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IT-243 Assignment 2nd Semester

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32 views8 pages

IT-243 Assignment 2nd Semester

Uploaded by

noor785malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GOVT.

Graduate College, Dina


BS-IT
2nd Semester
Assignment-1
Roll No: 23061556-030
Submitted By: Hoor Fatima
Submitted To: Sir Taimoor
Submission Date: 23March, 2024

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Roles of Individuals within
Database Environment
 Data and Database Administrator
 Database Designers
 Application Developers
 End Users

1- Data and Database Administrator


A Data Administrator is responsible for processing data into a
convenient data model. They determine which data is relevant to be
stored in the database. For example, A Data Administrator working
for a government agency might be responsible for processing large
amounts of data. They would determine which data is relevant to be
stored in the database.
A Database Administrator is responsible for maintaining,
securing, and operating databases. They ensure that data is correctly
stored and retrieved. For example, A Database Administrator
working for a tech company might be responsible for maintaining and
securing the company’s databases.

2- Database Designers
A Database Designer is a professional who is responsible for
designing, developing, executing and preserving a company’s data
management system. For example, a database designer can create
database for a school to track student’s grades. It includes
requirement analysis, conceptual design, logical design, physical
design, implementation, testing, activation, and maintenance.

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3- Application Developers
An Application Developer is a professional who designs,
creates, deploys, and updates programs for a particular device, the
web, or a specific operating system. Application developers work in
almost every industry and are involved in performing routine updates
on applications and releasing them to end-users. For example, an
application developer might be develop a web application for library.
The application will allow users to check availability of books and
reverse them.

4- End Users
An End User is the person or entity that consumes or makes use
of the goods or services produced by businesses. They are the final
consumers of a product at the end of the product development
process. For example, consider a parent who buys a protein bar for
their kids. In this case, the parent is the customer, and the kids who
eat the protein bars are the end users. The parent purchased the
product, but it’s the kids who are actually using it.

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Database System Models
 Flat File Model
 Hierarchical Model
 Network Model
 Relational Model
 Object-Relational Model
 Object-Based Data Model

1- Flat File Model


A Flat File Model refers to a simple database structure where
data is stored in a single table. Each line in the file typically
represents a single record, with fields separated by delimiters such as
commas or tabs. This model does not inherently support relationships
between records or complex indexing, making it straightforward but
limited compared to relational databases. For example, a flat file
could contain a list of contacts, where each line has a name, address,
and phone number separated by commas. It’s a basic way to store data
that’s easy to read and write but doesn’t offer the advanced features of
relational databases, which can store data across multiple related
tables.

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2- Hierarchical Model
The Hierarchical Database Model is a data structure that
organizes data in a tree-like format, resembling a family tree with one
root and various branches. In this model, data is stored as records
connected through links, where each record is a collection of fields,
and each field contains only one value. For example, an organization
might store employee information in a ‘parent’ table and computer
hardware information in a ‘child’ table, where each piece of hardware
is assigned to a single employee.

3- Network Model
The Network Database Model is a flexible way of representing
objects and their relationships. It’s characterized by its ability to have
multiple parent records for a single child record, allowing for complex
many-to-many relationships. In the network model, data is organized
in a graph structure. For example, in an educational context, a
‘Subject’ could be a child class with ‘Student’ and ‘Degree’ as
parent classes, allowing the subject to be associated with both
students and degrees.

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4- Relational Model
The Relational Model is a widely-used database structure that
organizes data into tables, known as relations, which are made up of
rows and columns. Each row, also called a tuple, represents a single
item or record, and each column, known as an attribute, represents a
data field. This model allows for the definition of data structures,
storage of data, and retrieval of data in a structured manner. The
relational model also supports operations such as selection,
projection, and join, which allow for complex queries and data
manipulation.

5- Object-Relational Model
The Object-Relational Model is a database design that
combines elements of both the object-oriented database model and the
relational database model. It supports objects, classes, inheritance,
and other features typical of object-oriented models, along with data
types and tabular structures like those in relational models.

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This hybrid model aims to bridge the gap between the object-oriented
programming languages such as C++, C#, or Java, and the relational
databases.

6- Object-Based Data Model


An Object-Based Data Model is a type of database that blends
features of both object-oriented programming and traditional database
principles. In this model, data is represented as objects, similar to how
it is in object-oriented programming languages like Java or C++.
These objects are stored in a database that can understand and
use complex data types and relationships. Object-based databases are

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particularly useful in applications where the data is naturally modeled
as a set of objects, such as computer-aided design (CAD),
multimedia databases, and geographic information systems (GIS).

Which model is suitable for University’s


Database System? Justify your choice.
I think that the Relational Model is good for the University’s
Database System. Because I have gone through all the database
models like Flat File, Hierarchical, Network, Object-Relational
and Object-Based Data Models. I have checked all of them and I
feel that the Relational Model is a good choice for all of them. The
reasons are:
1- Well-Structured: It is a widely used database model and
well-structured. The data is organized in tables and has multiple rows
and columns.
2- Flexibility: It can define, store and retrieve data easily. It also
offers flexibility in querying.
3- Normalization: It supports normalization, which is the
process of organizing data to minimize redundancy and dependency.
4- Scalability: It can handle large volumes of data, which is
necessary for university. Its supports features like selection,
projection, join etc.
5- Security: It provides strong security features like access
control, user authentication and encryption, which are important for
securing sensitive information and content within a university system.
 While other database models, such as Flat File, Hierarchical,
Network, Object-Relational and Object- Based have their
own features and strength. But compared to all of them, the
Relational Model is a good choice for the University’s
database system and easy to use. I prefer to choose a
Relational Model for the University’s Database system.
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