Introductory Physics - I

Chapter 5 – Part 1
Newton’s laws of motion (Dynamics). Yes, again
Friction forces
Circular motion

Lecture 9 – February 6
Outline – Chapter 5

• Friction forces
• Circular motion – dynamics
• Examples of problems
• Statics
• Friction forces
• Circular motion
 Friction and friction forces
• The friction force - the tangential
component of the contact force
between two objects.
• It acts to prevent the relative motion
between the surfaces in contact.

• The surfaces in contact may or may not move, depending on the

action of other forces that may act on the components of the
system.
 Friction and friction forces
The two surfaces slide over each other. Kinetic Friction

No relative motion of the two surfaces. Static Friction

The surfaces move together or are at rest.

The Static Friction Force is a variable force.

It will increase to whatever value is needed to
prevent relative motion up to some maximum
force.
Static and kinetic Friction
 Magnitude of the Friction Force

Kinetic Friction Force fk =  k N.

N is the Normal force,  k is the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Static Friction Force fs   s N.

fs, max =  s N.

N is the Normal force,  s is the coefficient of static friction.

Note:  s is usually greater than  k though we may use equal

values in some problems.
 Solved example 1

m = 16 kg
M = 88 kg
s = 0.38 between the
blocks.
What is the minimum F so that m does not slip vertically?

This is an example of normal force which is not equal or related to the weight of
an object.
 Solved example 1
FBDs
Block on the left hand side Block on the right hand side

f y N
F N N1
mg x Mg
f
ox: F – N = ma ox: N = Ma
oy: f – mg = 0 oy: N1 – f – Mg = 0
Vertical equilibrium f = mg mg ≤ sN
Static friction f ≤ sN 𝑁≥
𝑚𝑔
𝜇𝑠
 Solved example 1
the equations
m = 16 kg
F – N = ma M = 88 kg
N = Ma s = 0.38
G=10m/s2
𝐹
Add the two equations: F = (m+M)a 𝑎=
𝑚+𝑀
𝑀𝐹
𝑁=
𝑚+𝑀
Bring over the condition for N, from previous slide:
𝑚𝑔 𝑀𝐹 𝑚𝑔 𝑚(𝑚 + 𝑀)𝑔
𝑁≥ ≥ 𝐹≥
𝜇𝑠 𝑚+𝑀 𝜇𝑠 𝑀𝜇𝑠

16 104 10
𝐹≥ ≈ 498𝑁 or Fmin=498 N
88 ⋅ 0.38
 Solved example 2
inclined plane with friction
𝑁
𝑓Ԧ
WA=mAg = 100 N
𝑊𝑡 s = 0.5
𝑊𝑛 k = 0.25
x  = 30.
y
𝑊 𝜃

a) What is the acceleration of the block for 𝜃 = 30𝑜 ?

b) For what value(s) of the angle the block is at rest?
 Solved example 2
FBD and equations
𝑁
𝑓Ԧ
ox: Wt - f=ma
𝑊𝑡

𝑊𝑛 oy: Wn - N=0
x
y
𝑊 Use the angle to find the components
of the weight:
𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑁 = 0
Sliding down the plane: 𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑁 = 0 𝑁 = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 𝑚𝑎
𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) Or, if W=mg: 𝑎 =g[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ]
𝑎=
𝑚
 Solved example 2
the solution
Part b – block at rest on the inclined plane
Equilibrium condition:
Fnet=0 (or a=0)
We want the block to be at rest on the inclined plane so we are looking at
static friction this time.

𝑎 =g[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ] 0 =g[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ]

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝜇𝑠

𝜃 −friction angle Maximum angle of the plane before the block starts
to slide down.
 Uniform Circular Motion

Motion may be in a horizontal circle such as a conical pendulum,

a mass on a turntable, or a car on a banked or unbanked curve.
Motion may be in a vertical circle such as a mass on a string, a plane
doing a loop-the-loop manoeuvre, a car going over a hill crest or
through a valley, or a roller-coaster ride.
 Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion:
• The path (trajectory) is a circle.
• The speed is constant.

The velocity is not constant there is acceleration

The acceleration is due to the change in the direction of the velocity

vector.
• Normal acceleration (centripetal)
• Tangential acceleration is zero (constant speed)
 Uniform Circular Motion
Position and Velocity vectors
For a circle – tangent is
perpendicular to the radius.


r = (r cos  )iˆ + (r sin  ) ˆj

v = v x iˆ + v y ˆj = (− v sin  )iˆ + (v cos  ) ˆj
 Uniform Circular Motion
Acceleration vector
  yˆ  x ˆ
v = (− v sin  )i + (v cos  ) j =  − v  i +  v  j
ˆ ˆ
 r  r
𝑑 𝑣Ԧ 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑎Ԧ = = − 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝑡 𝑟 𝑑𝑡 𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 𝑣
= − 𝑣𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑥 𝑗Ƹ
𝑟 𝑟

𝑣 2 cos(𝜃) 𝑣 2 sin(𝜃)
𝑎𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑦 = −
𝑟 𝑟
 Uniform Circular Motion
Acceleration – direction and magnitude
𝑣 2 cos(𝜃) 𝑣 2 sin(𝜃)
𝑎𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑦 = −
𝑟 𝑟

The minus signs in the components

shows that the acceleration is towards
the centre of the circle (centri-petal).
2
v
a = a + a = [sin 2 ( ) + cos 2 ( )]
2
x
2
y
Note that  =  r

v2 Centripetal acceleration
acp = It is an example of normal acceleration
r (due to change in the direction of the velocity vector)
 Uniform Circular Motion
Period and frequency
• The time to travel once round the
circle is called the period of revolution
or period of the motion (T).
• The number of revolutions in one
second is the frequency (𝑓) .

circumference 2 r
v= =
period T

2 r f =
1
T= 1s-1 =1Hz
v T
 Uniform Circular Motion- the dynamics
side
• In general, several forces act on the object in circular motion.
• Examples: the weight, the normal force, the frictional force, the tension, etc.
• The centripetal acceleration can be produced by any of the above or
combinations of them
• This component of the net force acting towards the center is called the
centripetal force.
The centripetal force is not a new type of force. It is the component of the net
force acting normal to the trajectory.
Newton’s second law for uniform circular motion:

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑝 =
𝑟
Fcp- the net force acting towards the center of the circle
v – magnitude of velocity (speed); constant for uniform circular motion
r – radius of the circle
m – mass of the object
acp – centripetal acceleration
 Solved example 3
Ferris wheel:
• 15 m radius
• five turns per minute
• assume constant speed

Find:
a. Period
b. Speed
c. Centripetal acceleration of a passenger at the highest point
d. Centripetal acceleration of a passenger at lowest point
 Solved example 3

60 s
T= = 12 s
5 revolutions

r = 15 m
2𝜋𝑟 30 𝜋
𝑣= = = 7.9 𝑚/𝑠
𝑇 12
 Solved example 3

v 2 7.852
acentripetal = = = 4.1 m/s 2 Magnitude of the acceleration
r 15
Highest point: 𝑎Ԧ𝑐𝑝 is pointing downwards.
Lowest point: 𝑎Ԧ𝑐𝑝 is pointing upwards.
(“centripetal” - always towards the center)
 Conical Pendulum

 
L T

ac x
r
mg
r = L sin 
With this choice of coordinates
y ax =ac
ay=0

Find the velocity and the period, for a given angle 𝛽.

 Conical Pendulum
mg
oy: mg- T cos  = may = 0 T=
cos 

2 2
mv mv
ox: T sin  = mg tan  =
r L sin 

v = Lg sin  tan 
2

2R 2L sin  L cos 

T= = = 2
v Lg sin  tan  g