Dbms Final
Dbms Final
(UGC AUTONOMOUS)
2023-2024
CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(UGCAUTONOMOUS)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that a Micro Project entitled with " Designing a Relational Database
for the University Register’s office " is being
Submitted by
We are extremely grateful to Dr. M. Janga Reddy, Director, Dr.G. Madusudhana Rao
, Principal and Dr.K. Niranjan Reddy, Head Of Department , CMR Institute of Technology for
their during entire duration.
We are extremely thankful to our Data Base Management System Laboratory faculty-in-
charge Mrs.B.Annapoorna ,Electronics and Communication Engineering(DBMS) department,
CMR Institute of Technology for her constant guidance, encouragement and moral support
throughout the project.
We express our thanks all staff members and friends for all the help and coordination extended
inbringing out this micro project successfully in time.
Finally, we are very much thankful to our parents and relatives who guided directly or
indirectly for the successful completion of the project.
2.Advantages of RDBM 9
3. SQL QUERY 10
4.Conclusion 12
5.References 12
INTRODUCTION:
SQL:
● SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is used for storing and managing
data in relational database management system (RDBMS).
● It is a standard language for Relational Database System. It enables a user to create,
read, update and delete relational databases and tables.
● All the RDBMS like MySQL, Informix, Oracle, MS Access and SQL Server use
SQL as their standard database language.
● SQL allows users to query the database in a number of ways, using English-like
statements.
a. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table. Syntax:
DROP TABLE table_name;
b. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either
to modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.
Syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;
c. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space
containing the table.
Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.
Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN =
valueN] [WHERE CONDITION]
c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table. Syntax: DELETE FROM
table_name [WHERE condition];
b.Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been
saved to the database.
Syntax: ROLLBACK;
c.SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling
back
the entire transaction.
Syntax: SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
Relational Algebra
Relational algebra is a procedural query language, which takes instances of relations as
input and yields instances of relations as output. It uses operators to perform queries. An
operator can be either unary or binary. They accept relations as their input and yield
relations as their output. Relational algebra is performed recursively on a relation and
intermediate results are also considered relations.
REQUIREMENTS:
Hardware Requirements:
Software Requirements:
ADVANTAGES OF RDMS
The pros of a relational database management system offer a methodical view of data,
which helps businesses improve their decision-making processes by enhancing different
areas.
● Easy Maintenance
● A record in one table could be related to another record in a different table (1:1
relationship)
● A record in one table may be related to several records in other tables (1:M
relationship)
● Several table records could be linked to multiple records in a different table (M:
N relationship)
However, before tables are created, a relational database management system must ensure
that:
● Each table has a unique primary key, which has no null values.
● The foreign key, which is used to relate to 2 tables, is preserved in one table and
refers to the primary key of another table.
● No column has a null value (empty cell).
SQL Query---
1.create table University1(sno int(10),roll no varchar(20),name
varchar(20),sub varchar(20),day_date date ,section varchar(10));
OUTPUT:
OUTPUT:
You learned that the structure of a relational database is based on the relational model. You
also learned that the largest structure in a relational database is a table, which contains
fields, records, and a primary key. You discovered that using the primary-key field to link
tables allows data to be accessed in a relational database.
Finally, you learned that Structured Query Language (SQL) is the programming language
used to create relational databases, and that a relational database management system
(RDBMS) is a software package used to manage relational databases.
REFERENCES
● https://www.oracle.com/in/database/what-is-a-relation al-database/
● https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/hosting/technical
matters/relational-databases/