

2. What are the main steps involved in the PCM process? Briefly describe each step.

3. How does the sampling rate affect the fidelity of the reconstructed analog signal

in PCM?

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4. What is quantization in PCM? How does the number of quantization levels impact

the resolution of the PCM system?

5. What are some common applications of PCM in real-world scenarios?

In-Lab:

Program:

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Results: Sampling Output

Results: Quantized Output

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Results: PCM Output

Analysis and Inferences:

Viva Questions:

1. What is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?

2. What are the basic elements of a PCM system?

3. Explain the process of PCM.

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4. What is sampling in PCM?

5. What is quantization in PCM?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

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Experiment:9 Delta Modulation

Aim: To Implement the delta modulation using Matlab.

Description:

Delta modulation is a relatively simple yet effective technique used for analog-to-digital

conversion in various communication systems and signal processing applications. The

fundamental principle of delta modulation lies in encoding the difference or delta between

consecutive samples of an analog signal rather than the absolute amplitude values. This

approach significantly simplifies the encoding process and reduces the complexity of the

modulation system.

In delta modulation, the continuous-time analog signal is sampled at regular intervals

determined by a clock or timing mechanism. At each sampling instant, the modulator

calculates the difference between the current sample and the reconstructed signal obtained

from the previous sample. This difference, also known as the delta or error signal, is then

quantized into a binary representation.

The quantization process in delta modulation involves comparing the delta signal with a

threshold or step size. If the delta signal exceeds the threshold, the output of the modulator

indicates an increase in signal amplitude, and a binary '1' is transmitted. Conversely, if

the delta signal is below the threshold, the output represents a decrease in signal

amplitude, and a binary '0' is transmitted. This simple binary representation of the signal's

rate of change is transmitted or stored as the digital representation of the analog signal.

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One of the key advantages of delta modulation is its simplicity and low hardware

complexity. Compared to other modulation techniques, delta modulation requires

minimal hardware components, making it suitable for low-cost and low-power

applications. Additionally, delta modulation lends itself well to real-time processing tasks

due to its straightforward encoding process and low computational requirements.

Pre-Lab:

1. What is the fundamental principle behind delta modulation?

2. How does delta modulation differ from other modulation techniques, such as pulse

code modulation (PCM)?

3. What are the main components of a delta modulator, and what are their functions?

4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of delta modulation compared to PCM.

5. Explain the concept of granular noise in delta modulation and its impact on signal

quality.

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In-Lab:

Program:

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Results:

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Analysis and Inferences:

Viva Questions:

1. Explain the principle of operation of a delta modulator.

2. What are the main components of a delta modulation system, and what are their

functions?

3. Describe the quantization process in delta modulation. How is the quantization

threshold determined?

4. What is granular noise in delta modulation? How does it affect the quality of the

reconstructed signal?

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5. Discuss the concept of slope overload in delta modulation. How does it occur, and

what are its consequences?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

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Experiment:10 AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (GENERATION AND

DETECTION)

Aim: To design and study the working of ASK modulation and demodulation system

with the help of suitable circuit

Description:

The transmission of digital signals is increasing at a rapid rate. Low-frequency analog

signals are often converted to digital format (PAM) before transmission. The source

signals are generally referred to as baseband signals. We can send analog and digital

signals directly over a medium. From electro-magnetic theory, for efficient radiation of

electrical energy from an antenna it must be at least in the order of magnitude of a

wavelength in size; c = fλ, where c is the velocity of light, f is the signal frequency and λ

is the wavelength. For a 1kHz audio signal, the wavelength is 300 km. An antenna of this

size is not practical for efficient transmission. The low-frequency signal is often

frequency-translated to a higher frequency range for efficient transmission. The process

is called modulation. The use of a higher frequency range reduces antenna size.

Amplitude shift keying - ASK - in the context of digital communications is a modulation

process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are

related to the number of levels adopted by the digital message.

For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically zero. Thus

the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid.

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A binary ASK (BASK) wave is obtained by multiplying the message signal with the

carrier. The B-ASK signal has two levels ‗1‘ and ‗0‘ representing the presence and

absence of the sinusoid respectively. This can be shown in the waveform below. The

message signal must be represented in NZR uni polar format only. Binary ASK system

has the largest probability of bit error when compared to FSK and PSK systems.

There are sharp discontinuities shown at the transition points. These result in the signal

having an unnecessarily wide bandwidth. Band limiting is generally introduced before

transmission, in which case these discontinuities would be ‗rounded off‘. The band

limiting may be applied to the digital message, or the modulated signal itself. One of the

disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and PSK, for example, is that it has not got a

constant envelope. This makes its processing (e.g., power amplification) more difficult,

since linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does make for ease of

demodulation with an envelope detector.

Pre-Lab:

1. Define ASK and explain how it differs from other modulation techniques.

2. Describe a practical application where ASK modulation is commonly used.

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3. Explain the process of modulating a digital signal using ASK.

4. What factors affect the performance of an ASK system?

5. Discuss the concept of baud rate and its significance in ASK modulation.

In-Lab:

Program:

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Results:

Analysis and Inferences:

Viva Questions:

1. What is Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation?

2. Explain the process of modulating a digital signal using ASK.

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3. What are the advantages of ASK modulation

4. What are the main disadvantages or limitations of ASK modulation?

5. Can you describe the relationship between the amplitude of the carrier signal and
the binary data being transmitted in ASK?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment:11 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (MODULATION AND

DEMODULATION)

Aim: To study the working of FSK modulation and demodulation.

Description:

FSK is one of the digital modulation technique. Here frequency of the carrier is switched

between two values. A sinusoidal of amplitude' A' and frequency fc1 is used to represent

a binary '1' and frequency fc2 is used to represent binary '0'. FSK modulated waveform

can be represented as,

As its name suggests, a frequency shift keyed transmitter has its frequency shifted by the

message. Although there could be more than two frequencies involved in an FSK signal,

in this experiment the message will be a binary bit stream, and so only two frequencies

will be involved. The word ‗keyed‘ suggests that the message is of the ‗on-off‘ (mark-

space) variety, such as one (historically) generated by a Morse key or more likely in the

present context, a binary sequence. Conceptually, and in fact, the transmitter could consist

of two oscillators (on frequencies f1 and f2), with only one being connected to the output

at any one time. Unless there are special relationships between the two oscillator

frequencies and the bit clock there will be abrupt phase discontinuities of the output

waveform during transitions of the message.

Bandwidth:

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Practice is for the tones f1 and f2 to bear special inter-relationships, and to be integer

multiples of the bit rate. This leads to the possibility of continuous phase, which offers

advantages, especially with respect to bandwidth control.FSK signals can be generated at

baseband, and transmitted over telephone lines (for example). In this case, both f1 and f2

(of Fig.2) would be audio frequencies. Alternatively, this signal could be translated to a

higher frequency. Yet again, it may be generated directly at ‗carrier‘ frequencies.

Minimum-shift keying:

Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particularly

spectrally efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK the difference between the higher and

lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms used to

represent a 0 and a 1 bit differs by exactly half a carrier period. This is the smallest FSK

modulation index that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal.

A variant of MSK called GMSK is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.

Pre-Lab:

1. State different types of Digital modulation techniques?

2. What is shift keying? What are applications of shift keying?

3. What is a binary modulation technique?

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4. Define FSK?

5. How is the bandwidth of an FSK signal determined?

In-Lab:

Program:

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Results:

Analysis and Inferences:

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Viva Questions:

1. How signals are modulated and de modulated in FSK?

2. What is the frequency range of the input and output signal and why?

3. What are the applications of FSK technique?

4. What is the bandwidth range required for FSK ?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment: 12 Phase Shift Keying (Modulation and Demodulation)

Aim: To study the working of PSK modulation and demodulation.

Description:

the Phase Shift Key modulation and demodulation. In this carrier Generator is generated

by a wein bridge oscillator around 28KHz. At ±5Vp-p sine wave using 741 IC. The sine

wave is converted into square wave using TL084 in comparator mode. The transistor BC

107 converts the square wave signal to TTL level. This is used as a basic bit clock or 180º

for a mark and 0º for space. This square wave is used as a clock input to a decade counter

(IC7490) which generates the modulating data outputs. IC CD4051 is an Analog

multiplexer to which carrier is applied with and without 180º phase shift to the two

multiplex inputs of the IC. Modulating data input is applied to its control input.

Depending upon the level of the control signal, carrier signal applied with or without

phase shift is steered to the output. The 180º phase shift to the carrier signal created by

an operational amplifier using 741 IC during the demodulation, the PSK signal is

converted into a +5 volts square wave signal using a transistor and is applied to one input

of an EX-OR gate. To the second input of the gate, carrier signal is applied after

conversion into a +5 volts signal. So the EX-OR gate output is equivalent to the

modulating data signal.

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Pre-Lab:

1. Define Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation.?

2. State different types of Digital modulation techniques.

3. What is a binary modulation technique?

4. How does noise affect PSK communication? How can PSK systems mitigate

noise interference?

5. How is the bandwidth of an FSK signal determined?

In-Lab: Program:

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Results:

Analysis and Inferences:

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Viva Questions:

1. What is PSK modulation, and how does it differ from other modulation
techniques?

2. Explain the concept of phase shift in PSK modulation.

3. How is digital information encoded into phase shifts in PSK modulation?

4. What are the advantages of PSK modulation over other modulation techniques
like ASK or FSK?

5. Can you describe the difference between Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)?

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured: out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Course Title COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24

Course Code(s) 22IN2205 Page No: