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Lecture 5 - Chapter 3 Part 1

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13 views25 pages

Lecture 5 - Chapter 3 Part 1

Uploaded by

Mircea Pantea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introductory Physics - I

Chapter 3 – Part 1
Vectors; Motion in 2D and 3D; projectile motion

Lecture 5– January 23
Outline – Chapter 3

• Vector quantities
• Addition of vectors – graphical method
• Unit vectors and vector components
• Addition of vectors – by components
• Subtraction of vectors
• Multiplication of vectors by scalars
• Position, displacement, velocity, acceleration in 2D and 3D
• Projectile motion
• Relative motion
Vectors and scalars

r = ( x2 − x1 )iˆ + ( y2 − y1 ) ˆj + ( z 2 − z1 )kˆ


r = x iˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ

x = x2 − x1 y = y2 − y1 z = z 2 − z1
Vectors and Scalars
A vector has magnitude as well as direction.
Examples:
• displacement
• velocity
• acceleration
• force
• momentum
A scalar has only a magnitude.
Examples:
• mass
• time
• temperature
Addition of Vectors—Graphical
Methods
Addition
both vectors have the same sign.
For vectors in one
dimension, you just add
numbers with sign, as we
did in chapter 2.
Subtraction You do need to be careful
the vectors have opposite signs.
about the signs.
Addition of Vectors—Graphical
Methods
After displacements D1 and D2
the position is the same as
after the displacement DR.

DR = D12 + D22
= 11.2 km

Even if the two displacements were not perpendicular to each other,


the same result will hold for the resultant displacement.
Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods

Adding vectors by tail-to-tip method.


Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods

Adding vectors by the parallelogram method


Example 1

Suppose two vectors each have length 3.0 units.


What is the range of possible lengths for the
vector representing the sum of the two?
Subtraction of Vectors

• In order to subtract vectors, we


define the negative of a vector,
which has the same magnitude but
points in the opposite direction.

• Then we add the negative vector.


Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

• A vectorV can be multiplied by a scalar c; the


result is a vector cV that has the same direction
but a magnitude cV . If c is negative, the resultant
vector points in the opposite direction.
Adding Vectors by Components

• Draw a coordinate system (x,y) and mark the


positive directions on each axis.
• Draw perpendiculars from the tip of the vector to
each axis.
Adding Vectors by Components
Vy
sin  = → Vy = V sin 
V
V
cos  = x → Vx = V cos 
V
Vy
tan  =
Vx
V 2 = Vx2 + Vy2

• The components can be found using


trigonometric functions.
• Pay attention to what angle is given in the
problem rather than memorizing blindly the
formulas.
Adding Vectors by Components

The components behave like one-dimensional vectors so they


can be added arithmetically (pay attention to the signs)
Adding Vectors by Components

Adding vectors – To Do list:


1. Draw a diagram; add the vectors graphically.
2. Choose x and y axes.
3. Resolve each vector into x and y components.
4. Calculate each component using sines and cosines.
5. Add the components in each direction.
6. To find the length and direction of the vector, use:

VRy
VR = V + V ,
2
Rx
2
Ry
tan =
VRx
Example 2

A rural mail carrier leaves the post office and


drives 22.0 km in a northerly direction. She then
drives in a direction 60o south of east for 47.0 km.
What is her displacement from the post office?
Unit Vectors

Unit vectors have


magnitude 1.
Using unit vectors, any V
vector can be written in
terms of its components:

෠
V = 𝑉𝑥 iƸ + 𝑉y jƸ + 𝑉z k.
Position and Displacement - revisited

Position is determined by a
position vector:

r
Using Unit Vectors:
𝑟റ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ z
y
𝑖,Ƹ 𝑗,Ƹ 𝑘෠ − Unit vectors along x,
y and z axes.
x
Alternate notation for unit vectors:

𝑟റ = 𝑥 𝑥ො + 𝑦𝑦ො + 𝑧𝑧Ƹ
Displacement

Displacement: r = Change of Position
  
r = r2 − r1

   z1 y1 y2
r2 = r1 + r x1 x2
z2
Components of Displacement

r = ( x2 − x1 )iˆ + ( y2 − y1 ) ˆj + ( z 2 − z1 )kˆ


r = x iˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ

x = x2 − x1 y = y2 − y1 z = z 2 − z1
Average Velocity

r = x iˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ
  
 displacement r r2 − r1
Average velocity: vave = = =
(same definition as in Chapter 2) time interval t t 2 − t1

In terms of components:

 r x iˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ x ˆ y ˆ z ˆ
vave = = = i+ j+ k
t t t t t
𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ 𝑣𝑧 𝑘෠
Instantaneous Velocity
(or just velocity)
 
 r dr
v = lim =
t = 0 t dt
The velocity is always tangent to
the trajectory.
The trajectory is the path followed
by the moving object (brown line
in the figure)
Velocity

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
v= = i+ j + k = v x iˆ + v y ˆj + v z kˆ
dt dt dt dt

v = v = v x2 + v y2 + v z2
  
v does not in general point along r1 nor r2
but points along the tangent to the path.
Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

Change in velocity (a vector):


• Change in magnitude
• Change in direction
• Both
  
 Change in velocity v2 − v1 v
aave = = =
time interval t 2 − t1 t
 
 v dv
a = Lim =
t → 0 t dt
 ˆ ˆ ˆ dv x ˆ dv y ˆ dv z ˆ
a = axi + a y j + az k = i+ j+ k
dt dt dt
Tangential and Normal acceleration
Change in velocity (a vector):
• Change in magnitude – speeding up or slowing down –
acceleration direction is tangent to the trajectory.
• Change in direction
acceleration direction is normal to the trajectory.
• Both
acceleration direction is between tangent and
normal but pointing toward the inside of the trajectory curve.

If acceleration has:
• tangential component only – motion along a straight line
• normal component – motion with constant speed (example:
uniform circular motion)

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