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PASIR GUDANG

Usahasama antara Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan, Agensi Kerajaan, dan
Badan Bukan Kerajaan untuk menghebahkan
maklumat dan kesedaran mengenai masalah
pencemaran di Parlimen Pasir Gudang.

Pemberdayaan masyarakat berilmu setempat yang

berusaha untuk membina kelestarian sekitaran
yang selamat dan selesa

25 Mac
2019
 PROPERTIES OF WATER
BECOME DENSER WHEN COOL
HIGH THERMAL BUFFERING
CAPACITY • Most dense at 4°C (ice 0°C float)
• Tends to resist change in • Prevent aquatic habitat from freezing
temperature • Allow thermal stratification for
temperate lake
• Large energy added @ remove to • When freeze (0°C), max H-bond form
change the temperature of water • T↑, HB↓, V↓, δ↑
• T↑, KE↑, V↑, δ↓
• High specific heat capacity, latent
heat of fusion, heat of vaporization,
latent heat.

How does it affect the water organism

in summer? How do fish survive in winter?
Properties of water | Polarity | Hydrogen Bonds | Adhesion &
Cohesion

https://youtu.be/VzJliO8URVM
 GOOD SOLVENT FOR IONIC AND
POLAR COMPOUND LOWER TRANSPARENCY THAN AIR
• Since water is polar, it dissolve polar or • Allow light to penetrate the water
ionic substances
• Transparent for photosynthesis aquatic
• Act as delivery medium for organisms and plant
ecosystems
• Euphotic zone: PHOTOSYNTHESIS >
• UNIVERSAL solvent, easily polluted RESPIRATION
• BUT poor solvent for many gases • Aphotic zone: RESPIRATION >
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
HIGH VISCOSITY AND SURFACE TENSION
• Compensation depth: RESPIRATION =
• Affects buoyancy PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Aquatic plant is small and float in the
water e.g: phytoplankton Properties of water
• Larger aquatic organisms are
streamlined https://youtu.be/z5Vm56Pu4hU

• Small organisms living in high currents

INTERPHASE REACTION IN WATER
BODIES
Biological@Biosphere Atmosphere
Interactions
1. Aerobic respiration; 1. O2 dissolution
CH20 + O2 CO2+H2O
1. CO2 and CH4
2. Anaerobic respiration; released to the
atmosphere
2(CH2O) CO2 + CH4

3. Photosynthesis; 1. Particulates in
aqueous phase
CO2 + H2O + uv CH2+O2

1. Precipitation and
4. Biological reduction in solubility
anaerobic conditions;
2+
Ca + CO32-
2+ CaCO3
Fe + H2S FeS +2H+
Oxygen dynamics in aquatic system. O2 SAG CURVE: concentration of
Processes that increase dissolved oxygen concentrations: oxygen at the particular time
green boxes. Processes that decrease dissolved oxygen concentrations: depending on the rate of aeration vs
with orange boxes deoxygenation
USES OF OXYGEN (DEOXYGENATION)
• Oxidation of organic substances by
bacteria.
• Respiration of fish and other
organism in water.
• Respiration of plant at night

ADDITION OF OXYGEN (AERATION)

• continuous oxygenation from
atmosphere.
• Photosynthesis of plant at day.
Oxygen Sag Curve Solved Examples | Plants can both deoxygenate
Waste Water Engineering and aerate the water. How?
https://youtu.be/6SYuc_3dAtg
 FACTORS AFFECTING
CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN
3. ORGANISM:
1. TEMPERATURE:
- Photosynthesis at day
- DO depend to temperature of water body
- Respiration and decomposition at night
- Temperature increase, metabolism and
respiration increase, usage of O2 increase, - Decomposition and precipitation use DO
DO decrease. - Amount of CO2 increase.
- But DO at surface water is high due to
photosynthesis and O2 from atmosphere.
4. pH:
- pH range at 6.0-8.5 Oxy
2. SALINITY:
- Oxygen diffusion generally not affected by
- Dissolved salt decrease space between pH
water molecule which can be filled with DO.
- if the pH is too low it decreases the
- Salt increase, space between water ability of fish toeffectively absorb
molecules decrease, space for gases to dissolved oxygen. The optimal level for
dissolved decrease, DO decrease. dissolved oxygen is 9.1 mg/L, and
for pH is roughly 7.4.
• Colloid= smaller size
• Suspended solid= larger (>0.45micrometer)
TYPES OF
COLLOID

HYDROPHILIC ASSOCIATION

HYDROPHOBIC
 TYPES OF COLLOID
HYDROPHILIC COLLOID: ASSOCIATION COLLOID
• Have functional group • have 2 parts (hydrophilic and
• Polar molecule hydrophobic)
• Can form hydrogen bond with water (polar • Ex; soap, detergent
• dissolve polar) • Small colloid aggregate become
macromolecule
• Ex: protein, synthetic polymer, biocolloid
• Since water is polar, it can dissolve in water.

TYPES OF COLLOIDS | LYOPHILIC COLLOID | LYOPHOBIC

COLLOID | ASSOCIATION COLLOID
https://youtu.be/QRj4y0Tnt64
 HYDROPHOBIC COLLOID:
• Particle from inorganic source (clay and metal
oxide)
• Have charge and surround by counter ion
• Form electrical double layer
• Sensitive to salt ion, aggregation and precipitated
• Cation from sea water will neutralize clay particles • The colloid is instable when it will aggregate, become
that usually negatively charge. larger and precipitated.
• So, clays which negatively charge will aggregate • Functions:
become neutral, larger in size, weightier and 1- Formation of sediments,
precipitated to the bottom of water. 2- Distribution and agglomeration of bacteria
cells
• Formation of DELTA at estuary because cation 3- Distribution of pollutants.
from sea water neutralized clays particle which are
negatively charge. Why do clay have negative charge?
The Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Nature of What factor stabilizes the colloid, making clay
Colloids colloids suspended in water?
https://youtu.be/vgwCxVSk20k
 HOW COLLOID GET SURFACE CHARGE
1. Chemical reaction on particle 3. Ions exchange:
surface: ✔ Happened to clays’ material like SiO2
▪ Hydroxyl and carboxyl produce which is basic.
surface charge when dissociates in ✔ Si4+ replaced by Al3+ producing negative
water. nett charge.
▪ Mostly for hydroxide and oxide [SiO2] + Al3+ [AlO2-] + Si4+
particle.
✔ If Al3+ is replace with divalence ions like
▪ Involve H+ and depend to pH. Mg2+, negative charge will be produced.
2. Ions adsorption:
❑ Ions adsorb on colloid surface
through H-Bond, electrostatic force
and Van der Waals forces.
❑ Negatively charge polymer (fulvic
acid) adsorb on on positively charge
particle.
How do colloidal particles attain charge?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W
NmbzsZhhho
 ✔Addition amount of salt also make the
• Aggregation Particle coagulation.
Particle in the water have different charge
• 2 process of aggregation: depend on pH. pH values where the surface
⮚Coagulation particles is neutral called zero point charge
⮚Flocculation (ZPC).
✔The pH values more than ZPC, the particles
Coagulation have negative charge and vise versa.
• The same charge of the particles
prevent coagulation. It means that Flocculation
reduced electrostatic repulsion will
stimulated different charge of ion ✔depend on the polymer that can attract other
to trap. particle to form flocculation connected.
Why clay colloid negatively charged in ✔Examples: polyelectrolyte which is positive
normal river water? charge to attract the colloid (usually
Flocculation and coagulation - floc forming and particle negative charge) in the water treatment
settling process.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkpMWjW3wbE
 COAGULATION PROCESS
■ Stable particles in natural systems
■ Particles in natural waters (generally in pH range of 6 to 8)
are –vely charged
■ Like charges repel each other and remain
suspended in solution (stable particles and no
aggregation is possible)

■ Coagulation mechanisms
■ Charge neutralization: Addition of Al or Fe salts and
organic polymers provides high concentrations of counter
ions that neutralize negative surface charges of particles
■ Reduces electrostatic repulsive interaction forces, and net
interaction energy becomes attractive (mainly Van der
Waal’s forces)
■ Net attractive forces lead to aggregation, and settling
of aggregates or floc formation
■ Sweep floc formation: precipitation of salts at high
concentration. In settling, the precipitate ‘sweeps’
colloidal particles along with itself

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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 Flocculation: Adsorption and
Interparticle Bridging
Interparticle bridging: polymers attach to more than
one particle leading to aggregation and floc
formation
■ Flocculation or mixing
■ Rapid mixing: for mixing the coagulant

■ Detention time is approx. 0.5 min

■ Slow mixing: for floc formation

■Too fast will break floc; slow enough to maximize

number of particle collisions
■ Optimum speed has to be determined experimentally

WSO Water Treatment Grade 1:

Coagulation & Flocculation, Ch. 8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVC
WwWCLY7w
Thus clay's play a part in transport of ions in/and as part of colloidal particles
Cation Exchange in Soil
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmEyymGXOfI
 Soil CEC governed by three factors:

CEC is measured in milliequivalent of a. Organic matter; the more organic

cations per 100 g soil (meq/100g). The matter, the higher CEC
higher the CEC value, the more cations b. Particle size: the smaller size, the
the soil can hold larger surface area and higher capacity
to hold cations
c. Soil pH: At lower pH, less ability to hold
cations. Neutral soils has higher CEC

18
ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 19
ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 FORMATION OF c) 4Fe2+ +10H20 + O2 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 8H+

• Sediments:
SEDIMENTS 4FeS2 + 16O2 + 12H2O
12H+ + 8SO42-
4Fe(OH)3 +

⮚ Sediment are the accumulation of settled when more soluble form of iron is brought in
particulate matter produced by chemical, contact with oxygen rich water by joining of
physical, biological and combination of these streams or by bottom pore water being brought
mechanisms. to the surface in mixing with (Henry’s law)
⮚ Contain soil, mineral, plant, animal, organic soluble oxygen obtained from mixing with air
matter. (ex: dredging operations)
• Sediments occur through some of the physical, chemical 3. Biological activity forms aquatic sediment in
and biological process: anaerobic condition. Some of the bacteria
species produce a lot ferum(iii) oxide . In
1. Soil erosion that bring particles into water body. anaerobic condition, bacteria use sulphate ion
2. Precipitation occur in water body as electron acceptor.
a) 5Ca2+ + H20 + 3HPO42- Ca5OH(PO4 )(S) + SO42- H2S
4H+ Reduction from Fe(iii) to Fe (ii) by bacteria:
(when phosphate rich water from fertilizer or Fe(OH)3(S) Fe2+
detergent flow into a natural water body
abundant in Ca2+ ion forming the insoluble • Pore water:
hydroxyapatite) ⮚ It is water saturated and water between the
b) Ca2+ + 2HCO3- CaCO3 (S) + CO2(g) + H2O particles.
(when high levels of calcium ion flow into carbonate ⮚ Very low pE.
rich water or vise versa or when pH is raised by ⮚ Has the highest bioavailability of nutrients and
photosynthetic reaction) pollutants.
 REDOX REACTION pE value in aquatic system:

Most redox reaction are mediated/catalysed 1. pE : oxidation occur and more species
by bacteria. are oxidized . Species in the form SO42-,
A strong relationship between pH and pE CO2.
2. pE : reduction occur and more species in
the reduction. Species in the form of H2S,
pH = - log (H+). The higher the H+, the lower CH4, Fe2+.
the pH, and higher acidity. Favors
dissolution of metals.

pE = -log (ae-). The higher the electron

activity, the lower the pE. and tendency for
reduction..
High pE value : Oxidising
environment and most species in high
oxidation form, e.g as SO42-, NO3-
Low pE value : Reducing environment
and most species in low oxidation
form, e.g H2S, CH4 Fe2+
 CY2

Oxygenation Process
oxygenic photosynthesis: higher plants, eukaryotic microalgae,
cyanobacteria
light
CO2 + H2O [CH2O] + O2

Deoxygenation: Respiration: occurs in dark and light

[CH2O] + O2 (or alternate electron acceptor)
CO2 + H2O
Deoxgenation: Decomposition
aerobic (O2)
[CHONPS] CO2, NO3-, PO43-, SO42- + new cells

anaerobic (NO3-, SO42-)

[CHONPS] CO2, CH4, NH4+, PH3 + H2S + new cells
 23
ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 24
ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 25
ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 Degradation process in Lakes
Aerial View: Destruction and
Degradation of Tasik Chini
https://youtu.be/7AACl55Kmjk

rich with
[DO] dissolved O2

Reduced amount of
dissolved O2
[CH4]
 Nitrate Reduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
HZiYPpxdFgc

Methanogenesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
aqDLAaSRIAY

Gibbs Free Energy:

the higher the energy
yield, the more
favorable the reaction
to take place.
O2 > NO3- > SO42-

27
ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 Trace Metals Relationship between pH and pE
A Pourbaix diagram, also known as a
Oxidizing and Reducing potential/pH diagram, EH-pH diagram or
Conditions a pE/pH diagram, maps out possible
stable (equilibrium) phases of an aqueous
electrochemical system
• Water can act both as an oxidizing agent,
in which case the water is reduced to H2
and a reducing agent, with the of O2. H+ related to acidity and alkalinity of
water.
pH= -log (H+), higher [H+], lower pH, more
• pE= 20.75- pH. acidic.
• When pH=0, pE= 20.75 and
Electron activity related to redox in the
• pH=7.0, pE= 13.75. water. pE= -log (ae-). High electron
activity, lower pE reduction dominant and
metals in reduced form.
• pE = pEo + log (reactants/products) In general, electron transfer in redox
reaction followed by electron transfer form
the relationship between pH and pE.
pE - pH Diagrams Pourbaix Diagrams
Fe species https://youtu.be/Twlj4Zun44k