GUSTO University

Networking

Presented by – Daw Thi Thi Thandar Saw Htay

GUSTO University
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Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)

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IP Address
• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a
numerical label assigned to each device connected to
a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol
for communication.
• (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number.

11001100110011001100011110101010

32bits
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Private IP Address
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Public IP Address
Class
Public IP Range

1.0.0.0 ~ 9.255.255.255
A
11.0.0.0 ~ 126.255.255.255

128.0.0.0 ~ 172.15.255.255
B
172.32.0.0 ~ 191.255.255.255

192.0.0.0 ~ 192.167.255.255
C
192.169.0.0 ~ 223.255.255.255
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IPv4 Address Formats

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IP Addresses - Class A
Ø0~127 (1~126)
Øall 0 reserved
Ø01111111 (127) reserved for loopback
ØFirst octet also included in network address
ØNumber of Network address=2n =27 =128 -2=126
ØNumber of Host address= 2n-2=16,777,214
ØPrefix length= /8
ØSubnet mask=255.0.0.0
Ørange 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254
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IP Addresses - Class B

Ø128~191
Øsecond octet also included in network address
ØNumber of Network address=2n =214 =16384
ØNumber of Host address= 2n-2=65,524
ØPrefix length= /16
ØSubnet mask=255.255.0.0
Ørange 128.0.0.1-192.255.255.254
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IP Addresses - Class C

Ø192~223
Øthird octet also included in network address
ØNumber of Network address=2n =221 =2,097,154
ØNumber of Host address= 2n-2=254
ØPrefix length= /24
ØSubnet mask=255.255.255.0
Ørange 192.0.0.1-223.255.255.254
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Subnets and Subnet Masks

Øallows arbitrary complexity of internetworked LANs
within organization
Øinsulate overall internet from growth of network numbers
and routing complexity
Øsite looks to rest of internet like single network
Øeach LAN assigned subnet number
Øhost portion of address partitioned into subnet number
and host number
Ølocal routers route within subnetted network
Øsubnet mask indicates which bits are subnet number and
which are host number
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Subnet mask
Class Subnet Mask Bit Pattern Subnet Mask

A 1111 1111.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000 255.0.0.0

B 1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000.0000 0000 255.255.0.0

C 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000 255.255.255.0

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Types of IP address

• Static address
• Dynamic address
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Static IP address
Manually input by network administrator
ü Manageable for small networks
ü Requires careful checks to avoid duplication
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Dynamic IP address
Examples - BOOTP, DHCP
ü Assigned by server when host boots
ü Derived automatically from a range of addresses
ü Duration of ‘lease’ negotiated, then address released back to server
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Routing Protocols
According to the type of area in which protocol is used there are again two types of
protocol: -
(1) Interior Routing Protocol
(2) Exterior Routing Protocol
Interior Routing Exterior Routing
RIP BGP
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
ISIS
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End of Session
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Classless IP Address

Subnetting
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Subnetting IP Networks
ü Designing, implementing and managing an effective
IP addressing plan ensures that networks can operate
effectively and efficiently.
üIn a small network, with a limited number of devices,
a flat network design is not problematic.
üThe process of segmenting a network, by dividing it
into multiple smaller network spaces, is called
subnetting.
üThese sub-networks are called subnets.
üSubnetting can reduce overall network traffic and
improve network performance.
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Subnetting IP Networks
Address Mask

192 168 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255 255 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network portion Host portion

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Subnetting IP Networks
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Subnetting
Class A= 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 = 255.0.0.0 /8
Class B= 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 = 255.255.0.0 /16
Class C= 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 = 255.255.255.0 /24
Classless IP Address
/5 = 11111000.00000000.00000000.00000000 = 248.0.0.0
/20 = 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 = 255.255.240.0
/25 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 = 255.255.255.128
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Eg: How Many sub-Networks Do you need ?

• 192.168.10.0/24 ( Start with /28)
• Subnets
- 2^ ….> #.of subnet bits

• Valid Hosts
-2^ ……> # of hosts bits - 2
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192.168.10.0
255.255.255.240 (/28)
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
Network address =
First IP Address =
Last IP Address =
Broadcast Address =
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192.168.60.55 /27 (255.255.240.0)

Network ID 192 168

Broadcast ID 192 168

Subnet mask

First IPS 192 168

Last IPs 192 168

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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172.10.85.60 /28
Network ID 172 10

Broadcast ID 172 10

Subnet mask

First IPS 172 10

Last IPS 172 10

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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172.20.60.16 /29
Network ID 172 20 60

Broadcast ID 172 20 60

Subnet mask

First IPS 172 20 60

Last IPS 172 20 60

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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150.150.0.0 /27
Network ID 150 150 0

Broadcast ID 150 150 0

Subnet mask

First IPS 150 150 0

Last IPS 150 150 0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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References:
• Unit 2Choice&36-Computer-Networks---A-Tanenbaum---5th-
edition.pdf
• Networking Basic2.pdf
• Principles_of_Network_and_System_Administration_(2ed).pdf
• ip_addressing_and_subnetting_workbook-student-v2.0.pdf
• VLSM Workbook Instructors Edition - v2_0.pdf
• Images From Internet Source