6/16/24, 11:02 AM Format Specifiers in C

Format Specifiers in C
Format specifiers in C are certain special symbols used in the formatted console IO
functions such as printf() and scanf(), as well as formatted file IO functions such as
fprintf() and fscanf().

Format specifiers are formed of a predefined sequence of one or more alphanumeric

characters followed by the % symbol. For example, %d, %s, %f, %lf, etc. are some
of the format specifiers used in C.

Why Do We Use Format Specifiers in C?

The CPU performs IO operations with input and output devices in a streaming
manner. The data read from a standard input device (for example, a keyboard)
through the standard input stream is called stdin. Similarly the data sent to the
standard output, which is the computer display screen, through the standard output
device is called stdout.

The computer receives data from the stream in a text form, however you may want
to parse it in variables of different data types such as int, float or a string. Similarly,
the data stored in int, float or char variables has to be sent to the output stream in a
text format. Format specifier symbols are used exactly for this purpose.

Format Specifiers in printf() Function

The printf() function is the most commonly used standard output function, defined in
the stdio.h header file. The prototype of printf() function is as follows −

int printf(format_string, expr1, expr2, . . );

The first argument of this function is a string that is interspersed with one or more
format specifiers. There may be one or more expressions as argument after the first.
The compiler substitutes each format specifier with the value of its successive
expression. The resultant formatted string is then passed to the output stream.

Example

In the following code, we have an int variable age and a float variable percent. The
printf() function prints the values of both as below −

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#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

int age = 18;

float percent = 67.75;

printf("Age: %d \nPercent: %f", age, percent);

return 0;
}

Output

When you run the code, it will produce the following output −

Age: 18
Percent: 67.750000

The value of the first variable replaces the first format specifier %d. Similarly, %f is
substituted by the value of the percent variable.

Format Specifiers in scanf() Function

Format specifiers are also used to parse the input stream into the variables of
required type. The following example highlights how it's done.

Example

In this example, the program asks the user to input age and percent values. They
are stored in the int and float variables, respectively.

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

int age;

float percent;

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printf("Enter Age and Percent: \n");

scanf("%d %f", &age, &percent);

printf("Age: %d Percent: %f", age, percent);

return 0;
}

Output

Run the code and check its output −

Enter Age and Percent:

Age: 4096 Percent: 0.000000

Types of Format Specifiers

ANSI C defines a number of format specifiers. The following table lists the different
specifiers and their purpose −

Format Specifier Type

%c Character

%d Signed integer

%e or %E Scientific notation of floats

%f Float values

%g or %G Similar as %e or %E

%hi Signed integer (short)

%hu Unsigned Integer (short)

%i Unsigned integer

%l or %ld or %li Long

%lf Double

%Lf Long double

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%lu Unsigned int or unsigned long

%lli or %lld Long long

%llu Unsigned long long

%o Octal representation

%p Pointer

%s String

%u Unsigned int

%x or %X Hexadecimal representation

A minus symbol (−) tells left alignment.

A number after % specifies the minimum field width. If a string is less than
the width, it will be filled with spaces.

A period (.) is used to separate field width and precision.

Integer Format Specifiers

C uses %d for signed integer, %i for unsigned integer, %ld or %li for long integer,
%o or %O for octal representation, and %x or %X for hexadecimal representation
of an integer.

Example

The following example highlights how integer format specifiers are used in C −

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

int num = 20;

printf("Signed integer: %d\n", num);

printf("Unsigned integer: %i\n", num);
printf("Long integer: %ld\n", num);
printf("Octal integer: %o\n", num);
printf("Hexadecimal integer: %x\n", num);

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return 0;
}

Output

When you run this code, it will produce the following output −

Signed integer: 20
Unsigned integer: 20
Long integer: 20
Octal integer: 24
Hexadecimal integer: 14

Floating-point Formats
C uses the %f format specifier for single precision float number, %lf for double
precision, %Lf for long double number. To represent a floating point number in
scientific notation, C uses the %e or %E specifier symbol.

You can specify the width and the precision in the form of number of places after the
decimal point. For example, to state the width of number to 4 digits with 2 digits
after the decimal point, use the form %4.2f.

Example

Take a look at the following example −

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

float num = 5.347;

printf("float: %f\n", num);

printf("double: %lf\n", num);
printf("Scientific notation: %e\n", num);
printf("width and precision: %4.2f\n", num);

return 0;
}

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Output

On running this code, you will get the following output −

float: 5.347000
double: 5.347000
Scientific notation: 5.347000e+000
width and precision: 5.35

String Formats
The char data type in C is actually a subset of int data type. Hence, a char variable
with %c format specifier corresponds to the character in single quotes. On the other
hand, if you use the %d specifier, then the char variable will be formatted to its
ASCII value.

In C, a string is an array of char data. To display an array of chars, C uses the %s

specifier.

Example

Take a look at the following example −

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

char ch = 'D';
char word[]="Hello World";

printf("As character: %c\n", ch);

printf("As its ASCII value: %d\n", ch);
printf("String format: %s", word);

return 0;

Output

When you run this code, it will produce the following output −

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As character: D
As its ASCII value: 68
String format: Hello World

Format Specifiers in File IO Functions

The stdio.h library defines the functions fscanf() and fprintf() for formatted IO
with disk files, instead of standard input/output streams.

Example 1

The following code opens a file in write mode and saves the values of three variables
in it.

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

int x,y,z;

FILE *fp = fopen("test.txt","w");

x = 10; y = 20; z = 30;

fprintf(fp, "%d, %d, %d", x,y,z);

fclose(fp);

return 0;
}

Output

The fprintf() function uses the file represented by the file pointer fp to write the data.

The next example shows how you can open the same file in read mode to read the
formatted data.

Example 2

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The following program reads back the data from the file by opening it in read mode.

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

int x,y,z;

FILE *fp = fopen("test.txt","r");

fscanf(fp, "%d, %d, %d", &x,&y,&z);

printf("%d, %d, %d", x,y,z);

fclose(fp);

return 0;
}

Output

The fscanf() function reads the formatted input from fp which is the pointer to the
file opened. Here, you will get the following output −

10, 20, 30

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