6/16/24, 12:50 PM Applications of Pointers in C

Applications of Pointers in C
One of the most important features of C is that it provides low-level memory access
with the concept of pointers. A pointer is a variable that stores the address of
another variable in the memory.

The provision of pointers has many applications such as passing arrays and struct
type to a function and dynamic memory allocation, etc. In this chapter, we will
explain some important applications of pointers in C.

To Access Array Elements

Array elements can also be accessed through the pointer. You need to declare and
initialize a pointer to an array and using it you can access each element by
incrementing the pointer variable by 1.

The pointer to an array is the address of its 0th element. When the array pointer is
incremented by 1, it points to the next element in the array.

Example

The following example demonstrates how you can traverse an array with the help of
its pointer.

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

int arr[] = {1,2,3,4,5};

int *ptr = arr;

for(int i = 0; i <= 4; i++){

printf("arr[%d]: %d\n", i, *ptr);
ptr++;
}

return 0;
}

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Output

Run the code and check its output −

arr[0]: 1
arr[1]: 2
arr[2]: 3
arr[3]: 4
arr[4]: 5

For Allocating Memory Dynamically

One of the most important applications of C pointers is to declare memory for the
variables dynamically. There are various situations, where static memory allocation
cannot solve the problem, such as dealing with large size of arrays, structures
having n numbers of students and employees, etc.

Thus, whenever you need to allocate memory dynamically, pointers play an

important role in it. C language provides some of the functions to allocate and
release the memory dynamically. The functions are:

malloc() function
Allocates an array of num elements each of which size in bytes will be size.
calloc() function
Allocates an array of num bytes and leaves them uninitialized.
realloc() function
Reallocates memory extending it up to newsize.

1. The malloc() Function

This function is defined in the "stdlib.h" header file. It allocates a block memory of
the required size and returns a void pointer.

void *malloc (size)

The size parameter refers to the block of memory in bytes. To allocate the memory
required for a specified data type, you need to use the typecasting operator. For
example, the following snippet allocates the memory required to store an int type.

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int *ptr;
ptr = (int * ) malloc (sizeof (int));

Here we need to define a pointer to character without defining how much memory is
required and later, based on requirement, we can allocate memory.

Example

In this example, we use the malloc() function to allocate the required memory to
store a string (instead of declaring a char array of a fixed size) −

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(){

char *name;
name = (char *) malloc(strlen("TutorialsPoint"));

strcpy(name, "TutorialsPoint");

if(name == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error - unable to allocate required memory\n");
} else {
printf("Name = %s\n", name );
}
}

Output

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following output −

Name = TutorialsPoint

2. The calloc() Function

The C library function "calloc" (stands for contiguous allocation) allocates the
requested memory and returns a pointer to it.

void *calloc(n, size);

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Where "n" is the number of elements to be allocated and "size" is the byte size of
each element.

The following snippet allocates the memory required to store 10 integer types.

int *ptr;
ptr = (int *) calloc(25, sizeof(int));

3. The realloc() Function

The realloc() function in C is used to dynamically change the memory allocation of

a previously allocated memory. You can increase or decrease the size of an allocated
memory block by calling the realloc() function.

void *realloc(*ptr, size);

The first parameter "ptr" is the pointer to a memory block previously allocated with
malloc, calloc or realloc to be reallocated.

Dynamic memory allocation technique is extensively used in complex linear and

non−linear data structures such as linked lists and trees, which are employed in
operating system software.

For Passing Arguments as Reference

When a function is called by reference, the address of the actual argument variables
passed, instead of their values.

Passing a pointer to a function has two advantages −

First, it overcomes the limitation of pass by value. Changes to the value inside the
called function are done directly at the address stored in the pointer. Hence, we can
manipulate the variables in one scope from another.

Second, it also overcomes the limitation of a function in that it can return only one
expression. By passing pointers, the effect of processing a function takes place
directly at the address. Secondly, more than one value can be returned if we return
the pointer of an array or struct variable.

Example

The following function receives the reference of two variables whose values are to be
swapped.

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/* function definition to swap the values */

int swap(int *x, int *y){

int z;
z = *x; /* save the value at address x */
*x = *y; /* put y into x */
*y = z; /* put z into y */

return 0;
}

Example

The main() function has two variables "a" and "b", their addresses are passed as
arguments to the swap() function.

#include <stdio.h>

int swap(int *x, int *y);

int main(){

/* local variable definition */

int a = 10;
int b = 20;

printf("Before swap, value of a : %d\n", a);

printf("Before swap, value of b : %d\n", b);

/* calling a function to swap the values */

swap(&a, &b);

printf("After swap, value of a: %d\n", a);

printf("After swap, value of b: %d\n", b);

return 0;
}

Output

When executed, it will produce the following output −

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Before swap, value of a: 10

Before swap, value of b: 20
After swap, value of a: 20
After swap, value of b: 10

In this program, we have been able to swap the values of two variables out of the
scope of a function to which they have been passed, and we could overcome the
limitation of the function’s ability to pas only one expression.

For Passing an Array to Function

Let us use these characteristics for passing the array by reference. In the main()
function, we declare an array and pass its address to the max() function.

The max() function traverses the array using the pointer and returns the largest
number in the array, back to the main() function.

Example

Take a look at the following example −

#include <stdio.h>

int max(int *arr, int length);

int main(){

int arr[] = {10, 34, 21, 78, 5};

int length = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(int);

int maxnum = max(arr, length);

printf("max: %d", maxnum);
}

int max(int *arr, int length){

int max = *arr;

for (int i = 0; i < length; i++){

printf("arr[%d]: %d\n", i, (*arr));

if ((*arr)>max)

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max = (*arr);
arr++;
}
return max;
}

Output

Run the code and check its output −

arr[0]: 10
arr[1]: 34
arr[2]: 21
arr[3]: 78
arr[4]: 5
max: 78

The max() function receives the address of the array from the main() function in the
pointer "arr". Each time, when it is incremented, it points to the next element in the
original array.

For Returning Multiple Values from a Function

In C language, the functions can have only one return statement to return one value
at a time. With the help of C pointers, you can return multiple values from a function
by passing arguments as references.

Example

The following example demonstrates how you can return multiple values with the
help of C pointers.

#include <stdio.h>

// Creating a function to find

// addition and subtraction
// of two numbers
void funAddSub(int a, int b, int* add, int* sub) {
*add = a + b;
*sub = a - b;
}

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int main() {
int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 3;

// Variables to store results

int res1, res2;

// Calling function to get add and sub

// by passing the address of res1 and res2
funAddSub(num1, num2, &res1, &res2);

// Printing the result

printf("Addition is %d and subtraction is %d", res1, res2);

return 0;
}

Output

Addition is 13 and subtraction is 7

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