National Guidelinesfor Greenhouse Rainwater Harvesting Systemsinthe Agriculture Sector

cover final.
qxp_Layout 1 1/18/17 9:39 AM Page 1
Empowered lives.
Resilient nations.
NATIONAL GUIDELINES
FOR GREENHOUSE
RAINWATER HARVESTING
SYSTEMS IN THE
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
www.climatechange.moe.gov.lb
NATIONAL GUIDELINES
FOR GREENHOUSE
SYSTEMS IN THE
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
Empowered lives.
Resilient nations.
NATIONAL GUIDELINES
FOR GREENHOUSE
SYSTEMS IN THE
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
2016
This document should be referenced as:
MoE/UNDP (2016). National guidelines for greenhouse rainwater harvesting systems in the
agriculture sector. Beirut, Lebanon.
Copyright © 2016 by the Ministry of Environment – United Nations Development Programme
Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged and provided the

reproduction is not sold.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN’s global development network,
advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to
help people build a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on
their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop local
capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners.
For more information:

http://climatechange.moe.gov.lb/
[email protected]
The climate change project management team:

Vahakn Kabakian, Project Manager
Lea Kai Aboujaoude, Project Officer
Yara Daou, Project Research Assistant
Mary Awad, Project Assistant
Disclaimer:
The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of its authors, and do not necessarily
reflect the opinion of the Ministry of Environment or the United Nations Development
Programme, who will not accept any liability derived from its use.
This study can be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Please give credit
where it is due.
Reference Project:
National Action Programme to Mainstream Climate Change into Lebanon’s Development
Agenda
Executed by:
Ministry of Environment
Funded by:
Financed by the Lebanon Recovery Fund, a Lebanese Government led programme established
on the occasion of the Stockholm Conference
Implemented by:
United Nations Development Programme, Lebanon
Main author:
Dominique Choueiter
Contributing author:
Dr. Nadim Farajalla
Lead reviewer:
Vahakn Kabakian
Printing:
www.raidy.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 1
II. Greenhouse cultivation 2
1 Types of greenhouses 3
1.1 Low technology greenhouses 4
1.2 Medium technology greenhouses 4
1.3 High technology greenhouses 4
2 Irrigation scheduling in greenhouses 5
3 Crops grown in Lebanon in greenhouses 8
III. Rainwater harvesting technology 9
1 Major Rainwater harvesting systems 10

1.1 Indirectly Pumped Systems 10
1.2 Directly Pumped Systems 11
1.3 Gravity Fed Systems 11
2 System Components 12
2.1 Catchment Area 12
2.2 Collection and conveyance system 15
2.3 Rainwater Quality & Pre-Treatment 21
2.4 Storage 25
2.5 Pump and Distribution Systems 31
3 Rainwater harvesting system Maintenance Schedule 36
IV. References 37
V. Appendix 41
Appendix A 42
Appendix B 43
Appendix C 46
Appendix D 47
Appendix E 48
Appendix F 52
National guidelines for greenhouse
VI rainwater harvesting systems
in the agriculture sector
Figure 1: Commercial greenhouse structures: A) gutter

LIST connected, B) free standing Quonset (tunnel),
C) single gable
OF FIGURES Figure 2: Principles of an indirect system
Figure 3: Principles of a direct system.
Figure 4: Sample Rainwater harvesting system detail
Figure 5: Footprint of greenhouse roofs - used to
determine catchment areas.
Figure 6: IDF Curves for Lebanon
Figure 7: Gutter support board mounted on Quonset
(tunnel) greenhouse
Figure 8: Leaf screen model.
Figure 9: First flush diverter details
Figure 10: Baffle tank design
Figure 11: Above ground storage design
Figure 12: Underground ground storage design
Figure 13: Design configurations for (a) tank inflow and
(b) outflow
Figure 14: Design configurations for tank overflows
Figure 15: Drip irrigation system main components
VII
Table 1. CLIMWAT long-term (for at least 15 years)

LIST monthly mean ET0 values (in mm/month)
observed agroclimatic data over the Lebanon
OF TABLES Table 2. Crops grown in Lebanon in greenhouses
Table 3. Monthly rainfall distribution -as a percentage
of total rainfall
Table 4. CLIMWAT long-term (for at least 15 years)
monthly mean rainfall values (in mm/month)
observed agroclimatic data over the Lebanon
Table 5. Generated flow calculated by Manning Equation
for the different readily available HDPE pipes for
a typical greenhouse rooftop size
Table 6. Factors affecting rainwater quality and
recommendations for mitigating rainwater
contamination through maintenance best
practices
Table 7. Large-capacity one layer tanks specifications
available in the Lebanese market
Table 8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various
Cistern Materials
Table 9. Suggested Maintenance Tasks for Rainwater
harvesting systems
National guidelines for greenhouse
VIII rainwater harvesting systems
BHP Brake Horsepower

LIST ET0 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration
OF ACRONYMS, ETc Crop Evapotranspiration
ABBREVIATIONS ETCG Crop Evapotranspiration inside the

Greenhouse
AND UNIT FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
CONVERSIONS HDPE High Density Polyethylene
HL Head Loss in the Pipe
I Rainfall
IDF Intensity-Duration-Frequency
Kc Empirical Crop Coefficient
kW Kilowatts
L Liter
LARI Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute
m2 Square Meter
Mm Millimeter
MoE Ministry of Environment
PE Polyethylene Film
PVC-SDR Polyvinyl Chloride - Standard Dimension Ratio
RWHS Rainwater Harvesting System
TDH Total Dynamic Head
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UV Ultraviolet
Unit Conversion
1 dunum = 1,000 square meters
1 mm of rain = 1 liter per square meter
1
I Areas where irrigated agriculture relies on ground-water, especially

intensive protected agriculture which exploit the land almost all
INTRODUCTION year around, has shown significant decline of the water table. This
decline, caused by over-pumping of the groundwater, could not be
Human activities commonly affect the offset by natural recharge (from precipitation and the presence of
distribution, quantity, and chemical quality nearby flowing streams).
of water resources.
The most important consideration when designing and installing
Agriculture has been the cause of a RWH system is the estimation of the crop water requirements,
significant modification of landscapes since the crops are the end user of the collected water. Other
throughout the world. Tillage of land considerations include how the design, installation and
changes the infiltration and runoff management of RWH systems can affect the quantity of collected
characteristics of the land surface, which water as well as the quality of rainwater harvested.
affects recharge to groundwater, delivery of
water and sediment to surface-water The design and installation guidelines are presented in three main
bodies, and evapotranspiration. chapters, including greenhouse cultivation in Lebanon (Chapter II)
which provides a brief overview of the different type of greenhouses
All of these processes either directly or used in Lebanon, the irrigation scheduling within the greenhouses
indirectly affect the interaction of and method to determine the crop water requirements for a given
groundwater and surface water. Lebanese crop, and the main crops grown in Lebanon. The information
farmers are aware of the substantial provided in this chapter is essential for the design of the RWHS since
negative effects of agriculture on water the type of greenhouse interferes with the choice of the system
resources but have no means to develop from one hand, and the Crop water demand determines the size of
methods to alleviate some of these effects. the storage tank in the system. Chapter III focuses on the major
rainwater harvesting systems (direct/indirect pumping, gravity fed)
Many irrigation systems that initially relied and presents the main system components detailed according to
solely on surface water now also use the water flow: catchment area, collection and conveyance system,
groundwater. The pumped groundwater rainwater quality & pre-treatment, storage, pump and distribution
commonly is used directly as irrigation systems. This chapter also provides a summarized rainwater
water, but in some cases the water is harvesting system maintenance schedule.
distributed through a canalized system.
All technical calculation sheets required to design a rainwater
As would be expected, irrigation systems harvesting system are highlighted in six appendices (A to F) at the
based on surface water are always located end of this guideline.
near streams. In general, these streams are
perennial and (or) have significant flow for Throughout the guideline and for each given section, especially
at least part of the year. In contrast, irrigation where equations are involved, a worked example, the case of a
systems based on groundwater can be standard greenhouse located in Damour, is provided. Clear step by
located nearly anywhere that has an step instructions are given to guide the reader through the worked
adequate ground-water resource. example process.
II Greenhouse cultivation is a steadily growing agricultural
GREENHOUSE sector all over the world. The utilization of greenhouses,

mainly for cultivation of vegetables and ornamental is
CULTIVATION undergoing transformation for modernization that gives

the opportunity to improve crop yield. Greenhouses may
range from low cost such as plastic greenhouses to more
sophisticated greenhouses for example the glass and
1 controlled greenhouses. This type of modern agriculture

has many advantages especially for reducing the climatic
TYPES OF hazards (such as the ability to control and maintain a

favorable microclimate within the greenhouse that suits the
GREENHOUSES cultivated crop).
2 It is known that water is a major issue especially for

countries which have insufficient water resources
IRRIGATION (including quality). With this great expansion of
SCHEDULING IN greenhouse cultivation, the need of proper irrigation

management is important.
GREENHOUSES
3
CROPS GROWN IN
LEBANON IN
GREENHOUSES
3
1 TYPES OF GREENHOUSES
Greenhouse types depend much on the greenhouse or not. These equipments include heating
structure, construction method and equipment, ventilation and cooling, screens, carbon dioxide
material, facilities and equipment made (CO2) enrichment and supplementary lighting.
for the greenhouse. In central and
northern Europe most greenhouses are The expansion of greenhouse cultivation worldwide had led to
glass covered where else in warmer the need for reliable crop evapotranspiration (ETc) estimation to
climates the majority of the greenhouses encounter better yield and crop quality, water scarcity and
are covered with plastic film. Globally, the environmental aspects.
plastic film greenhouses constitute the
majority of adopted greenhouse systems, Greenhouses are a technology based investment. The higher
in particular, in the Mediterranean region. the level of technology used the greater potential for achieving
controlled growing conditions. To find the best estimation of ET
The common greenhouse types are method or model in a greenhouse, three categories of
Venlo-type, wide-span, plastic, and greenhouse types are define here according to their technology.
arched greenhouses. The shape of the
greenhouse structure influences the
A.
internal climate of the greenhouse
environment especially the temperature,
humidity and light transmission. The
shapes that appear most frequently are
gable roof or pitched roof, saw tooth or
shed roof, round arched tunnel, round
arch with vertical side wall, pointed arch
C.
with sloping side wall and pointed arch B.
with vertical side wall.
Construction materials used for

greenhouse are wood, steel, aluminum
and some even have combinations of Figure 1: Commercial greenhouse structures: A) gutter connected, B) free
these materials. The commonly used standing Quonset (tunnel), C) single gable.
cladding materials are glass, synthetic
panes or rigid plastics and plastic film.
The facilities and equipments used inside

a greenhouse can classify the
greenhouse as a controlled environment
National guideline for greenhouse
4 rainwater harvesting systems

1.1 Low technology greenhouses

GENERALLY, THE
Greenhouses under this category use simple and low
technology structure. These greenhouses may be less than 3 INTERNAL CLIMATE
meters in total height especially for tunnel type. The tunnel
greenhouses generally consist of bent trusses (hoops) which
OF THE LOW
are screwed to the ground by means of screw anchors or cast in TECHNOLOGY
concrete. The frame structure is made either from wood,
bamboo sticks or steel. They do not have vertical walls and have
GREENHOUSE IS
poor ventilation (mainly passive ventilation). STRONGLY
This type of structure is relatively inexpensive and easy to build
DEPENDENT ON
with few or no automation equipments. EXTERNAL
Generally, the internal climate of the low technology
CONDITIONS.
greenhouse is strongly dependent on external conditions.
Plastic greenhouses with low technology of the structure are supports, and almost always use glass as
likely susceptible to damage which mainly cause by wind. a covering material. The wall
construction height is at least 4 meters,
Moreover, the crop production is limited by the growing with the roof peak being up to 8 meters
environment which restricts yields and does little to reduce the above ground level. These high
incidence of pests and diseases. technology structures can provide
optimum growth environment through
1.2 Medium technology greenhouses climate control.
Medium technology greenhouses are better in structure, compared Air movement (ventilation), temperature
to the low technology greenhouses, since the supporting structure and incident light in the greenhouse can
is made of galvanized iron and aluminum. They are typically be controlled by various facilities and
characterized by vertical walls more than 2m but less than 4 meters equipments. These equipments are
tall and a total height usually less than 5.5 meters. Medium level normally controlled and regulated by an
greenhouses are usually clad with either single or double skin plastic information system.
film or glass and use varying degrees of automation.
Due to the sophisticated structures and
This type of greenhouse is closer to the low technology greenhouse facilities, the greenhouse cultivation is
in terms of the internal technology, but closer to the high only profitable under high productivity.
technology greenhouse in terms of internal climate control. They are normally limited to industrial
areas where production is high. However,
1.3 High technology greenhouses with the use of high level technology
greenhouses, the dependency on labor
The most sophisticated structures belong to this category. They work can be reduced, thus reduce the
contain galvanized iron support structures, aluminum glass cost for production.
5
2 IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
IN GREENHOUSES
Water is a scarce resource in areas with low actual outdoor ET using outdoor remote sensing, the actual ET
annual precipitation and a dry season for in the greenhouse was found to be 65% of actual ET outdoor.
more than 4 months (summer). Irrigation
must be carried out with high efficiency to For all crops, the irrigation water requirements are determined
minimize percolation losses and as follows:
environmental pollution, and increase The most common way of estimating crop water requirements, as
water productivity, especially in areas that recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture
fall under the Mediterranean climate. Organization (FAO), consists of the so-called “two-step” approach:
firstly, a reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0), defined under
Current irrigation practices are generally optimal conditions, is calculated from weather data measured at a
based on local farmers’ experience and reference height; secondly, evapotranspiration from any other well-
most of them irrigate without monitoring watered crop (ETc) is obtained by multiplying the reference
the soil-or plant-water status. evapotranspiration by an empirical crop coefficient: Kc.
High variations in supplies of irrigation The basic relationship writes:

water to each of the main vegetable crops ETc = Kc × ET0
have been reported and over-irrigation has (Equation 1)
been detected for some crops and periods
in Lebanon. In order to improve Where, ET0 is the Reference crop evapotranspiration, mm/day
greenhouse irrigation efficiency, Kc is the empirical crop coefficient
evapotranspiration (ET) for the main ETc is the crop evapotranspiration, mm/day
vegetable crops of the region has been
determined using the worldwide Kc-ET0 The Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is the rate of
method as proposed by the FAO and evapotranspiration from a large area, covered by green grass, 8
complemented with recent or real-time to 15 cm tall, which grows actively, completely shades the
meteorological data. Based on this ground and which is not short of water.
method, daily irrigation water
requirements for the major greenhouse Several methods can be used to measure or predict the
crops can be estimated, which requires reference crop evapotranspiration rate:
daily solar radiation and temperature data. 1. Evaporation pan
2. Using equations that predict the evapotranspiration rate
For outdoor conditions the Penman- based on climatic parameters.
Monteith equation is used to predict the
potential ET for outdoor crops. Based on Also, many meteorological stations publish ET0 values on
several studies that have computed monthly or even daily basis (Table 1).
6
Table 1. CLIMWAT long-term (for at least 15 years) monthly mean ET0 values (in mm/month) observed agroclimatic data over the Lebanon.
rainwater harvesting systems
Station Bhamdoun Beirut Beirut Ksara Alma- Merjayoun Ain-Ebel Tell- Tyr Rayack Tripoli Abde Tripoli Chlifa Al-Arz Qlaiaat
(AUB) (Airport) Chaab Amara (Les Cèdres) (Airpot)
JAN 49.91 53.63 64.17 40.61 63.55 48.36 50.84 39.06 76.88 39.06 62.93 43.71 62.93 47.12 31 56.73
FEB 50.68 56.84 63.56 46.76 62.16 51.8 59.08 45.64 74.76 45.64 64.96 50.12 64.96 53.2 35.56 61.04
MAR 73.47 79.98 91.76 79.98 97.03 80.29 86.49 74.4 103.54 74.4 90.21 69.75 90.21 86.18 55.8 83.08
APR 105 102.9 107.4 120 114 101.7 122.4 103.2 124.2 103.2 105 94.2 105 122.1 81 99.6
MAY 142.91 138.57 135.16 164.61 158.41 142.29 157.17 143.53 144.77 143.53 133.61 115.94 133.61 163.37 112.84 116.87
JUN 168.9 166.8 161.1 206.1 171 164.4 185.4 182.4 169.8 182.4 152.7 134.7 152.7 207 132.9 138.9
JUL 181.04 181.97 173.6 232.81 165.85 158.72 186.93 204.29 182.59 204.29 171.43 142.6 171.43 243.35 154.69 156.86
AUG 177.32 171.74 168.33 215.45 169.57 154.69 176.08 190.34 172.98 190.34 161.82 138.88 161.82 224.75 148.8 153.45
SEP 134.7 131.7 129.9 160.5 142.5 136.2 134.1 147 141 147 131.4 114.3 131.4 162.9 108.3 131.4
OCT 98.58 102.61 101.99 109.74 101.68 123.07 110.36 106.33 108.81 106.33 98.27 88.04 98.27 110.98 81.22 110.05
NOV 67.2 68.1 74.7 63.6 88.5 84.6 73.8 66.6 81 66.6 72.9 65.7 72.9 64.2 50.7 75
DEC 54.25 53.94 67.27 42.47 77.19 58.28 58.28 39.68 73.47 39.68 63.55 52.7 63.55 48.36 36.27 60.76
Mean 108.66 109.07 111.58 123.55 117.62 108.70 116.74 111.87 121.15 111.87 109.07 92.55 109.07 127.79 85.76 103.65
7
EXAMPLE
For the month of January, estimate the monthly crop water
demand of tomatoes grown in a 332 m2 greenhouse in
Damour. The following steps are taken:
1. Determine the reference crop evapotranspiration: ET0.

Using Table 1, the closest station to Damour is Beirut and the
average January ET0 is 64.17 mm/month
2. Determine the crop factors: Kc. Using Table 2, Crop

coefficient for tomatoes during January: Kc = 1.15
SUMMARY
3. Calculate the crop water need: ET crop = ETc = ET0 × Kc
In summary, the determination of
ETc = ET0 × Kc = 64.17 × 1.15 = 73.8 mm/month = 73,800
the irrigation water need for a given
liters/Dunum/month
crop requires the following steps:
4. Calculate the actual crop water need inside the
Step 1: Determine the reference
greenhouse: ETCG = 0.65 × ETC
crop evapotranspiration: ET0
ETCG = 0.65 × 73.8 = 48 mm/month = 48 L/m2/month
Step 2: Determine the crop factors:

5. Determine the total monthly irrigation demand (liters) for
Kc
the greenhouse:
Step 3: Calculate the crop water need:
Total monthly demand (liters) = ETCG × Greenhouse surface
ET crop = ETc = ET0 × Kc
area = Total monthly demand (liters) = 48 × 332 = 15,936 L
Step 4: Calculate the actual crop

water need inside the
greenhouse:
ETCG = 0.65 × ETC

3 CROPS GROWN IN LEBANON

IN GREENHOUSES
The adjacent Mediterranean coastal Greenhouses create favorable micro-climates, which make the
areas of Lebanon are one of the largest crop production possible throughout the whole year or part of
concentrations of greenhouses on the the year as required allowing the production of off-season
Mediterranean Sea with approximately ornamentals and foods of high value when outdoor production
14,000 Dunums mainly dedicated to is not possible. As such, most crops listed below are grown on an
intensive vegetable production. Most of extended crop cycle, starting in September and ending by June.
these are low-cost structures covered A desk survey among greenhouses productions revealed the
with plastic film, without climatic control major crops produced under those structures in Lebanon. Table
systems and with soil-grown crops. 2 summarizes our findings.
Table 2: Crops grown in Lebanon in greenhouses
Maximum
Crop
Crop Kc ini Kc mid Kc end Height (h) Init. Dev. Mid Late Field Crop
(m) (Lini) (Ldev) (Lmid) (Llate) cycle
a. Small Vegetables 0.7 1.05 0.95
Broccoli 1.05 0.95 0.3 35 45 40 15 135
Lettuce 1.00 0.95 0.3 20 30 15 10 75
Spinach 1.00 0.95 0.3 20 20 15/25 5 60/70
b. Vegetables - Solanum
Family (Solanaceae) 0.6 1.15 0.80
Egg Plant 1.05 0.90 0.8 30 45 40 25 40
Sweet Peppers (bell) 1.05 0.90 0.7 25/30 35 40 20 125
Tomato 1.15 0.70-0.90 0.6 30 40 45 30 145
c. Vegetables - Cucumber
Family (Cucurbitaceae) 0.5 1.00 0.80
Cucumber 0.6 1.00 0.75 0.3 20 30 40 15 105
Squash, Zucchini 0.95 0.75 0.3 20 30 25 15 90
Sweet Melons 1.05 0.75 0.4 25 35 40 20 120
d. Legumes (Leguminosae) 0.4 1.15 0.55
Beans, green 0.5 1.05 0.90 0.4 15 25 25 10 75
Peas 0.5 1.15 1.10 0.5 20 30 35 15 100
e. Perennial Vegetables (with
winter dormancy and initially 0.5 1.00 0.80
bare or mulched soil)
Strawberries 0.40 0.85 0.75 0.2
III
RAINWATER
HARVESTING
TECHNOLOGY
1
MAJOR RAINWATER
HARVESTING
SYSTEMS
2
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
3
RAINWATER
HARVESTING
SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
SCHEDULE

1 MAJOR RAINWATER HARVESTING

SYSTEMS
The following section gives details of three different systems:

• Indirectly pumped;
• Directly pumped;
RAINWATER IS
• Gravity fed. COLLECTED FROM
1.1 Indirectly Pumped Systems
THE GREENHOUSE
Rainwater is initially held in a storage tank and then pumped to ROOF, FILTERED
a header tank. Water is delivered to appliances via gravity.
AND PIPED BY
GRAVITY TO A
STORAGE
(HEADER) TANK.
Figure 2: Principles of an indirect system
Advantages Disadvantages
If the pump fails then water is still supplied via the Water is delivered at low pressure (may be solved by
mains top-up function. using a hybrid system).
Low cost pumps. Requires a header tank which can add to the overall cost.
Simple controls. Need for sufficient roof space, or high tank mounting.
Energy efficient as the pump runs at full flow. Issues with high, structural loads.
11
1.2 Directly Pumped Systems

A directly pumped system is a
pressurized system. Rainwater, collected
and held in a storage tank or reservoir, is
then pumped directly to the point of use
when required. This is typical of most
horticultural irrigation applications. There
is usually a mains or abstraction supply
option that maintains a minimum level
that is able to meet short term demand.
Figure 3: Principles of a direct system
Advantage Disadvantages
Water is provided at pressure. If the pump fails then no water can be supplied.
No header tank is required. The use of mains top-up controls are more
complicated.
1.3 Gravity Fed Systems

Rainwater is collected from the
greenhouse roof, filtered and piped by
gravity to a storage (header) tank. Water is
delivered to appliances via gravity. Mains
top-up water can also be fitted if needed.
Does not require a pump. Low water pressure – pumps may be required to
boost the pressure.
No electrical supply required.
Issues with high, structural loads.
No risk of pump-associated failure.
Water quality issues, due to fluctuating
temperatures in the stored water.

2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The relative height of the components (roof, filter, tank) is

critical.There are six primary components of a rainwater
harvesting system:
MONTHLY RAINFALL
• Catchment area DISTRIBUTION OVER
• Collection and conveyance system (e.g. gutter and
downspouts)
LEBANON VARIES
• Rainwater Quality & Pre-Treatment (NEARLY 60%) WITH
• Storage tank
• Pumping and Distribution system
MOST OF THE RAIN
FALLING IN THE
MONTHS OF
DECEMBER,
JANUARY AND
FEBRUARY.
2.1.2 Issues for consideration
2.1.2.1 Rainfall in the targeted area

The volume of harvested rainwater is
directly dependent on the surface area on
which rain is falling. So as a first step the
amount of rainfall – annually or monthly
depending on data availability – should
be determined. This information may be
Figure 4: Sample Rainwater harvesting system detail
obtained from such institutions as the
National Weather Service within the
Ministry of Public Works, the Lebanese
2.1 Catchment Area Agricultural Research Institute, or any
other reference or source.
2.1.1 Introduction and definitions
The rooftop is made of polyethylene film which is a smooth, Monthly rainfall distribution over
non-porous material with efficient drainage either from a Lebanon varies (nearly 60%) with most of
sloped roof or an efficient roof drain system. Greenhouses have the rain falling in the months of
enough roof slopes which allows a fast drainage of the roof December, January and February. Table 3
leading to good rinsing and a fast first flush, which can increase summarizes the rainfall percentages on
water quality. a monthly basis.
13
Table 3. Monthly rainfall distribution -as a percentage of total rainfall
SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
0.7% 6.8% 11.8% 19.9% 22.4% 17.1% 12.9% 6.4% 1.6% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1%
Rainfall varies geographically as well with than the inland areas. Table 4 shows average annual rainfall in
most of the rain falling along the coast select cities and towns throughout Lebanon along the various
and on the Mount Lebanon’s western regions derived from CLIMWAT, a joint publication of the Water
facing slopes. The eastern slopes of Development and Management Unit and the Climate Change
Mount Lebanon are drier but still wetter and Bioenergy Unit of FAO.
Table 4. CLIMWAT long-term (for at least 15 years) monthly mean rainfall values
(in mm/month) observed agroclimatic data over the Lebanon
Al-Arz (Les Cèdres)
Qlaiaat (Airpot)
Beirut (Airport)
Beirut (AUB)
Alma-Chaab
Bhamdoun
Tell-Amara
Merjayoun
Ain-Ebel
Station
Rayack
Tripoli
Chlifa
Ksara
Abde
Tyr
JAN 302 195 185 141 186 193 195 150 212 140 169 185 96 239 208
FEB 262 116 132 112 158 181 175 107 109 108 122 130 80 207 124
MAR 194 107 105 94 70 129 102 84 80 93 108 114 53 145 110
APR 95 48 47 42 32 73 53 41 42 49 48 55 31 68 48
MAY 40 18 19 10 10 26 6 17 5 16 15 15 14 32 18
JUN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 3 1 1 5 1
JUL 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
AUG 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
SEP 3 9 6 1 4 3 4 1 6 1 7 9 1 5 13
OCT 54 35 48 34 31 24 32 23 40 31 66 84 7 32 25
NOV 132 149 86 68 73 91 65 57 100 61 112 100 47 93 110
DEC 239 148 147 134 184 162 181 134 200 115 167 219 74 158 157
Total 302 195 185 141 186 193 195 150 212 140 169 185 96 239 208

2.1.2.2. Determination of catchment area The runoff coefficient is the amount of water
The catchment area on which the rain is falling and from which that actually drains free of the surface relative
rainwater is harvested must be determined. For all structures to the amount of rain that falls on the surface.
this area is the vertical projection of the roof or the footprint of It is used to reflect how much of the rainfall
the greenhouse rooftop. This is illustrated in Figure 5. is lost to infiltration and other abstractions. In
the case of greenhouses the materials
typically used are various forms of plastic
(polyethylene film (PE)) which have little to
no infiltration capacity and thus nearly all the
water runs off. However, there are losses to
evaporation and splashing as well as
detention such that the general runoff
coefficient for the polyethylene greenhouse
film is estimated to be 0.8. This means that of
the total volume of rain that falls on the
catchment surface, 80% drains off the
surface; the other 20% stays on the surface.
EXAMPLE
Figure 5: Footprint of greenhouse roofs - used to determine catchment areas
For the month of November, determine

The catchment area of a single greenhouse can be determined the volume generated from the roof of
using Equation 2: a greenhouse in Damour that is 40 m
long and 8 m wide. The following steps
Catchment Area (m2) = Length (m) × Width (m) are taken:
(Equation 2)
1. Determine rainfall: Using Table 4, the
Where: Length = length of the catchment surface (m) closest station to Damour is Beirut
Width = width of the catchment surface (m) and the average November rainfall is
I = 86 mm/month
Once these two key parameters – rainfall and catchment area – 2. Calculate the area of the rooftop:
have been determined the amount of runoff generated from A = 40 m 8 m = 320 m2
the rooftop catchment area would be estimated.
3. Select runoff coefficient: C = 0.8
To calculate the amount of rain that can be captured off a roof
surface per year, a procedure known as the ‘Rational Method’ 4. Calculate captured from the
can be applied. rooftop:
Supply (liters/month) = rainfall
The Rational Method is given as follows: (mm/month) × greenhouse roof area
(m2) × runoff coefficient of PE film
Supply (liters/year) = rainfall (mm/year) × greenhouse roof = 86 × 320 × 0.8
area (m2) × runoff coefficient of PE film = 22,016 liters/month
(Equation 3)
15
2.1.3 Design & Installation Guidelines b. If contaminants are present, these should be removed by
cleaning the catchment surface by garden hose or sweeping,
2.1.3.1 When selecting the catchment(s) and if applicable trimming overhanging tree branches/foliage.
for collecting rainwater:
a. Only roof surfaces are recommended;
b. Avoid sections of the roof with 2.2 Collection and conveyance system
overhanging foliage, or trim where
possible. 2.2.1 Introduction and definitions
2.1.3.2 To maximize the volume of The collection and conveyance system consists of the gutters,
rainwater collected by the RWH system: downspouts and pipes that channel storm water runoff into
a. The catchment surface should be as storage tanks. Gutters and downspouts should be designed as
large as possible; they would for a building without a rainwater harvesting system.
b. The roof catchment material used for Aluminum, round-bottom gutters and round downspouts are
greenhouses is commonly generally recommended for rainwater harvesting. Minimum
polyethylene film (PE); slopes of gutters should be specified. Pipes (connecting
c. Convey rainwater using appropriately downspouts to the cistern tank) should be at a minimum slope
sized and sloped components, of 1.5% and sized/designed to convey the intended design
including gutters, downspouts, and/or storm. In some cases, a steeper slope and larger sizes may be
conveyance drainage piping; and recommended and/or necessary to convey the required runoff,
d. Where possible, in the case of multiple depending on the design objective and design storm intensity.
gutter connected greenhouses, the Gutters and downspouts should be kept clean and free of debris
roof catchments can be connected to and rust.
a central rainwater storage tank;
e. In cases where a single greenhouse Each of these system components is discussed below.
roof catchment is utilized, catchment
area can be determined using 2.2.2 Issues for consideration
equation (2);
f. In cases where multiple connected 2.2.2.1 Selection of a typical storm or design storm
greenhouses roofs are utilized as The collection gutters and conveyance pipes must be able to
catchment surfaces, the catchment convey the flow of water from a typical storm event. The
area can be determined by summing selection of a typical storm or design storm is typically set by
the multiple smaller areas. national standards and norms. There is no such published
standard and most engineers rely on experience in other
2.1.4 Management Guidelines countries or on non-Lebanese norms to select the design storm
when designing stormwater drainage networks whose sizing is
The catchment surface should be extremely dependent on such a selection. The practice in
inspected once every six months, to: Lebanon is to select the 5-yr 1-hr storm for the design of
a. Identify any sources of contamination, stormwater drainage networks in urban areas. That is, it is a
including accumulated dirt and debris, storm that lasts one hour and has a chance of occurrence of 1/5
presence of overhanging tree branches or 20%. Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves are typically
or other foliage, and/or signs of animal used to determine the rainfall intensity from such design
activity (i.e., bird droppings); and storms. Figure 6 shows the IDF curves determined for Lebanon.

GALVANIZED STEEL
ARE COMMONLY
USED FOR GUTTERS
GIVEN THEIR LOW
MAINTENANCE
REQUIREMENTS.
Figure 6: IDF Curves for Lebanon (Provided by Dr. Nadim Farajalla)
Once the rainfall intensity is determined then the Rational Upon determining the flow generated in
Method is used to determine the runoff from the rooftop. the previous equation, the gutter can
then be sized. This is done by using the
The Rational Method equation which relates runoff to rainfall Manning Equation:
intensity and area along with a runoff coefficient as follows: 2 1
Q= 1 AR S
3 2
Q=C×I×A
n
(Equation 4)
(Equation 5)
3
where, Q = runoff; m /hr
C = runoff coefficient (unitless) where, Q is discharge, m3/s
I = Rainfall intensity; m/hr n is the Manning roughness
A = Area drained by one gutter; m2 coefficient of the gutter
A is the cross-sectional flow
2.2.2.2 Sizing of Gutters area, m2
Galvanized steel are commonly used for gutters given their low R is the hydraulic radius, m
maintenance requirements. Gutters must slope toward the S is the slope of the conduit
direction of the storage tank and the gradient should be equal m/m
to or more than 1 centimeter per meter. Gutters need to be
regularly cleaned to reduce debris collection to catch the most The K-style gutters usually used in
rain, and ensure that leakage is kept to a minimum. greenhouse industry are similar to a
rectangular or triangular open channel.
The Manning roughness coefficient, n, for

use in the Manning equation, for the
galvanised steel gutters is 0.016.
The approach of how to estimate the

cross sectional area and the hydraulic
flow in both cases to be applied to the
Figure 7: Gutter support board mounted on Quonset (tunnel) greenhouse above formula is shown below:
17
Rectangular Cross Section Triangular Cross Section
yz yz yz
B
y
l y
Ȝ z
b
Rectangular channel Triangular channel
The hydraulic radius The hydraulic radius

RH = A/P, RH = A/P,
Where; A is the cross sectional area of flow and P is Where; A is the cross sectional area of flow and P is
its wetted perimeter. its wetted perimeter.
and P = 2λ with λ2 = y2 + (yz)2, P = 2[y2(1 + z2)]1/2

A = by A = A = y 2z
and P = 2y + b,
so the hydraulic radius is: so the hydraulic radius is:
RH = by/(2y + b) RH = A/P = y2z/{2[y2(1 + z2)]1/2}
An iterative process then ensues to determine the

diameter of the pipe or the width of the gutter.
EXAMPLE
For a typical greenhouse in Damour to determine greenhouse served by one U shape gutter from
the gutter size to convey the flow from the design each side: Q = CIA = 0.85 × 0.025m/hr × 166m =
storm the following steps are taken: 3.53 m3/hr or 0.001m3/s.
1. From the IDF curves select the rainfall intensity

corresponding to a 5yr-1hr storm: Storm duration 3. Use Manning’s Equation (Equation 5) to size
from the x-axis is 120 min. Then moving vertically the gutter. The n is selected to be 0.016 for
from the 120min mark until the 5-yr frequency galvanized steel material; the slope for the gutter
curve is intersected. Then moving horizontally running along the greenhouse roof is set at
across until the y-axis is intersected the intensity 0.005m/m and the pipe is estimated to be flowing
is then identified. In this case it is approximately at 75% full. After an iterative process, the gutter
25 mm/hr. dimensions to be adopted are “10 cm × 12 cm ×
10 cm”. for this size Q generated is 0.0037 m3/s
2. Determine runoff using the Rational Method which is below the runoff generated by the
(Equation 4) for the rooftop of a tunnel rooftop (Q = 0.001 m3/s).

2.2.2.3 Sizing of downpipes and conveyance pipes

In order to size the downpipes and the conveyance pipes, the The Manning roughness coefficient, n, for
aforementioned formulas are reapplied for a circular closed use in the Manning equation, for the
HDPE pipes. HDPE pipes is 0.012.
Table 5. Generated flow calculated by Manning Equation for the different readily
available HDPE pipes for a typical greenhouse rooftop size
Runoff generated by a typical greenhouse rooftop (332 m2) = 0.002 m3/s
HDPE pipes diameter

available in the Lebanese
market (mm) 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110
Generated flow,
Manning Equation
(m3/s) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0007 0.0014 0.0022 0.0036 0.0061
The suitability of the pipe is determined by selecting the pipe

diameter that generates a flow higher than the runoff generated
by the rooftop of the greenhouse.
EXAMPLE
For a typical greenhouse in Damour to 2. Determine runoff using the Rational Method for the
determine the pipe size to convey the flow from rooftop of the greenhouse served by one
the design storm the following steps are taken: downspout from each side: Q = CIA = 0.85 ×
0.025m/hr × 332m = 7.05 m3/hr or 0.002m3/s.
1. From the IDF curves select the rainfall 3. Use Manning’s Equation to size the pipe. The n
intensity corresponding to a 5yr-1hr storm: is selected to be 0.012 for HDPE material; the
Storm duration from the x-axis is 120 min. slope for the pipe running along the
Then moving vertically from the 120min greenhouse roof is set at 0.005 m/m and the
mark until the 5-yr frequency curve is pipe is estimated to be flowing at 75% full. After
intersected. Then moving horizontally across an iterative process, the pipe diameter is
until the y-axis is intersected the intensity is determined to be 75 mm. To remain on the safe
then identified. In this case it is approximately side, we select one higher size pipe diameter
25 mm/hr. available in the market which is 90 mm.
19
2.2.3 Design and Installation Guidelines 1. Choose the 5-year frequency 1 hr rainfall. Record
the corresponding intensity.
2.2.3.1 Gutters and downspouts:
2. Calculate the area of roof draining into the gutter:
a. Gutter and downspout material:

Roof Drainage Area (m2) = Length (m) × Width (m)
i. Aluminum or galvanized steel
(Equation 6)
are recommended,
ii. Copper, wood, vinyl, and plastic Where: Length = length of the gutter served by a
gutter and downspout materials downspout (m)
are not recommended,
Width = distance from the eave to the ridge of
iii. If rainwater conveyed through
the roof drainage area served (m)
gutters and downspouts must
be of very high quality.
3. Determine runoff using the Rational Method
4. Choose a roof gutter type, size and slope and apply
the Manning’s Equation to check its suitability.
b. Gutter slope:
i. Where possible, slope gutters in
d. Location and spacing of downspouts:
the direction of the location of
i. Where possible, locate downspout(s) near the location
the rainwater storage tank,
of the rainwater storage tank,
ii. Ensure a minimum slope of 0.5-
ii. Usually, one downspout serves the entire gutter for a
2% (the greater the slope the
standard greenhouse.
better) is maintained
throughout the gutter length.
e. Downspout size:
i. In general, 90 mm circular-type downspouts are
c. Gutter size: commonly used and should be suitable for most typical
Greenhouses roof drainage areas and gutter lengths,
i. In general, 10 × 12 × 10 cm K-
style galvanized sheet gutter is ii. To determine the size of downspout required:
commonly used and should be Refer to Table 5 to determine the minimum size of
suitable for most typical downspout based upon the Generated flow calculated
greenhouses roof drainage by Manning Equation.
areas and gutter lengths;
f. Gutter and downspout installation:
ii. To determine the size of gutter i. Gutters should be custom-fabricated and installed such
required for a given roof that there are no seams along the length of guttering,
drainage area:
ii. Gutters shall be supported by hangers (hidden hanger or
spike and ferrule) that are spaced at a maximum of 450
mm,
g. Refer to Appendix B for an example of sizing gutters and

downspouts.

2.2.3.2 Plan the layout of the conveyance network: 2.2.3.5 Ensure that there are no means
a. For rainwater tanks located above ground: of entry for small animals or insects into
i. Determine the location of the tank (refer to Section 2.4 the rainwater storage tank from the
Rainwater Storage and Tank Sizing for guidance), conveyance network by:
a. Properly installing all sections of the
ii. Route downspout(s) and/or conveyance drainage piping
conveyance network, such that they do
to the tank.
not have any holes or other points of
entry other than those required for
b. For rainwater tanks located below ground:
water flow; and
i. Determine the location of the tank (refer to Section 2.4
b. Installing downspout-to-pipe
Rainwater Storage and Tank Sizing for guidance),
transition fittings.
ii. Plan route of conveyance drainage piping from the
downspout(s) to the tank, 2.2.3.6 Install pre-storage treatment
iii. For additional guidance on planning the layout of devices as required (refer to Section 2.3
conveyance drainage piping for below ground tanks, refer Rainwater Quality & Pre-Treatment for
to Appendix B, Step 4. details).
2.2.3.3 Conveyance drainage pipes: 2.2.4 Management Guidelines

a. Pipe material:
HDPE pipe PN10 (recommended), or PVC SDR 21 pipe. The gutters and downspouts should be
inspected once every six months, to:
b. Pipe size and slope: a. Remove any dirt and debris that have
i. Ensure a minimum slope of 0.5-2% (the greater the slope accumulated; and
the better) is maintained throughout the pipe length, b. Repair and/or replace damaged
components to ensure proper
ii. For estimation purposes, consult Appendix B.
rainwater flow and prevent entry of
birds, rodents or insects into the RWH
c. Cleanouts:
system.
Cleanouts are required on conveyance drainage pipes to
facilitate cleaning of the conveyance drainage pipes,
d. Tank connection:
Rainwater conveyance drainage piping should enter the tank at
a height no lower than that of the overflow drainage piping, or
ideally, at a height 50 mm above the bottom of the overflow
drainage pipe(s) entering the tank.
2.2.3.4 Installation of conveyance drainage pipe:

a. Above ground pipes shall be supported;
b. Below ground pipes shall be located in a properly excavated

space, be supported and properly backfilled.
21
2.3 Rainwater Quality filtration is to significantly cut down on maintenance by

& Pre-Treatment preventing organic buildup in the tank, thereby decreasing
microbial food sources.
There are currently no water quality For larger tank systems, the initial first flush must be diverted
guidelines that pertain specifically to the from the system before rainwater enters the storage tank. The
use of rainwater for agricultural use. diverted flows (first flush diversion and overflow from the filter)
must be directed to an acceptable pervious flow path. Preferably
The quality of harvested rainwater varies the diversion will be conveyed to the same secondary runoff
greatly based on environmental and site reduction practice that is used to receive tank overflows.
conditions and can be improved through
simple measures in the design, 2.3.1.1 Leaf screens
installation and maintenance process.
Leaf screens are mesh screens (1 mm mesh) installed over
Pre-storage treatment involves either: either the gutter or downspout to separate leaves and other
large debris from rooftop runoff. Leaf screens must be regularly
1. First-flush diversion – where the first cleaned to be effective; if not maintained, they can become
portion of runoff (collected from the clogged and prevent rainwater from flowing into the storage
catchment surface) is diverted away from tanks. Built-up debris can also harbor bacterial growth within
the storage tank; or gutters or downspouts.
2. Settling – where rainwater first enters
a settling tank or a settling chamber of a
two-compartment tank, where
suspended debris can settle out before
rainwater is subsequently conveyed to
the rainwater storage tank (or storage
chamber); or
3. Filtration – where leaves and other
debris are captured on screens and
prevented from entering the tank.
Filtration can take place in gutters, on
downspouts, or be integrated into the Figure 8: Leaf screen model.
conveyance drainage pipes.

2.3.1.2 First Flush Diverters
Pre-filtration is required to keep
sediment, leaves, contaminants and First flush diverters direct the initial pulse of storm water runoff
other debris from the system. Leaf away from the storage tank. While leaf screens effectively
screens and gutter guards meet the remove larger debris such as leaves, twigs and blooms from
minimal requirement for pre-filtration of harvested rainwater, first flush diverters can be used to remove
small systems, although direct water smaller contaminants such as dust, pollen and bird and rodent
filtration is preferred. All pre-filtration feces (Figure 9). Simple first flush diverters require active
devices should be low-maintenance or management, by draining the first flush water volume to a
maintenance-free. The purpose of pre- pervious area following each rainstorm.

From roof
volume
To tank
Removable
End with
drain hole
Figure 9: First flush diverter details
A first-flush diverter is a simple installation that is part of the 2.3.2 Baffle tanks
downpipe, configured to remove the initial wash off the roof so
it does not enter the tank. The first flush diverter works by A baffle tank can also be installed ahead
channeling the first flow down the downpipe to its base where of the main storage to filter out debris
it encounters a cap with a small drain hole (the drain hole will (Figure 10). These tanks have two
allow for gradually drainage else, the system will need to be screens; the first screen, called the flow
drained manually). This permits the first flow of water baffle, filters out the more coarse
containing the roof debris to settle at the bottom of the material while the second with a finer
downpipe, with the cleaner ‘later’ water settling on top, mesh grade, filters the smaller particles.
permitting relatively clean water to enter the tank.
The filtered residue will settle to the base
There are a few simple maintenance procedures that are of the tank while the cleaner water
needed for first-flush diverters. The cap at the end of the first (upper layer) is allowed to flow into the
flush pipe needs to be easily removable to facilitate cleaning. main storage. The sediment build-up in
the baffle tank needs to be removed from
Regular inspection of the pipe is required to ensure no leaves or time to time. This configuration will assist
other materials have become lodged in the pipe and that the in reducing sediment/sludge build-up in
system is draining properly. An inappropriately maintained filter the main storage.
is worse than no filter at all.
The amount of water that needs to be diverted off the roof as

first-flush and the capacity or required length of the downpipe
can be calculated.
It is generally assumed that a depth of rainfall on the roof equivalent

to 0.5 mm is required to wash off the accumulated contaminants.
Volume of diverted water (liters) =

greenhouse length (m) greenhouse width (m) 0.5 (mm)
(Equation 7) Figure 10: Baffle tank design.
23
2.3.3 Design and Installation Guidelines
1. Identify factors that impact the quality

PRE-STORAGE
of rainwater in the rainwater TREATMENT
harvesting system, and can be
mitigated through proper design and
DEVICES SHALL BE
installation; INSTALLED SUCH
2. Select and install pre-storage
treatment devices:
THAT THEY ARE
a. Pre-storage treatment devices must be READILY
sized to handle the peak runoff from
the catchment surface
ACCESSIBLE.
b. First-flush diverters: ACCESS OPENINGS
Size the first-flush chamber based on
the desired amount of runoff (typical
TO FACILITATE
diversion height is 0.5 mm) to divert ENTRY INTO THE
from the storage tank, using the
following formulas:
DEVICE AND/OR
TANK.
Diversion Volume (L) =
Diversion height (mm) × Catchment
Area (m2)
(Equation 8)
c. Settling tank or a settling chamber: i. The following components may be included as part of the
Size the settling tank or settling filtering system:
chamber based on the temporary • High quality gutter guards, available from gutter
storage of a prescribed volume of contractors,
runoff, • Leaf screens placed on the downspout, available from
i. Where the prescribed volume can gutter contractors, and/or
be based on rainwater height (i.e., • Commercially supplied rainwater filter installed in-line
1.5 mm of rain), as given by: with conveyance drainage pipe or inside tank.
Settling Tank Volume (L) = Rainwater e. Pre-storage treatment devices shall be installed such that they
Height (mm) × Catchment Area (m2) are readily accessible. Access openings to facilitate entry into
(Equation 9) the device and/or tank.
ii. Where the prescribed volume can be
based on a percentage of the capacity 2.3.4 Management Guidelines
of the rainwater storage tank (i.e., 1. Identify the factors that can impact the quality of rainwater in the
settling chambers within two- RWH system, and take steps to mitigate the risks posed by these
compartment tanks typically have 1/3 factors by implementing the following maintenance activities:
the capacity of the storage chamber).
d. Pre-storage treatment filtration devices: a. Consult the maintenance best practices provided in Table 6.

Table 6. Factors affecting rainwater quality and recommendations for mitigating

rainwater contamination through maintenance best practices
Component of
RWH System Risk Factors Maintenance Best Practices
Catchment 1. Proximity to sources of air pollution At least once every 6 months:

surface (industry, major roadways, etc.) • Inspect catchment surface for sources
2. Overhanging tree branches of contamination (accumulated
3. Animal activity debris, leaves, pine needles, etc.) and
4. Leaching of chemicals and/or metals clean area
from catchment material • Trim overhanging tree branches
Conveyance 1. Entry of potentially poor quality At least once every 6 months:

network groundwater/surface water from poorly •Inspect gutters for sources of
sealed joins contamination (accumulated debris,
2. Entry of animals, rodents and/or leaves, pine needles, etc.) and clean
insects from poorly sealed joins gutters as required
•Inspect area(s) where downspouts
connect to conveyance network to
ensure fittings are secure
•Inspect pre-storage treatment
device(s) connected with conveyance
network and clean devices as required
Rainwater 1. Leaching of chemicals and/or metals At least once annually:

storage tank from rainwater tank storage material •Inspect components inside tank for
2. Leaching of chemicals and/or metals signs of corrosion and/or degradation
from components located within and replace components as necessary
rainwater tank •Monitor rainwater quality at point-of-
3. Pump intake located at bottom of tank use for indication of sediment
where it can draw in sediment accumulation in tank.
b. Consider other site specific risk factor(s) and adapt the i. Accumulated dirt and debris
maintenance of the RWH system as appropriate to mitigate blocking flow through filter,
the risks posed to rainwater quality. ii. Loose fittings or other problems
with the treatment device(s) such
2. Pre-storage treatment device(s) should be inspected at least that rainwater is passing through
twice per year, or more frequently as required by without treatment taking place, or
manufacturer’s instructions and site conditions: iii. Other problems with the
a. Observe rainwater passing through the device(s) during a treatment device(s).
rainfall event, or simulate a rainfall event by discharging water b. Clean the filtration device(s) according
from a hose onto the catchment surface. Look for potential to the manufacturer’s maintenance
problems such as: instructions, repair as required.
25
2.4 Storage
It is important that you have sufficient

COVERS FOR THE
storage to meet your needs and can TANK ARE ALSO
accommodate the amount of water to be
harvested. It is also recommended that
NEEDED TO
the tank should be sized, so that it PREVENT DEBRIS,
overflows at least twice a year to remove
floating debris.
LEAVES AND
ACCESS OF
ANIMALS AND
2.4.1.1 Storage systems BIRDS.
2.4.1.2 Above Ground Storage
There is usually adequate space on-farm

for the use of above ground storage tanks
and, the height of modern agricultural
buildings is sufficient to enable rainwater
harvesting by gravity. Where tanks are
above ground, fitting insulation and frost
protection to pipes and pumps close to
the tank, is recommended. Covers for the
tank are also needed to prevent debris,
Figure 11: Above ground storage design
leaves and access of animals and birds.
The advantages and disadvantages of

above ground tanks include:
Ease of inspection. Risk of frost damage to the pipe and equipment.

Ease of repair and maintenance of the tank and Occupies ground space.
equipment.
Susceptibility to damage/vandalism.
Lighter and less expensive construction.
Appearance.
Easier to add or increase capacity.
Requires a cover.
Lower cost of installation.
More susceptible to algal growth and poor water
Avoids groundwater problems (high water table). quality.
Requires a tank specifically designed for use above
ground.

2.4.1.3 Underground storage tanks

Many RWH systems use underground storage tanks. Installing
a tank underground will result in additional installation costs in
THE STORAGE TANK
excavating the ground and, where water tables are high, IS THE MOST
securing the tank – however, there are also a number of
advantages.
IMPORTANT AND
TYPICALLY THE
MOST EXPENSIVE
COMPONENT OF A
RAINWATER
HARVESTING
SYSTEM.
Figure 12: Underground ground storage design
An underground storage tank is often used to keep the stored

water out of view.
It helps to prevent algal growth by shielding the Additional cost of excavation.

tank from daylight.
Additional cost of installation, particularly in high
Protects the tank from extreme weather conditions water tables.
such as frost damage.
Less accessible for inspection and maintenance.
Protected against mechanical damage.
Helps to regulate the water temperature in the
tank, keeping it cool and limiting bacterial growth.
Saves space on site.
Hidden from view at ground level.
2.4.2 Issues for Consideration
2.4.2.1 Storage Tanks

The storage tank is the most important and typically the most connected with pipes to balance water
expensive component of a rainwater harvesting system. levels and increase overall storage on-site
Multiple tanks can be placed adjacent to each other and as needed.
27
Here below the large-capacity tanks

specifications available in the Lebanese
market:
Table 7. Large-capacity one layer tanks specifications available in the Lebanese market
Capacity (Liters) Measurements (cm)

400mm
a b
6,000 194 215

b
8,000 216 240
10,000 240 260

a
22000 338 282
While many of the graphics and photos • Aboveground storage tanks should be UV and impact
in this specification depict cisterns with a resistant.
cylindrical shape, the tanks can be made
• Underground storage tanks must be designed to support the
of many materials and configured in
overlying sediment and any other anticipated loads (e.g.,
various shapes, depending on the type
vehicles, pedestrian traffic, etc.).
used and the site conditions where the
tanks will be installed. • Underground rainwater harvesting systems should have a
standard size manhole or equivalent opening to allow access
The following factors should be for cleaning, inspection, and maintenance purposes. This
considered when designing rainwater access point should be secured/locked to prevent unwanted
harvesting system and selecting a storage access.
tank: • Storage tanks should be opaque or otherwise protected from
direct sunlight to inhibit algal growth and should be screened
to discourage mosquito breeding and reproduction.
• Dead storage below the outlet to the distribution system and
an air gap at the top of the tank should be added to the total
volume. For systems using a pump, the dead storage depth
will be based on the pump specifications.
• Any hookup to a municipal backup water supply should have
a backflow prevention device to keep municipal water
separate from stored rainwater; this may include
incorporating an air gap to separate the two supplies.

Table 8: Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Cistern Materials
Tank Material Advantages Disadvantages
Fiberglass Commercially available, alterable and Must be installed on smooth, solid, level
moveable; durable with little footing; pressure proof for below-
maintenance; light weight; integral ground installation; expensive in smaller
fittings (no leaks); broad application sizes
Polyethylene Commercially available, alterable, Can be UV-degradable; must be painted

moveable, affordable; available in wide or tinted for above-ground installations;
range of sizes; can install above or pressure-proof for below-ground
below ground; little maintenance; installation
broad application
Modular Storage Can modify to topography; can alter Longevity may be less than other materials;
footprint and create various shapes to higher risk of puncturing of water tight
fit site; relatively inexpensive membrane during construction
Plastic Barrels Commercially available; inexpensive Low storage capacity (75 to 190 L);
limited application
Galvanized Steel Commercially available, alterable and Possible external corrosion and rust;
moveable; available in a range of sizes; must be lined for potable use; can only
film develops inside to prevent install above ground; soil pH may limit
corrosion underground applications
Steel Drums Commercially available, alterable and Small storage capacity; prone to
moveable corrosion, and rust can lead to leaching
of metals; verify prior to reuse for toxics;
water pH and soil pH may also limit
applications
FerroConcrete Durable and immoveable; suitable for Potential to crack and leak; expensive
above or below ground installations;
neutralizes acid rain
Cast in Place Durable, immoveable, versatile; Potential to crack and leak; permanent;
Concrete suitable for above or below ground will need to provide adequate platform
installations; neutralizes acid rain and design for placement in clay soils
Stone or concrete Durable and immoveable; keeps water Difficult to maintain; expensive to build
Block cool in summer months
29
2.4.2.2 Storage Tanks sizing 2. Estimate the volume captured off the roof based on the area
of the roof and the runoff coefficient.
The size of the storage facility depends on 3. Estimate the monthly irrigation demand on the basis of the
the rainfall regime, the roof material and Evapotranspiration of reference for the area, the crop grown
area, the expected water demand, the under this greenhouse (Kc and ETc).
cost of construction/installation and the 4. Use the monthly volume capture and demand estimates to
degree of reliability the farmer desires. An calculate the minimum storage required. This information is
undersized storage system will not satisfy assembled in a tabular format that tracks the changes in the
demands while an oversized one might cumulative volume captured and stored, the cumulative
never be fully utilized. demand and the total amount that is stored in any given
month. The difference between the highest volume stored
As a rule-of-thumb, it is advised that the and the amount left in the tank at the end of the year
system be ‘over-designed’ to provide at represents the minimum storage volume.
least 20% more than the estimated
demand. A worked example is provided in Appendix E.
There are several methods that can be 2.4.3 Design and Installation Guidelines
used to estimate the size of the storage
tank. In this guideline, we will only 1. Determine the rainwater storage tank capacity:
provide example of the simple tabular a. For storage tanks used for rainwater harvesting purposes: Use
method. the method provided in the Rainwater Storage Tank Sizing
section of Appendix E.
This method is used in the estimation of b. If sizing the tank without reference to the Tank Sizing method,
tank size based on rainfall variability and consider:
demand over the course of a year. The i. The unused volume (typically referred to as the dead
process comprises of four key steps. space‘) when selecting tank size. If unknown, assume 20%
of tank capacity will be dead space,
1. Obtain monthly rainfall data for a year ii. The collection losses from pre-storage treatment devices
that was particularly dry or the rainfall (refer to Section 2.3 Rainwater Quality & Pre-Treatment
erratic. These data will be gathered for details).
from CLIMWAT, a joint publication of
2. Determine the type of material utilized for the rainwater tank,
the Water Development and
based on:
Management Unit and the Climate
a. Placement (above- or below-ground);
Change and Bioenergy Unit of FAO.
b. Storage volume requirements;
CLIMWAT is a reliable source which
provides long-term (for at least 15 3. Determine the location of the rainwater storage tank:
years) monthly mean values a. For all rainwater storage tank locations:
observed agroclimatic data of over i. Ensure the location allows for:
5000 stations worldwide. • Proper drainage of rainwater through the conveyance
Agrometeorological data could also network (refer to Section 2.2 Rainwater Collection and
be collected from the Lebanese Conveyance for details),
Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) • Proper drainage of rainwater from the storage tank to an
stations. appropriate discharge location.

b. For below ground storage tanks: 6. Installation of storage tanks:

i. Identify the area(s) where the tank can be located:
a. Below ground tanks shall be placed in a
• Ensure the location is free from buried service lines
properly excavated space, be
(piping).
supported on a tank bedding and be
• Ensure the location is accessible for excavation equipment properly backfilled;
and the tank delivery vehicle. Consult the excavation
contractor and tank supplier for exact requirements. b. Consult the tank manufacturer‘s
installation instructions regarding
c. For above ground storage tanks: recommended tank bedding, support
i. Identify the area(s) where the tank can be located: and backfilling procedures;
• Ensure the location has sufficient space for access above
and around the tanks for inspection and maintenance. c. Connect the rainwater conveyance
drainage pipe(s), overflow drainage
4. Tank access and openings: pipe(s), rainwater pressure pipe(s) and
a. Tanks shall be provided with an access opening; electrical conduit(s) to the tank,
b. Access openings shall be a minimum of 450 mm to facilitate ensuring that the connections are
installation, inspection and maintenance of components properly sealed and watertight.
within the rainwater storage tank;
7. Installation of components within the
c. Access openings shall have drip-proof, non-corrosive covers;
rainwater storage tank:
d. Openings that are larger than 100 mm shall have lockable
a. Components installed within the tank
covers.
typically include:
5. Tank venting: i. A pump or pump intake (refer to

a. For below ground rainwater storage tanks: Section 2.5 Pump and Pressurized
Distribution System for details),
i. In general, venting of the tank through the rainwater
conveyance drainage piping and overflow drainage piping ii. Water level sensors and/or other
connected to the tank(s) is considered to be sufficient for types of control equipment,
typical small scale greenhouses,
b. Entry into the rainwater storage tank,
ii. For larger scale greenhouses, or in cases where venting by
for the purposes of installing
means of conveyance drainage piping and overflow
components within the tank is not
drainage piping connections is considered insufficient, a
recommended;
vent shall be installed on each tank, where:
• The vent pipe shall extend from the top of tank to a c. Install components such that they are
minimum height of 150 mm above grade, accessible for inspection and
• The vent pipe shall be of a sufficient size to permit the flow maintenance, without entry into tank;
of air while the tank is filling, and shall be no less than 75
mm in size, d. Components installed in the tank
should be suited for a wet
• Vent shall terminate in a gooseneck fitting with a screen environment.
to prevent the entry of birds, rodents and insects.
31
2.4.4 Management Guidelines 2.5 Pump and Distribution Systems
1. Rainwater tanks should be inspected at 2.5.1 Introduction

least once every year for the following:
Most distribution systems require a pump to convey harvested
a. Leaks: rainwater from the storage tank to its final destination, whether
i. For below-ground storage tanks, leaks inside the greenhouse, an automated irrigation system, or
may be identified through poor gradually discharged to a secondary runoff reduction practice.
performance of the RWH system, from The rainwater harvesting system should be equipped with an
moist soil conditions surrounding the appropriately-sized pump that produces sufficient pressure for
tank and/or excessive settling of the tank all end-uses.
in the excavated space;
ii. For above-ground storage tanks and The typical pump and pressure tank arrangement consists of a
integrated storage, leaks can be identified multi-stage centrifugal pump, which draws water out of the
visually by examining the area storage tank and sends it into the pressure tank, where it is
surrounding the tanks, or through poor stored for distribution. When water is drawn out of the pressure
system performance or soil moisture (if tank, the pump activates to supply additional water to the
applicable). distribution system.
b. Accumulation of debris: A drain plug or cleanout sump, also draining to a pervious area,
i. Sediment may accumulate on the should be installed to allow the system to be completely
bottom of the tank and, depending on emptied, if needed.
the treatment provided, appear at the
point of use. In such cases, the 2.5.2 Issues for Consideration
location (height) of the pump intake The fact that the storage facility has to be placed below the level
may need adjustment. Adjust the of the catchment surface pumping will be required to lift the
location of the pump intake such that water from storage and maintain pressure in the water
it is located 100-150 mm above the distribution network if the water is to be used for drip irrigation
bottom of the tank; or sprinklers.
ii. If sediment is still detected at the point

In general for average greenhouses, an electric centrifugal
of use, pre-storage and/or post-storage
pump of 2 horse power (hp), 1.5 KW, monophase with a 50 L
treatment devices may need to be
pressure tank and 32 mm HPPE pipes throughout the structure
installed (or cleaned/maintained) to
will suffice. A pressure switch that will maintain the pressure
improve rainwater quality (refer to
between about 2 bars and 8 bars should be installed.
Section 2.3 Rainwater Quality & Pre-
Treatment for details);
2.5.2.1 Pumping unit
iii. In some cases, it may be necessary to The pumping unit is sized according to both total head
remove the accumulated sediment on requirement and power requirement.
the bottom of the tank. (Note:
removal of sediment and/or tank 2.5.2.2 Total head requirement
cleaning is not generally The head loss is calculated in all the piping using William-Hazen
recommended on an annual basis). equations as below:

For less than 20 outlets: Once the head of the pump, TDH, is
determined, the required power can be
HL= 1135000 × Q1.852 × D -4.871 × L calculated
(Equation 10)
Suction lift
Where, HL is the head loss in the pipe (m) HL piping (lateral, manifold, mainline)
Q is the flow rate (L/s) HL control head
D is the internal pipe diameter (mm) Emitter operating pressure
L is the length of the pipe (m)
Subtotal
For more than 20 outlets: 10% for fitting
Difference in elevation
HL= 398000 × Q 1.852 × D -4.871× L
Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
(Equation 11)
Where, HL is the head loss in the pipe (m)

2.5.2.3 Power requirements
Q is the flow rate (L/s)
The following equations can be applied
D is the internal pipe diameter (mm)
to calculate the power requirements of
the pump in Kilowatts (kW) and Brake
Horse Power (BHP) respectively.
The total head requirement is composed of the head losses in all
Power requirements in
pipes that has to be calculated earlier plus the total sum of the
following: the suction lift, the difference in elevation between Q × TDH × Sg
KW =
the level of the water tank and the position of the greenhouse, 360 × e
the head losses in fitting, the head requirement of the control (Equation 13)
head and the irrigation system (dripper) operating pressure.
Where, Q is the flow rate (m3/hr)
The control head, which is composed of the filtering system and
TDH is the Total Dynamic Head
the water meter, is considered to be 7 m while the head losses
(m)
in fitting are estimated to be 10% of all piping head losses.
Sg = specific gravity (unitless)
e is the efficiency of the
This is translated as follows:
pump (fraction)
HL= hs + hp + hc + ho + hf + he
Power requirements in
(Equation 12)
Q × TDH × Sg
BHP =
Where, hs is the suction lift, m 273 × e
hp is the head loss due to friction for all piping, m (Equation 14)
hc is the control head, m
ho is the operating head, m Where, Q is the flow rate (m3/hr)
hf is the head loss due to friction for all fitting, m TDH is the Total Dynamic Head
he is the elevation head, m (difference (m)
between pump location and location to which Sg = specific gravity (unitless)
water will be delivered) e is the efficiency of the pump (%)
33
For water the specific gravity is 1.0 while the Assuming a derating of 20%, the power requirement would be:
efficiency of the pump may be determined
from a pump performance curve which Final Power requirements in
relates the total head, discharge (or flow to kW = Power requirements in kW × 1.2
be pumped), and efficiency. These
performance curves are typically provided by Final Power requirements in
pump manufacturers. BHP = Power requirements in BHP × 1.2
EXAMPLE
The storage tanks for the greenhouse in Damour will 2. The flow rate,
be above ground level. The water will be pumped to Q = number of lateral lines × number of emitters per
irrigate a greenhouse around 10 m away and 2 m line × Q emitters = 9 × 166 × 4 = 5976 l/hr = 59.76
higher than the pump level. The required operating m3/hr
head for the dripper irrigation system is 10 m (1 bar).
3. Efficiency, e = 77% = 0.77
The greenhouse size is L = 41.5 m & l = 8 m. The
irrigation system within this greenhouse consists of 9 4. The pump’s power is then determined as:
later lines with 166 emitters per line and 41.5 m each,
Q × TDH × Sg 59.76 × 24.9 × 1
one manifold installed at the entrance of the P (kW) = = = 5.3 kW
360 × e 360 × 0.77
greenhouse of 8 m length and connects the lateral lines
Q × TDH × Sg 59.76 × 24.9 × 1
to the pumping unit situated at 10 meters away from P (BHP) = = = 7.1 BHP
273 × e 360 × 0.77
greenhouse. The emitters’ flow rate is 4 l/hr.
And according to the pump manufacturer, the Assuming a derating of 20%, the power requirement
efficiency is 77%. would be:
Final Power requirements in kW = 5.3 × 1.2 = 6.4 kW
Final Power requirements in BHP = 7.1 × 1.2 = 8.5
To properly size the pump, the following steps need to
BHP
be completed:
5. Thus the needed pump has to have a lift capacity
1. The first step is to determining the Total Dynamic of 25 m and a power of 7 kW.
Head TDH,
TDH= hs + hp + hc + ho + hf + he
Head loss Explanation

Suction lift Pump placed above ground
HL piping (lateral, manifold, mainline) Using William-Hazen formulae
HL control head Estimation
Emitter operating pressure 1 bar
Subtotal
10% for fitting Subtotal × 0.1

2.5.2.4 Tank inlet and outlet configurations 2.5.2.6 Drip Irrigation System
The covered high tunnel creates a desert-like
The quality of water resident in the tank generally improves with environment that requires regular irrigation.
time since suspended particles fall to the bottom and sediment. Drip irrigation is an efficient and accurate way
Incoming rainwater is often turbid. To ensure the separation of to water crops in a high tunnel. It uses a low
these different water qualities, the outflow of the down-pipe flow rate and supplies water only to the root
should be placed at the near-bottom of the tank so that the older zone of the plants. Drip irrigation is often used
clear water is forced to the top layer. A low-rise pipe surrounding with plastic mulch for transplanted crops to
the down pipe called the ‘break ring’ helps break the force of the conserve moisture and create a more
outflow preventing it from disturbing any sediment that may have consistent moisture level in the soil.
accumulated on the tank bottom (Figure 13a). To extract the
The drip tape requires a low pressure, 1 bar, at
cleaner top layer of water, a flexible intake hose attached to a float
the main line. The water pressure can be
is recommended (as shown in Figure 13b).
maintained with a low flow pressure regulator
after the pump and before the header line. A
pressure regulator reduces incoming water
pressure to a set pressure usable by a drip
system. It is used when the incoming pressure
is too high for the emitters or fittings. The flow
rate of the regulator should be matched with
the system.
The header line, a layflat hose or a 32 mm

polyethylene tube, is connected to the pump
with appropriate-sized fittings. The lateral lines
Figure 13: Design configurations for (a) tank inflow and (b) outflow or drip lines run the length of the rows and are
typically attached to the header line with ¼-
2.5.2.5 Overflow inch tubing and valve fittings. It is necessary to
An overflow mechanism should be included in the rainwater have a “back up” line from your primary water
harvesting system design in order to handle an individual storm source for use during dry periods. This line can
event or multiple storms in succession that exceed the capacity be attached to the drip system by bypassing
of the tank. Overflow pipes should have a capacity equal to or the pump.
greater than the inflow pipe(s) and have a diameter and slope
sufficient to drain the cistern while maintaining an adequate
freeboard height. The overflow pipe should be screened to
prevent access to the tank by rodents and birds.
Figure 14: Design configurations for tank overflows Figure 15: Drip irrigation system main components
35
b. Pipe size:
THE FLOW RATE OF i. Pipe shall be sized to handle the maximum flow rate of the pump
THE REGULATOR in accordance with the pump manufacturer‘s instructions;

ii. For estimation purposes, service pipe size can be calculated using
SHOULD BE the method provided in Appendix F.
MATCHED WITH THE c. Tank connection:

Rainwater service piping should enter the tank at a height no lower
SYSTEM. than that of the overflow drainage piping, or ideally, at a height 50 mm
above the top of the overflow drainage pipe(s) entering the tank, or
4. Operation and maintenance considerations:

2.5.3 Design & Installation Guidelines a. Rainwater service piping connected to a jet pump must be installed
on a horizontal, or on a consistent upward slope from the storage
1. Select the pump: tank to the pump;
a. Determine the style and operating
b. To minimize the possibility of leaks, underground rainwater service
characteristics:
piping should be installed with no, or few, pipe fittings;
i. Style: centrifugal pump or submersible
pump, c. To facilitate repair and/or replacement of underground rainwater
ii. Electrical or fuel powered pump. piping, piping should be installed in an easy access zone.
b. Determine the required flow rate as per
5. Installation of pump:
irrigation system needs:
For guidance purposes only, a method for a. Pumps shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer‘s
estimating minimum pump flow rate is installation instructions;
provided in Appendix F.
b. Pumps shall be installed such that they are readily accessible
c. Determine the pump head: (submersible pumps must be retrievable without entry into the
A method for determining the pump head tank);
is provided in Appendix F.
c. Pump shall be provided with dry run protection. Consult pump
d. Consult the pump manufacturer or specifications to determine if pump has built-in dry run protection, if
supplier, or use pump manufacturer’s not, provide a water level sensor;
pump curve charts, to select the
d. For jet pumps:
appropriate pump model, given the
i. Rainwater service pipe should terminate no less than 100-150
pump style and operating characteristics,
mm above the bottom of the tank;
required flow rate, and pump head.
ii. Pump prime shall be maintained by a foot valve located at the
rainwater service pipe intake, or a check valve located in the
2. Plan the layout of the pump and rainwater service pipe upstream of the jet pump.
distribution system: e. For submersible pumps:
i. The pump intake should be located no less than 100-150 mm
3. Rainwater piping: above the bottom of the tank;
a. Pipe material: ii. Pump prime shall be maintained a check valve located in the
i. HDPE, PN 10 Pipes (recommended) or, rainwater service pipe downstream of the jet pump (consult
ii. PVC SDR 21 Pipes. pump manufacturer‘s instructions to determine if required).

3 RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
Maintenance requirements for rainwater harvesting systems

vary according to use. Systems that are used to provide
supplemental irrigation water have relatively low maintenance
requirements, while systems designed for indoor uses have
much higher maintenance requirements. Table 9 describes
routine maintenance tasks to keep rainwater harvesting systems
in working condition.
Table 9. Suggested Maintenance Tasks for Rainwater harvesting systems
Activity Frequency
Keep gutters and downspouts free of leaves and other debris Twice a year
Inspect and clean pre-screening devices and first flush diverters Four times a year
Inspect and clean storage tank lids, paying special attention to vents Once a year
and screens on inflow and outflow spigots. Check mosquito screens
and patch holes or gaps immediately
Inspect condition of overflow pipes, overflow filter path and/or Once a year
secondary runoff reduction practices
Inspect tank for sediment buildup Every third year
Check integrity of backflow preventer Every third year
Inspect structural integrity of tank, pump, pipe and electrical system Every third year
Replace damaged or defective system components Every third year

IV
REFERENCES

Abdulal H, Arsenault L, Bachiu T, Garrey S, MacGillivray M, & Uloth D, 2006. Rainwater

Collection System: A Feasibility Study for Dalhousie University. Prepared for Gregor
MacAskill, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Bonachela S., Maria Gonzalez A, & Dolores Fernandez M, 2006. Irrigation scheduling
of plastic greenhouse vegetable crops based on historical weather data. Irrigation
Science. Vol 25: 53–62
Chimonidou D., Polycarpou P., Vassiliou L. Rational use of water resources in Cyprus.
In : El Moujabber M., Mandi L., Trisorio-Liuzzi G., Martín I., Rabi A., and R. Rodríguez
(eds.). Technological perspectives for rational use of water resources in the
Mediterranean region. Bari: CIHEAM, 2009. p. 109-118 (Options Méditerranéennes :
Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n.88)
Council for Development and Reconstruction, 2005. National Physical Master Plan for
the Lebanese Territory. Council for Development and Reconstruction
Despins, C. 2010. The Alberta Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems.
Georgia, USA.
Despins, C. 2010. The Alberta Handbook for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems.
Georgia, USA.
El Moujabber M., Atallah T., Darwish T and B. Bou Samra. 2004. Monitoring of
groundwater salination by seawater intrusion on the Lebanese coast. Lebanese
Science Journal Vol. 5, No. 2.
El. Moujabber, M. and B. Bou Samra. 2002. Assessment of Groundwater Salination by

Seawater Intrusion in a Typical Lebanese Horticultural Area. In Proc. IS on Salination for
Hort. Prod. (Eds. U. Aksoy et al.) Acta Hort. 573, ISHS 2002.
El-Fadel, M., Massoud, M., Kalinian, H. Screening Groundwater Quality in Lebanon: A

Preliminary Assessment. Analysis conducted at Water Resources Center (AUB). Report
submitted to USAID. 2000.
Environment Agency, 2019. Rainwater Harvesting: an on-farm guide.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, 1993. CLIMWAT for
CROPWAT: a climatic database for irrigation planning and management / developed
by Martin Smith in collaboration with the Agrometeorological Group Research and
Technology Development Division.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, 2002. Irrigation
Manual. Planning, Development, Monitoring and Evaluation of Irrigated Agriculture
with Farmers Participation. Volume IV.
39
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2009. Irrigation in the
Middle East region in figures – AQUASTAT Survey 2008. Rome, Italy.
John Sutton, 2011. Rainwater harvesting guidelines: design, construction and

specification. Government of Kiribati. GWP Consultants.
Korfali, S.I. and M. Jurdi, 2010. Deterioration of Coastal Water Aquifers: Causes and
Impacts. European Water 29: 3 - 10
Kowalsky G. and Thomason K.,2010. Rainwater Harvesting and Re-Use: A Tool for
Stormwater Runoff Reduction. Professional Development Series.
Lababidi H, Shatila A, A. Acra. 1987. The Progressive Salination of Groundwater in

Beirut, Lebanon. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 30:203-208.
Lawson, S., LaBranche-Tucker, A. and H. Otto-Wack. 2009. Virginia Rainwater

Harvesting Manual. Second Edition. Salem, VA, USA.
Mekdaschi Studer, R. and H. Liniger. 2013. Water Harvesting: Guidelines to Good

Practice. Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), Bern; Rainwater Harvesting
Implementation Network (RAIN), Amsterdam; MetaMeta, Wageningen; The
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome.
Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW), 2010. National Water Sector Strategy: Ministry
of Energy and Water, Beirut, Lebanon.
Ministry of Environment (MoE), 2012. Lebanon Technology Needs Assessment Report

for Climate Change. Ministry of Environment. Lebanon.
Ministry of Environment/Ecodit, 2010. State of the Environment Report, Ministry of

Environment, Beirut Lebanon.
Oweis, Theib Yousef, and Dieter Prinz. Water Harvesting for Agriculture in the Dry
Areas. Leiden, the Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema, 2012. Print.
Sample, D. and L. Doumar. 2013. Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 6: Rainwater
Harvesting. Virginia Tech, Virginia State University, USA.
Shouse, S. and L. Naeve. 2012. Rainwater Catchment from a High Tunnel for Irrigation
Use. Iowa State University of Science and Technology, US Department of Agriculture,
Iowa, USA.
Singapore Public Utilities Board (PUB), 2014. Water Saving Habits. Accessed on August
30, 2014 URL:
http://www.pub.gov.sg/CONSERVE/HOUSEHOLDS/Pages/Watersavinghabits.aspx

Texas Rainwater Harvesting Evaluation Committee. 2005. Rainwater Harvesting

Potential and Guidelines for Texas Report to the 80th Legislature. Austin, TX: Texas
Water Development Board. Print.
Texas Rainwater Harvesting Evaluation Committee. 2006. Rainwater Harvesting

Potential and Guidelines for Texas Report to the 80th Legislature. Austin, TX: Texas
Water Development Board. Print.
Texas Water Development Board, 2005. The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting
3rd Edition, Autin, Texas, USA. Available:
http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/factsheets/RainwaterHarvestingManual_3rdediti
on.pdf.
The Water Channel TV: Azores: a hundred years of greenhouse water harvesting,
August 2014. Accessed on August 5, 2014. URL:
http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/thewaterblog
The Water Channel TV: Greenhouse Innovations in Spain, May 2013. Accessed on
August 5, 2014. URL: http://thewaterchannel.tv/thewaterblog/270-greenhouse-
innovations-in-spain
Tipis Ole Mpusia P, 2006. Comp[arison of water consumption between greenhouse

and outdoor cultivation. Master Degree Thesis submitted to the international institute
for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. Enschede, The Netherlands.
United Nations Environment Programme & Caribbean Environmental Health Institute

(CEHI), 2009. Handbook for Rainwater Harvesting for the Caribbean.
Van Giesen, E. and F. Carpenter. 2009. Georgia Rainwater Harvesting Guidelines.

Georgia, USA.
Vita Nuova LLC, 2009. Rainwater Harvesting System Design. Report prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Waterwise Organization, 2014. Which activities are most water intensive? Accessed on
August 31, 2014. URL: http://www.waterwise.org.uk/pages/at-home.html
World Bank, 2009. Lebanon Social Impact Analysis- Electricity and Water Sectors.
World Bank, 2010. Republic of Lebanon Water Sector: Public Expenditure Review.
V
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
APPENDIX F

APPENDIX A
CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF WATER YOU CAN CAPTURE
OFF YOUR GREENHOUSE ROOF
Using the Rational Method to calculate the volume of rainwater which could be captured
For the amount of water you can capture in one year you will need to estimate the area
of your greenhouse roof, the average annual rainfall at your location and the runoff
coefficient for the surface.
The mathematical relationship is given as:
Supply (liters per year) = rainfall (mm/year) × area (m2) × runoff coefficient
Note that since the greenhouse roof is an arc, you will need to ‘project’ the surface to the
horizontal to correctly estimate the amount of rain that falls on the roof.
The roof area is calculated by the following relationship:
Roof surface area (m2) = greenhouse roof length (m) × greenhouse roof width (m)
The runoff coefficients for the polyethylene plastic film covering the greenhouse, is estimated
at 0.8.
A worked example:
· Mean annual rainfall = 800 mm per year
· Greenhouse Roof area = 40 m (length) × 8 m (width) = 320 m2
· Roof surface is smooth polyethylene plastic film. This surface is assumed to have a runoff
coefficient of 0.8
Supply = 800 × 320 × 0.8 = 204,800 liters per year
The following is the formula to estimate the areas of each roof section for a greenhouse
Rectangle
Area = l × w
43
APPENDIX B
GUTTERS AND DOWNSPOUT SIZING
STEP 1: Rainfall intensity determination using IDF curves
The collection gutters and conveyance pipes must be able to convey the flow of water
from a typical storm event.
Lacking standards, the practice in Lebanon is to select the 5-yr 1-hr storm for the design
of stormwater drainage networks in urban areas. That is, it is a storm that lasts one hour
and has a chance of occurrence of 1/5 or 20%. Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves
are typically used to determine the rainfall intensity from such design storms.
From the IDF curves select the rainfall intensity corresponding to a 5yr-1hr storm:
Storm duration from the x-axis is 120 min. Then moving vertically from the 120 min
mark until the 5-yr frequency curve is intersected. Then moving horizontally across
until the y-axis is intersected the intensity is then identified. In this case it is
approximately 25 mm/hr.

APPENDIX B
STEP 2: Runoff determination using the Rational Method equation
GUTTERS AND
DOWNSPOUT Once the rainfall intensity is determined then the Rational Method is used to determine
the runoff from the rooftop.
SIZING
The Rational Method equation which relates runoff to rainfall intensity and area along
with a runoff coefficient as follows:
Q=C×I×A
where, Q = runoff; m3/hr

C = runoff coefficient (unitless)
I = Rainfall intensity; m/hr
A = Area drained by one gutter; m2
45
APPENDIX B
STEP 3: Gutters sizing
GUTTERS AND
DOWNSPOUT Usually greenhouse gutters are readily available in the market with a standard size
suitable for most structures.
SIZING
But if we still need to determine the gutter size to convey the flow from the design
storm the following steps are taken:
1. Rainfall determination using IDF curves in step 1.

2. Runoff Determination using the Rational Method for the rooftop in step 2
3. Upon determining the flow generated in the previous equation, the gutter can then
be sized.
This is done by using the Manning Equation:

2 1
Q= 1 AR S
3 2
n
where, Q is discharge, m3/s
n is the Manning roughness coefficient of the gutter
A is the cross-sectional flow area, m2
R is the hydraulic radius, m
S is the slope of the conduit m/m
The K-style gutters usually used in greenhouse industry are similar to a rectangular or
triangular open channel.
The Manning roughness coefficient, n, for use in the Manning equation, for the
galvanised steel gutters is 0.016.
A worked example:
For a typical greenhouse in Damour to determine the downspout size:
1. Rainfall intensity from the IDF curves is approximately 25 mm/hr.

2. Determine runoff using the Rational Method for the rooftop of a tunnel greenhouse
served by one U shape gutter from each side:
Q = CIA = 0.850.025 m/hr × 166m = 3.53 m3/hr or 0.001m3/s.
3. Use Manning’s Equation to size the gutter. The n is selected to be 0.016 for galvanized steel
material; the slope for the gutter running along the greenhouse roof is set at 0.005m/m and
the pipe is estimated to be flowing at 75% full. After an iterative process, the gutter
dimensions to be adopted are 10 cm × 12 cm × 10 cm. for this size Q generated is 0.0037
m3/s which is below the runoff generated by the rooftop (Q = 0.001 m3/s).

APPENDIX B
STEP 4: Downspout sizing
GUTTERS AND
DOWNSPOUT In order to determine the downspout size to convey the flow from the gutters to the
RWHS, the same steps as for the gutter sizing should be followed as well:
SIZING
1. Rainfall determination using IDF curves in step 1.
2. Runoff Determination using the Rational Method for the rooftop in step 2.
3. Upon determining the flow generated in the previous equation, the downspout can
then be sized using the Manning Equation as for the gutter.
The Manning roughness coefficient, n, for use in the Manning equation, for the HDPE
pipes is 0.012.
A worked example:
For a typical greenhouse in Damour to determine the downspout size:
1. Rainfall intensity from the IDF curves is approximately 25 mm/hr.
2. Determine runoff using the Rational Method for the rooftop of the greenhouse
served by one downspout from each side:
Q = CIA = 0.85 × 0.025m/hr × 332m = 7.05 m3/hr or 0.002m3/s.
3. Use Manning’s Equation to size the pipe. The n is selected to be 0.012 for HDPE
material; the slope for the pipe running along the greenhouse roof is set at
0.005m/m and the pipe is estimated to be flowing at 75% full. After an iterative
process, the pipe diameter is determined to be 75 mm. To remain on the safe side,
we select one higher size pipe diameter available in the market which is 90 mm.
47
APPENDIX C
FIRST FLUSH DIVERTER
Minimizing contamination from the catchment
A first-flush diverter is a simple installation that is part of the downpipe, designed to

remove the initial wash or “first-flush” that is sometimes laden with dirt, soot, animal
droppings (when it first starts raining after a dry period) off the roof so that this
contaminated water does not enter the tank.
The first flush diverter works by channeling the first flow down the downpipe to its
base where it encounters a cap with a small drain hole (the drain hole will allow for
gradually drainage else, the system will need to be drained manually).
This permits the first flow of water containing the roof debris to settle at the bottom
of the downpipe, with the cleaner ‘later’ water settling on top permitting relatively
clean water to enter the tank.
Simple first-flush diverter
From roof
volume
To tank
Removable
End with
drain hole
How to calculate the volume of water you need to divert using a first flush system
It is generally assumed that a depth of rainfall on the roof equivalent to 0.5 mm is

required to wash off the accumulated contaminants. You just need to determine the
area of the roof and multiply by 0.5 mm.
Volume of diverted water (litres) = roof length (m) × roof width (m) × 0.5 (mm)
A worked example:
Greenhouse Roof length = 40 meters
Greenhouse Roof width = 8 meters
Volume of diverted water (liters): 40 × 8 × 0.5 = 160 liters

APPENDIX D
BAFFLE TANKS
Minimizing contamination from the catchment
A settlement tank is a container where particulates carried out by rainwater tend to

fall to the bottom of the vessel, forming slurry at the vessel base by gravity.
The settlement tank works by slowing down the flow of the water collected promoting
the settlement of particulates (mainly sand) before moving to the storage tanks.
Sizing the settling tank or settling chamber is based on the temporary storage of a
prescribed volume of runoff,
• Where the prescribed volume can be based on rainwater height (i.e., 1.5 mm of
rain), as given by:
Settling Tank Volume (L) = Rainwater Height (mm) × Catchment Area (m2)
• Where the prescribed volume can be based on a percentage of the capacity of the
rainwater storage tank (i.e., settling chambers within two-compartment tanks typically
have 1/3 the capacity of the storage chamber).
Simple first-flush diverter
How to calculate the volume of the baffle tank
It is generally assumed that a depth of rainfall on the roof equivalent to 1.5 mm is

required to settle before entering the storage tanks. You just need to determine the
area of the roof and multiply by 1.5 mm.
Volume of diverted water (litres) = roof length (m) × roof width (m) × 1.5 (mm)
A worked example:
Greenhouse Roof length = 40 meters
Greenhouse Roof width = 8 meters
Volume of diverted water (liters): 40 × 8 × 1.5 = 480 liters
49
APPENDIX E
ESTIMATING STORAGE REQUIREMENTS;
SIMPLE TABULAR METHOD
STEP 1: Obtain rainfall data for your area
These data will be gathered from CLIMWAT, a joint publication of the Water
Development and Management Unit and the Climate Change and Bioenergy Unit
of FAO. CLIMWAT is a reliable source which provides long-term (for at least
15 years) monthly mean values observed agroclimatic data of over 5,000 stations
worldwide.
Any additional agrometeorological data needed will be collected from the

Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) stations.
It is recommended that you use data from a notably dry year so as to better ensure
considerations are made for prolonged dry spells.

APPENDIX E STEP 2: Estimate the potential volume of water that can be harvested from your
ESTIMATING greenhouse rooftop
STORAGE
In order to estimate the potential volume of water that can be harvested from a
REQUIREMENTS; given greenhouse, we determine for each month the average rainfall of the closest
SIMPLE station the location of the greenhouse (using Table 4 or any close meteorological
TABULAR station).
METHOD
A worked example:
Assume the following:
A standard greenhouse in Damour
Roof area: 332 m2
Runoff coefficient: 0.8 (for a polyethylene plastic film roof)
Using LARI stations, the closest station to Damour is Tyr and the average January
Rainfall I is 191.3 mm/month
Volume captured (litres) = rainfall (mm) × roof area (m2) × runoff coefficient
Volume captured in January (litres) = 191.3 mm × 332 m2 × 0.8 = 50,809 L
The same procedure is repeated for the 12 months.

51
APPENDIX E STEP 3: Estimate monthly crop water demand

ESTIMATING
STORAGE For each month starting from the planting month we perform the following steps:
REQUIREMENTS; 1. Determine the crop factors: Kc using Table 2

SIMPLE
TABULAR 2. Calculate the crop water need:
METHOD ET crop = ETc (mm/month) = ET0 (mm/month) × Kc (unitless)
3. Calculate the actual crop water need inside the greenhouse:

ETCG (mm/month) = 0.65 × ETC (mm/month)
4. Determine the total monthly irrigation demand (liters) for the greenhouse:
Total monthly demand (liters) = ETCG (mm/month) × Greenhouse surface area (m2)
A worked example:
Assume the following:
Greenhouse location: Damour
Surface area of the greenhouse : 332 m2
Crop grown under this greenhouse: Tomato
For each month, the following steps are executed, here for January:
1. Determine the reference crop evapotranspiration: ET0. Using Table 1, the closest
station to Damour is Beirut and the average January ET0 is 64.17 mm/month
2. Determine the crop factors: Kc. Using Table 2, Crop coefficient for tomatoes during
January: Kc = 1.15
3. Calculate the crop water need: ET crop = ETc = ET0 × Kc

ETc = ET0 × Kc = 64.17 × 1.15 = 73.8 mm/month = 73,800 liters/Dunum/month
4. Calculate the actual crop water need inside the greenhouse: ETCG = 0.65 × ETC
ETCG = 0.65 × 73.8 = 48 mm/month = 48 L/m2/month
5. Determine the total monthly irrigation demand (liters) for the greenhouse:
Total monthly demand (liters) = ETCG × Greenhouse surface area

Total monthly demand (liters) = 48 × 332 = 15,936 L

APPENDIX E Rainfall data & capture

ESTIMATING
STORAGE Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
REQUIREMENTS;
Rainfall
191.3
157.7
133.4
SIMPLE
96.1
51.1
17.3
47.2
188
893
3.3
0.5
0.4
6.7
(mm)
TABULAR
METHOD Volume
237,181
50,809
41,885
25,524
13,572
12,536
35,431
49,933
4,595
1,780
Capture
876
133
106
(L)
STEP 4: Use the volume capture and demand estimates to calculate the minimum
storage needed (steps above)
This calculation is best assembled using a spreadsheet.
The data is contained in the table below.
The minimum storage required is the maximum value in column G minus the surplus water
left at the end of the year. The surplus water in the tank is the final value in column G.
Minimum storage tank volume = 94,438 – 55,681 = 38,757 liters

53
APPENDIX E Greenhouse Catchment Area (m2) = 332 Runoff Coefficient = 0.8
ESTIMATING
A B C D E F G H
STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS; Total Amount Deficit/Surplus
Volume Cumulative Volume Stored (column per month
SIMPLE Mean Rainfall Captured volume demanded in Cumulative D minus (column C minus
TABULAR Month (mm/month) (L/month) captured month Demand column F) column E)
METHOD January 191.3 50,809 50,809 10,500 10,500 40,309 40,309
February 157.7 41,885 92,694 10,500 21,000 71,694 31,385
March 96.1 25,524 118,219 13,500 34,500 83,719* 12,024
April 51.1 13,572 131,791 15,000 49,500 82,291 -1,428
May 17.3 4,595 136,386 45,000 94,500 41,886 -40,405
June 3.3 876 137,262 45,000 139,500 -2,238 -44,124
July 0.5 133 137,395 0 139,500 -2,105 133
August 0.4 106 137,501 0 139,500 -1,999 106
September 6.7 1,780 139,281 10,500 150,000 -10,719* -8,720
October 47.2 12,536 151,817 10,500 160,500 -8,683 2,036
November 133.4 35,431 187,248 10,500 171,000 16,248 24,931
December 188 49,933 237,181 10,500 181,500 55,681 39,433
Annual
Mean 893 237,181 55,681
Maximum Volume 94,438

Stored
Minimum Storage Tank Volume (L) 38,757
Minimum Storage Tank Volume (m3) 39
NOTE: if when constructing the table (as was the case in this example), column G contains
some negative values, then it means the correct month was not chosen to begin the
calculations. The minimum storage volume can still be found by finding the largest negative
number, changing it to a positive figure and adding it to the largest positive number in
column G. in this case, the figures in column G denoted by asterisks were changed from
-10,719 to 10,719 and from 83,719 to 94,438 respectively.

APPENDIX F
PUMPING UNIT SIZING
Determination of head loss in piping
The head loss is calculated in all the piping using William-Hazen equations as below:
For less than 20 outlets:
HL= 1135000 × Q1.852 × D -4.871 × L

For more than 20 outlets:
1.852 -4.871
HL= 398000 × Q × D ×L

Total head requirement
The pumping unit is sized according to both total head requirement and power
requirement.
The total head requirement is composed of the head losses in all pipes that has to be
calculated earlier plus the sum total of the following: the suction lift, the difference in
elevation between the level of the water tank and the position of the greenhouse, the
head losses in fitting, the head requirement of the control head and the irrigation
system (dripper) operating pressure.
The control head, which is composed of the filtering system and the water meter, is
considered to be 7 m.
The head losses in fitting are estimated to be 10% of all piping head losses.
55
This is translated as follows:
HL= hs + hp + hc + ho + hf + he
Suction lift
HL piping (lateral, manifold, mainline)
HL control head
Emitter operating pressure
Subtotal
10% for fitting
Power requirement
Once the head of the pump, TDH, is determined, the required power can be calculated
The following equations can be applied to calculate the power requirements of the
pump in KW and BHP respectively.
Q × TDH × Sg
Power requirements in kW =
360 × e
Q × TDH × Sg
Power requirements in BHP =
273 × e
For water the specific gravity is 1.0
The efficiency of the pump may be determined from a pump performance curve
which relates the total head, discharge (or flow to be pumped), and efficiency. These
performance curves are typically provided by pump manufacturers.
Assuming a derating of 20%, the power requirement would be:
Final Power requirements in kW = Power requirements in kW × 1.2
Final Power requirements in BHP = Power requirements in BHP × 1.2

cover final.qxp_Layout 1 1/18/17 9:39 AM Page 1
Empowered lives.
Resilient nations.
NATIONAL GUIDELINES
FOR GREENHOUSE
SYSTEMS IN THE
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
www.climatechange.moe.gov.lb

National Guidelinesfor Greenhouse Rainwater Harvesting Systemsinthe Agriculture Sector

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

National Guidelinesfor Greenhouse Rainwater Harvesting Systemsinthe Agriculture Sector

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

National Guidelinesfor Greenhouse Rainwater Harvesting Systemsinthe Agriculture Sector

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

cover final.

qxp_Layout 1 1/18/17 9:39 AM Page 1

Copyright © 2016 by the Ministry of Environment – United Nations Development Programme

Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged and provided the

For more information:

The climate change project management team:

II. Greenhouse cultivation 2

2 Irrigation scheduling in greenhouses 5

3 Crops grown in Lebanon in greenhouses 8

III. Rainwater harvesting technology 9

1 Major Rainwater harvesting systems 10

3 Rainwater harvesting system Maintenance Schedule 36

Figure 1: Commercial greenhouse structures: A) gutter

Table 1. CLIMWAT long-term (for at least 15 years)

BHP Brake Horsepower

OF ACRONYMS, ETc Crop Evapotranspiration

ABBREVIATIONS ETCG Crop Evapotranspiration inside the

I Areas where irrigated agriculture relies on ground-water, especially

GREENHOUSE sector all over the world. The utilization of greenhouses,

CULTIVATION undergoing transformation for modernization that gives

1 controlled greenhouses. This type of modern agriculture

TYPES OF hazards (such as the ability to control and maintain a

2 It is known that water is a major issue especially for

SCHEDULING IN greenhouse cultivation, the need of proper irrigation

with vertical side wall.

Construction materials used for

The facilities and equipments used inside

4 rainwater harvesting systems

1.1 Low technology greenhouses

High variations in supplies of irrigation The basic relationship writes:

1. Determine the reference crop evapotranspiration: ET0.

2. Determine the crop factors: Kc. Using Table 2, Crop

Step 2: Determine the crop factors:

Step 4: Calculate the actual crop

8 rainwater harvesting systems

3 CROPS GROWN IN LEBANON

Table 2: Crops grown in Lebanon in greenhouses

10 rainwater harvesting systems

1 MAJOR RAINWATER HARVESTING

The following section gives details of three different systems:

Figure 2: Principles of an indirect system

1.2 Directly Pumped Systems

Figure 3: Principles of a direct system

1.3 Gravity Fed Systems

12 rainwater harvesting systems

The relative height of the components (roof, filter, tank) is

2.1.2.1 Rainfall in the targeted area

Table 3. Monthly rainfall distribution -as a percentage of total rainfall

Al-Arz (Les Cèdres)

NOV 132 149 86 68 73 91 65 57 100 61 112 100 47 93 110

14 rainwater harvesting systems

For the month of November, determine

16 rainwater harvesting systems

The Manning roughness coefficient, n, for

The approach of how to estimate the

Rectangular Cross Section Triangular Cross Section

Rectangular channel Triangular channel

The hydraulic radius The hydraulic radius

and P = 2λ with λ2 = y2 + (yz)2, P = 2[y2(1 + z2)]1/2