Unit – I (Networking Concept) Class – 8 Subject – Computer

Session – I: Introduction:-

A computer network is a collection of connected computers that are able to exchange information.

Advantage of Networking:-

 Network enables easy setup of new users and equipment.

 Network allows sharing of hardware and software devices and applications.
 Network also allows the user to share files and folders.
 Network allows an ordered flow of data or information among computers.

Types of Network:-

 LAN (Local Area Network):- A LAN is a computer network that interconnects computers in a
limited area such that as a home, school, computer lab, or office building. Ethernet and Wi-Fi are
the two most common technologies currently used to build LANs.

 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):- A MAN is a computer network that usually spans a city or
a large campus. It interconnects a number of LANs using high capacity backbone technology.

 WAN (Wide Area Network):- A MAN is a network that covers a broad area using private or
public network transports. Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by business,
governments, organizations.

Network Topology:- Network topology is the way of a network is a set up or interconnected between
computers in a group of communication. It is a description of the arrangement of computers in a
network. There are different types of topology:-

1. Star Topology:- Each node has a dedicated set of wires connection it to a central network hub.
Hub becomes a central point for isolation network problems.
Advantages:-
 Computers can be connected easily.
 There is no delay in the network while connecting or removing computers.
 Faults can be detected easily.
 Parts of a computer can be removed.

Disadvantages:-

 More Cable length is required.

 If the central communication point fails, the nodes attached are disabled.
  More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of hubs.

2. Ring Topology:- Each computer is connected to two other workstations to form a ring. It is
unidirectional and carries forward.

Advantage:-
 Data transfer is faster as the cable is connected between two computers.

Disadvantage:-

 A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can show down the entire network.

3. Bus Topology:- One cable connects all the computers together and carries data through it
passing it to the requested computer. Data is easily transmitted one at a time per each machine
or workstation.

Advantage:-
 It enables easy connection between computers.
 It requires less cable length.

Disadvantage:-

 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.

 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
 Not means to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

4. Tree Topology:- It combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists a group
of topologies. It allows for the expansion of an existing network, and enable network to meet
their needs.

Advantages:-
 Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
 Supported by several hardware and software vendors.

Disadvantage:-

 Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.

 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
 More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

Session – II:
Components of Network:- Computer network can be set up by connecting computers to each other or
to the central machine called server.

Server:- A server is a computer that provides services to other computers on the network.

Workstation:- it is a computer on which a person performs everyday regular assignments. It is primarily

a PC. It can also be a laptop.

Network Interface Card (NIC):- It provides physical connection between network and computer
workstation. NIC are a major factor in determining the speed and performance of a network. It is good
idea to use the fastest card available for the types of workstation you are using. Common NIC are
Ethernet cards and wireless adapters.

Network Operating System (NOS):- Network requires NOS. It is the software that runs or a server and
enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking
functions. Types of NOS:-

1) Novell Netware 2) Microsoft Windows Server 2003

3) Microsoft Windows Server 2008 4) Windows NT
1) UNIX 6) Linux

Networking Channel:- It is also called communications line of link, is the path that the data follows as it
is transmitted from one computer to another.

Transmission Media:- Different physical material are used to transmit data between computers.

Cable:- It is used to connect computers on network. The most commonly used cable is referred as 5
Cable RJ-45. It can be of different types:

1) Twisted wire (Phone Line):- It is easy to install and economical. But it is static and garble.
2) Co-axial Cable (Round insulated wire):- It is not susceptible to interference and transmits faster.
But its disadvantage is heavy and bulky and needs booster over distance.
3) Fibre Optic Line (Glass Fibers):- It is smaller and lighter, faster, No interference. It’s
disadvantage is expensive, harder to install and modify.

Hub:- it is rectangular box that is used as the central object on which computers and other devices are
connected. It is equipped with ports. It appears with 4,8,12 or more ports. You connect an RJ-45 cable
from the network card of an computer one port of the hub.

Switches:- An Ethernet switch is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from
workstation, servers, and peripherals. Switches are:-

 Usually configured with 8, 12, or 24 RJ-45 Ports.

 Often used in a star or tree topology.
 Available as managed or unmanaged with the alter less expensive, but enough for small
networks.
  Direct replacement for hubs, immediately reducing network traffic in most networks.
 Usually installed in a standardized metal rack that also may store network, server, and routers.

Routers:- These are smart switches that are aware of other networks, while hubs and switches are only
aware of the network they facilitate. These are used to connect one LAN to another. They can update
their routing information dynamically. Router can connect to the internet if you have a school LAN.

Modem(Modulator Demodulator):- It is a communication device which allows your computer to

communicate with other computes over a communication link. It converts you data into the format used
on the communication connection and remote modem converts the transmission back into data. Ex are
phone modem, cable modem, etc.

Broadcast:- For longer distance cables are not practically possible, other method like satellite, radio
wave, micro wavers are used.

Wireless (Infrared, Light, Radio) Microwave Satellite

Advantage: Advantage: Advantage:
Flexible Speed of Light Always in Sight
Portable Disadvantage: Disadvantage:
Disadvantage: Line of sight only Expensive uplink and downlink
Slower data transfer facilities.
Subject to interference

Answer the following Questions

1) What is computer Network :- A computer network is a collection of connected computers

that are able to exchange information. With this people can share files, images, songs,
videos, and devices.
2) What are the advantages of networking :-
a. Network enables easy setup of new users and equipment.
b. Network allows sharing of hardware and software devices and applications.
c. Network also allows the user to share files and folders.
d. Network allows an ordered flow of data or information among computers.
3) Explain three types of network briefly:-
a. LAN (Local Area Network)
b. MAN (Metripolitan Area Network)
c. WAN (Wide Area Network)
4) What do you understand by network topology :- Network topology is the way of a network
is a set up or interconnected between computers in a group of communication. It is a
description of the arrangement of computers in a network.
5) How many types of topologies are in use ? Describe each of them briefly.
. There are different types of topology:-
 a) Star topology:- Each node has a dedicated set of wires connection it to a central network
hub. Hub becomes a central point for isolation network problems.
b) Ring topology:- Each computer is connected to two other workstations to form a ring. It
is unidirectional and carries forward.
c) Bus topology:- One cable connects all the computers together and carries data through
it passing it to the requested computer. Data is easily transmitted one at a time per each
machine or workstation.
d) Tree topology:- It combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists a
group of topologies. It allows for the expansion of an existing network, and enable
network to meet their needs.

6) What are different components of a networking system ?

Computer network can be set up by connecting computers to each other or to the central
machine called server.
Server:- A server is a computer that provides services to other computers on the network.
Workstation:- it is a computer on which a person performs everyday regular assignments. It
is primarily a PC. It can also be a laptop.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
7) Explain the different types of transmission media.
Different physical material are used to transmit data between computers.
Cable - It is used to connect computers on network. The most commonly used cable is
referred as 5 Cable RJ-45. It can be of different types:
Twisted wire (Phone Line):-
Co-axial Cable (Round insulated wire)
Fibre Optic Line (Glass Fibers)
8) What are different types of cable used in networking.
It is used to connect computers on network. The most commonly used cable is referred as 5
Cable RJ-45. It can be of different types:
1) Twisted wire (Phone Line):- It is easy to install and economical. But it is static and
garble.
2) Co-axial Cable (Round insulated wire):- It is not susceptible to interference and
transmits faster. But its disadvantage is heavy and bulky and needs booster over
distance.
3) Fibre Optic Line (Glass Fibers):- It is smaller and lighter, faster, No interference. It’s
disadvantage is expensive, harder to install and modify.
9) What is a hub?
It is rectangular box that is used as the central object on which computers and other devices
are connected. It is equipped with ports. It appears with 4,8,12 or more ports. You connect
an RJ-45 cable from the network card of an computer one port of the hub.
10) What is a modem?
It is a communication device which allows your computer to communicate with other
computes over a communication link. It converts you data into the format used on the
 communication connection and remote modem converts the transmission back into data. Ex
are phone modem, cable modem, etc.

-----------------------------------------------The End -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit – II (Introduction to Visual Basic) Class – 8 Subject – Computer

Session- I: Introduction:

 Visual Basic was designed to be easy to learn and use. This language not only allows
programmers to easily create simple GUI application, but also has the flexibility to develop fairly
complex application as well.
 Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components of controls on a form.
Visual basic programs are created in IDE (Integrated Development Environment).
 The IDE allows a programmer to create, run, debug visual basic programs conveniently. It is
event driven programming language. VB was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid
application development of GUI applications.
 VB is evolved from BASIC (Beginners’ All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). It is a fairly easy
programming language to learn.

Windows, Events and Messages:-

 A simplified version of windows involves three key concepts: windows, events and messages.
Window:- A window is simply a rectangular regions with its own boundaries. You are aware
about an explorer window, document window, dialog box. A command button is a window.
Icons, text boxes, option buttons and menu bars are all windows.
Events:- Events can occur through user actions such as a mouse click, key press, through
programmatic control or even result of another window’s actions. Each window can then take
appropriate action based on its own instructions.

Event Driven Model:-

 This model does not follow a predetermined path – it executes different code sections in
response to events.
 Events can be triggered by the user’s actions, by messages from the system of other application
or even from the application itself.
 Event determines the sequence in which the code executes.
 Your code can also trigger events during execution. For ex changing the text in text box cause
the text box’s change event to occur.

Starting Visual Basic in Windows:- When you run the Visual Basic setup program, it allows you to place
the program items in an existing program group or create a new program and steps are:-

1) Click start on the Taskbar

 2) Select programs, visual studio and then MS Visual Basic 6.0
3) Double-click the visual basic icon.

Object Oriented Programming:-

 Visual Basic programming is event driven and object-oriented. The unit of object-oriented
programming is the class form which objects are instantiated.
 VB programmer can create their own user-defined types called classes. Classes are referred to
as programmer-defined data types.
 Each class contain data as well as methods which manipulate that data. The data components of
a class are called instance variable.
 An instance of a class is called an object. The focus in OOP with VB is one classes.

Event Driven Programming:-

 Programming the code that responds to these events is called an event-driven programming.
 Programmer has the ability to create GUIs by pointing and clicking with the mouse.
 Visual programming eliminated need for writing code to achieve different tasks.
 All of these codes are provided as part of the project. The programmer creates GUI and writes
code to describe what happens when user interact with GUI.
 The user dictates the order of program execution – not the programmer. Using a computer
becomes a much more user-friendly process.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE):-

 It allows the programmer to create, run and debug windows program in one application without
the need to open additional programs.
 New Project Dialog box allows programmer to choose what type of program you want to create.
 Each type of project listed in this dialog box describes a group of related files called a project.
 The new project dialog box contains three tabs:-
o New for creating a new project.
o Existing for opening an existing project.
o Recent for opening a project that has been previously loaded.
 After creating new project the environment consists of various windows, a menu bar and a tool
bar.
 The menu bar contains several menus (File, View, Edit, etc).
 The tool bar contains several icons that provide quick access to commonly used features.
 The project-form window contains GUI where user enters data to the program and where the
programs display its result for users to read.
 The form layout windows enables the user to specify the form’s position on the screen when the
program is executed.
 Properties of Form1 window display form attributes or properties.
  Toolbox contains controls for customizing the GUI. Controls are GUI components such as
buttons, checkboxes.

Toolbox:-

 It contains controls used to customize forms. It helps you to write programs faster.
 Pointer:- It is not a control which helps to interact with form.
 Picture Box:- It is a control that displays images.
 Label:- It s a control that displays un-editable text to the user.
 Text Box:- It is a control for accepting user input. It displays text.
 Frame:- It is a control for grouping other controls.
 Command Button:- It is a control that represents a button.
 Check Box:- It provides user with a toggle choice.
 Option Button:- It is used in groups where only one at a time can be True.
 List Box:- It is a control that provides a list of items.
 Combo Box:- It is a control that provides a short list of items.
 Hscroll Bar:- A horizontal scrollbar.
 Vscroll Bar:- A vertical scrollbar.
 Timer:- It is a control that performs a task at programmer-specified intervals. It is not visible to
the user.
 Drive List Box:- It is a control for accessing system disk drives.
 DirList Box:- It is a control for accessing directories on a system.
 FileList Box:- It is a control for accessing files in a directory.
 Shape:- It is a control for drawing circles, rectangles, squares or ellipses.
 Line:- It is a control for drawing lines.
 Image:- It is control for displaying images.
 Data:- It is a control for connecting to a database.
 OLE:- It is a control for interacting with other window applications.

Form Layout Window:- It specifies a form’s position on the screen at runtime. It consists of an image
representing the screen and form’s relative position on the screen. Mouse pointer positioned over the
form image and drag the form to a new location.

Properties Window:-

 It display the properties for a form or control. Properties are attributes such as size, position,
etc.
 Each control type has its own set of properties like width, height are common to both forms and
controls, while other properties are unique to a form or a control.
 Properties are listed either alphabetically or categorical. Scrollbar can be used to scroll through
the list of properties.
Menu Bar:- Commands for developing, maintaining, and executing programs are contained in IDE’s
menus. Following Menu are displayed on the menu bar:

File Edit View Project Format Debug Run Query Diagram Tools Add-Ins Window Help

Toolbar:- Programmer can select menus for certain commonly used commands from toolbar. It is
comprised of pictures called icons that represent commands.

Form:- The form window contains a form named form1, where GUI will be displayed. GUI is the visual
portion of program this is where user enters data to program and display its result for user to read.

Creating your First Application: There are three steps to creating an application in visual basic:-

a) Create the interface

b) Set properties
c) Write code

Creating the Interface:- Forms are the foundation for creating the interface of an application. You
can use forms to add windows and dialog boxes to your application. The first step in building a visual
basic application is to create the forms that will be the basis for your application's interface.

To draw a control using the toolbox:

1. Click the tool for the control you choose to draw.

2. Move the pointer onto your form.
3. Place the cross hair where you want the upper-left corner of the control.
4. Drag the cross hair until the control is the size you want.
5. Release the mouse button.

Another simple way to add a control to a form is to double-click the button for that control in the tool
box. It creates a default-size control located in the centre of the form; then you move the control to
another location on the form.

To resize a control:

1. Select the control you intend to resize by clicking it with the mouse. Sizing handles appear
on the control.
2. Position the mouse pointer on a sizing handle and drag it until the control is the size you
choose.
3. Release the mouse button or use SHIFT with the arrow keys to resize the selected control.

To move a control:

o Use the mouse to drag the control to a new location on the form.
o Use the properties window to change the TOP and LEFT properties.
 When a control is selected, you can use CTRL with arrow keys to move the control one grid unit
at a time.

To lock all control positions:

o From the format menu, choose the lock controls

o Click the lock controls toggle button on the form editor toolbar.
This will lock all controls on the form in their current position so that you don't inadvertently
cove them one you have them in the desired location.

To adjust the positions of locked controls:

Do one of the following:

o You can "nudge" the control that has the focus by holding CTRL down and pressing the
appropriate arrow key.
o You can change the control's Top and Left properties in the property window.

Setting Properties:-

The next step is to set properties for the object you have created. The properties window provides easy
way to set properties for all objects on a form. Elements of properties windows:

 Object box – displays the name of the object for which you can set properties.
 Sort tabs - choose between an alphabetic listing of properties or hierarchical view.
 Properties list – left column displays all properties for selected object.

To set properties from the properties window:

1. From the view menu, choose properties or click the properties button on the toolbar.
2. Form the properties list, select the name of a property.
3. In the right column, type or select the new property setting.

Setting the Icon Properties:

All forms in Visual basic have a generic, default icon that appears when you minimize that form. To
assign an icon to a form, set the icon property for that form.

Writing Code:

The Code editor window is where you write visual basic code for you application. Code consists of
language statements, constant, and declarations.

To open the code window:

1) Double-click the form of control for which you choose to write code.
 2) From the project explorer window, select the name of a form or module, and choose the view
code button.

To display all procedures in the same code window:

1) Form the tools menu, select the option dialog box.

2) On the Editor tab in the option dialog box, select the check box to the left of default to full
module view.

To display one procedure at the time in the code window:

1) On the editor tab in option dialog box, clear the check box to left of default to full module view.
2) Click the procedure view button in the lower left corner of the code editor window.
Object list Box – displays the name of the selected object.
Procedure list box – lists the procedures of events for an object.

Create an Event Procedure:

1) In object list box, select the name of an object in the active form.
2) In the procedure list box, select the name of an event for the selected object.
3) Type the following code between the Sub and End Sub statements:
Text1.Text = "My first Visual Basic Program"
Private sub commandClick()
Text1.Text = "My First Visual Basic Program"
End Sub
You will note that the code is simply changing the text property of control named Text1 to read
"My First VB program".

Running the Application:

To run the application, choose start from the run menu or click start button on the toolbar or press F5.

Creating Opening and Saving Projects:

Four commands on File Menu allow on to create, open and save projects.

Create a New Project – For creating a new project press CTRL+N and select type of project.

Open an existing project – Press CTRL+O to open an existing project including modules, forms, etc.

Save a Project – It updates the project file of current and all of its form standard, and class modules.
Press CTRL+S to save the file.

Making and Running an Executable File:

You can make an executable file from VB using following procedures –

 1) Form file menu, choose make project name.
2) Type a file name of browse through the directories and select an existing file name to overwrite
an executable file.
3) By clicking option button, you can also specify a number of version-specific details about
executable file.
4) If you want to modify the version number of the project, set appropriately.
5) To specify a new name for the application, under application type a new name in the Title box.
6) You can also enter version-specific commentary on a variety of issues under the version
information box by selecting a topic.
7) Choose OK to close the Project Properties dialog box, and then choose OK in make appname.exe
dialog box to compile and link the executable file.
You can run the executable file like any other window based applications double-click then
execute file.

Compilation Options for your project:

This option allow you to set conditions for compiling for your project

o Compile to P-Code: This option compiles a project using p-code.

o Compile to Native Code: This option compiles a project using native code with selected
optimizations.
o Optimize for Fast Code – Maximizes the speed of .exe and .dll files by instructing the
compiler to favour speed over size.
o No Optimization – Compile without optimizations.
o Optimize for Small code - Minimizes the size of .exe files and .dll files by instructing the
compiler to favours speed over size.
o Favour pentium ProTM – Optimizes the code created to favour with Pentium ProTM for
processor.
o Create Symbolic Debug Info - Generates symbolic debug information in the executable
or DLL file.

DLL Base Address: set base address for the program, overriding the default location for .dll file. OS first
attempts to load program at its specific or default address.

Advanced Optimizations: you can now specify the advanced optimizations using the advanced option
dialog box

 Debugging a Form: Form objects are the basic building blocks of a visual basic
applications, the actual windows with which a user interacts when they run any
applications.
 Forms have their own properties, events, and methods which you can control their
appearance and behaviour.
Answer the Following Questions –

1) What is Visual Basic?

Visual Basic was designed to be easy to learn and use. This language not only allows
programmers to easily create simple GUI application, but also has the flexibility to develop fairly
complex application as well.
2) What is difference between OOP and Even Driven programming?
Object Oriented Programming is a way to code taking the real world objects in considerations. In
OOP everything is taken as objects which have attributes and methods.
Event driven programming is done based on event occur. Events can be triggered by the user’s
actions, by messages from the system of other application or even from the application itself.
3) Write down some features of Microsoft Visual Basic?
 Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components of controls on a
form.
 Visual basic programs are created in IDE (Integrated Development Environment).
 The IDE allows a programmer to create, run, debug visual basic programs conveniently.
It is event driven programming language.
4) What is IDE?
It allows the programmer to create, run and debug windows program in one application without
the need to open additional programs.
5) Name the components of Integrated Development Environment.
There are certain components in IDE that are described below:
Form Layout Window: It specifies form's position on the screen at runtime.
Properties Window: It displays the properties for a form or control.
Toolbar: Commonly used commands can be selected directly from toolbar.
Menu Bar: Commands for developing program's contained in IDE's.
Form: It contains a form named where GUI will be displayed.
6) What is standard EXE?
When you click on standard EXE, a new project is displayed on the environment consists of
various windows, a menu bar and a tool bar.
7) Define the following terms:
a) Check Box: It provides user with a toggle choice. It can be checked or unchecked.
b) Option Button: A radio button or Option buttons are used in groups where only one at a
time can be true.
c) List Box: It is a control that provides a short list of items.
d) Pointer: used to interact with the controls on the form. It is not a control.
e) Shape: It is used to draw circles, rectangles, squares or ellipses.
f) Image: it is a control for displaying images.
8) What does toolbar contain, which assists the user to execute commands without using menu
bar options?
 Toolbar is comprised of pictures called icons that represent commands. It is standard toolbar
which contains Tools Icon, File Icon, Edit Icon, Run Icon, View Icon, Project Explorer, Form
Layout window, Toolbox.
9) Windows works on a basic event occurrence principal. Explain?
The MS Windows OS manages all of these many windows by assigning each one a unique-id
number. The system continually monitors each of these windows for signs of activity or events.
Events can occur through user action like key press, clicking, etc.
10) What is the use of properties windows in Visual Basic?
Properties window displays the property for a form or control. Properties like width, height, are
common to both forms and controls. Properties are listed either alphabetically or categorically.
Scrollbar is used to scroll through the list of properties.
11) What is an event driven model?
In this model, the code doesn't follow a predetermined paths – it executes different code
sections in response to events. Events can be triggered by the user's actions, sequence of events
decides which code executes.
12) What do you understand by creating an Interface?
Interface is an area where user interacts with program and gives input in this window. GUI
(Graphical User Interface) is the visual portion of program where input are given as well as
display its result to read the output.

-----------------------------------------------The End -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit – III (Advanced HTML) Class – 8 Subject – Computer

Session – I (Introduction)

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted in a file intended
for display on a World Wide Web page. HTML is formal recommendation by World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) and adhered to by major browsers.

 HTML is a language for describing web pages.

 HTML is stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
 HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language.
 A Markup language is a set of markup tags.
 HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages.

HTML Tags: HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags.

 HTML tags are keyword surrounded by angle brackets like <html>

  HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
 The first tag in a pair is start tag, second is end tag.
 Start and end tags are also called opening and closing tags.
When you save HTML file, you either use .htm or .html file.

Handling Images: Inserting the Image in your web page and manipulating can be done with the
<image></image> tag. GIF, JPEG, PNG, etc. are the popular extension of images are supported by most
of the web browsers.

Types of Image:

 Inline Images
 External Images

Inline Images: These types of images are automatically downloaded to your browser. You needn't have
to perform any special step to complete its downloading process.

Inserting Inline Images: <img> tag is used with SRC attribute.

Syntax: <IMG SRC = "File Name">

External Images: These images neither are installed nor downloaded automatically. One has to perform
certain action to initiate a downloading sequence for image.

Manipulating the Images: User can manipulate the size, alignment, order & space of the images. We can
use height and width attributes like:

<IMG SRC = "ONE.GIF" HEIGHT = 70 WIDTH = 100>

Iframe: <iframe src = "URL"></iframe>

Alignment of Images with Text: You can also give the direction to browser as to image should be
displayed along either text or without text. Various alignment shows in below –

Alignment Work
Top Align the text at the top of the images.
Middle Align the text at middle of Image.
Bottom Align the text at the bottom of the image.
Left Display image or text on left side of window.
Right Display image or text on right side of window.

Border: It is used to place a border around the image. <IMG SRC = "ONE.GIF" BORDER=5>

Space Attribute: We can specify white spaces around image by specifying the Vspace(For above and
below the image) and Hspace(For left and right of the image).
<IMG SRC="File Name" VSPACE="pixel" HSPACE="pixel">

ALT (Alternative): It is optional attribute which is used to represent some information about the image.

<IMG SRC = "one.gif" border=5 alt = "text">

Introduction to Links: Links are the most fundamental part of WWW. Whenever you want to creae link,
you need to use <A> tag. You can make images as well. <A> is a container tag.

<a href = http://www.google.com>Here</a> to open google website.

Linking with websites: The major concept of linking is that we can connect two or more different
websites within particular webpage.

<a href=http://www.Timesofindia.com>Times of India </a>

Creating a Table: HTML has a tag called <Table> tag to create table in web page. Table tag generate the
row and column matrix that may contains objects such as text, images, links, etc. Tags are used to create
table that are described below:

<TR>: It defines a new row in a table.

<TD>: used to add the data within a cell.

<TH>: used to define the data within a cell but mainly used for adding column heading in a cell.

<Caption>: it is used to provide caption to a table.

Attributes of Table:

Border: The most popular attributes associated with table tag is BORDER. Used to add border to a table.

Syntax: <TABLE BORDER=2>

Rules: This attribute in <TABLE> tag effects only internal cell borders.

Syntax: <TABLE BORDER = 1 RULES = ROWS> It is used to draw the internal border of rows

<TABLE BORDER = 1 RULES = ROWS> It is used to draw the internal border of columns.

Cell Spacing: It is defined as space between cells and outer edge of the table.

Syntax: <TABLE BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=10>

Cell Padding: It denotes space between the contents and edge of a cell.

Syntax: <TABLE BORDER=1 CELLPADDING=10>

Column spanning and Row spanning: The COLSPAN and ROWSPAN are the two attributes used to
control the column spanning and row spanning respectively. COLSPAN defines number of column that
cell should span and by ROWSPAN defines no of rows that row that cell should span. COLSPAN and
ROWSPAN are used inside the <TH> or <TD> tag.

Syntax: <TH COLSPAN=2>

Syntax: <TH ROWSPAN=2>

Form: HTML has number of tags to create Forms. These tags can be used to create complex and
functional user interface. It contains special elements like checkbox, radio button, menu, etc. are also
called controls, and labels on these controls. Different for objects are given belows:

<INPUT>: It is used to declare input field that indicates elements to be displayed on the form. It can be
text field, text area, radio button or checkbox. Type attribute can have any of following values:

a. TEXT: used to create single line text box. Which stores small value.
Syntax: <textarea>______________</textarea>
b. CHECKBOX: these are on/off switches that may be toggled by user.
Syntax: <INPUT TYPE=CHECK BOX>
c. RADIO BUTTONS: used to select only one option from a range of selections.
Syntax: <INPUT TYPE=RADIO>
d. SUBMIT: It is used in form to submit the information filled by user.
Syntax: <INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT>
e. RESET: It is used to clear the contents of the form on one click.
Syntax: <INPUT TYPE=RESET>
f. PASSWORD: It takes the data in asterisks form which contains sensitive data.
Syntax: <INPUT TYPE=PASSWORD>
g. NAME: on submitting a form all information entered by user is transferred to server.
Information given by user is stored in given NAME attribute.
Syntax: YOUR NAME: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME="FIRST">
h. MAXLENGTH: it defines the length of field. I fixes the maximum no of characters that a
user can enter in a field.
Syntax: YOUR NAME: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT MAXLENGTH=12 NAME="FIRST">
i. SIZE: it specifies the length of field that should be visible on screen.
Syntax: YOUR NAME: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT SIZE=10 MAXLENGTH=12 NAME="FIRST">
j. SELECT: it is used to create menu on the web page. The menu can be either pull-down
or scrollable menu. There is one other tag called <option> tag, which is used to define
option of menu.
Syntax: <SELECT NAME="LANG">
<OPTION VALUE="C">C</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="C++">C++</OPTION>
<SELECT NAME="LANG" SIZE=2>
Answer the Following Questions:

1) What is HTML?
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted in a file
intended for display on a World Wide Web page. HTML is formal recommendation by World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and adhered to by major browsers.
2) Explain Various Types of Images?
Inline Images: These types of images are automatically downloaded to your browser. You
needn't have to perform any special step to complete its downloading process.
External Images: These images neither are installed nor downloaded automatically. One has to
perform certain action to initiate a downloading sequence for image.
3) Explain all the available attributes of <IMG> tag.
Height, Width, Border, Hspace, Vspace, Iframe, Alt, Name, href, src are the attributes of IMG tag.
4) Define Linking in detail.
Links are the most fundamental part of WWW. Whenever you want to creae link, you need to
use <A> tag. You can make images as well. <A> is a container tag.
<a href = http://www.google.com>Here</a> to open google website.
5) Define all the attributes of <TABLE> tag.
Border: The most popular attributes associated with table tag is BORDER. Used to add border to
a table.
Rules: This attribute in <TABLE> tag effects only internal cell borders.
Cell Spacing: It is defined as space between cells and outer edge of the table.
Cell Padding: It denotes space between the contents and edge of a cell.
6) Explain the purpose of using Forms?
Forms are widely used to take the data or information from user and sent to the server. HTML
has number of tags to create Forms.
7) Explain forms and create a sample form that uses all the attributes available.
HTML has number of tags to create Forms. These tags can be used to create complex and
functional user interface. It contains special elements like checkbox, radio button, menu, etc. are
also called controls, and labels on these controls.
Ex: Your Name: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT SIZE=10 MAXLENGTH=12 NAME="FIRST">
<SELECT NAME="LANG">
<OPTION VALUE="C">C </OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="C++">C++</OPTION>

-----------------------------------------------The End -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit – IV (Database Management System) Class – 8 Subject – Computer

Session – I (Introduction)

A business can use various means to keep its operation records. For ex it can keep the records on the
paper or in a computer system.

What is Database: A database is simple a computer based record keeping system. The collection of the
data in a particular format is termed as database. The data in database is organized in systematic way
such as tabular format. An Example of database is a Student Record System kept by special office.

Utility of Database: it has several notable advantages over manual record system.

1. Data Standardization: In database useful data is always collected and stored in an orderly
manner.
2. Synthesis of Information: The main intention of a database is to provide information number of
application as and when required.
3. User flexibility: The main advantage of using computer-based database is its user flexibility. The
right information can be retrieved in required format. A database can handle grouping and
regrouping tasks easily.
4. Data integration: it is very important that same data items read identically across all the
departments should be stored in one central system.
5. Sharing data: data sharing is opposite side of data integration. It helps the business to reduce
the processing cost and improve the communication among departments.

Electronic data processing: When electronic system like computer etc. are used for data processing, the
system is called as Electronic Data processing. On the basis of raw data and by giving commands or
instruction to the computer, we can generate desired reports.

When we are processing data on computers, we execute few basic tasks:

1. ADD: Entering new data items.

2. MODIFY: changing the already entered data items when necessary.
3. DELETE: Deleting any old information when required.
4. APPEND: adding more records on already created data bank.
5. SEARCH: Locating a particular type of data item.
6. SORT: arranging data items in a useful order.
7. CALCULATION: performing total, subtotals, average and counts.
The availability of information can be made possible by the use of EDP, software and machine
using computers. Dbase, FoxPro, MS-Access are such few software.

Function of DBMS: The function of data management system may be broken into five categories.

a) File Creation: The term file structure refers to the manner in which we design the structure. We
add data by adding one record at a time.
 b) Adding records: when adding records to a file, we enter data into the fields. Many DBMS's
allows appending records to a file by accessing data from another file.
c) Delete records: Deleting removes records from the file, no any file processing operation are
used.
d) Modifying a file: Modifying means to change its structure. You may wish to add or delete fields
to records in a file or change width of one or more fields.
e) Selecting Records: we may wish to examine all the records in a file with a certain characteristic.
The ability to select those records is an essential capability of any DBMS.

Example Illustration of database of a departmental store.

Customer No: 007

Name Manjit Kaur
Address 105, Aram Park, Shastri Nagar, Delhi-36
Pin Code 110036
Registration Date: 07/05/2014
Debit Limit 90,000

Now, this is a single record of a database customer. DBMS stores data in tabulated form.

A File in a database can be defined as collection of related records.

A Record is the details or related information of an individual.

A Field is an individual data item within a record i.e. name

FILE

RECORD

RECORD1 RECORD2 RECORD3 RECORD4

DATA
A database is collection of files that acts as a single centralized data bank for many processing
applications.

Answer the following Question:

1. What do you understand by Database? Explain with an example.

A database is simple a computer based record keeping system. The collection of the data in a
particular format is termed as database. The data in database is organized in systematic way such as
tabular format.

Example Illustration of database of a departmental store.

Customer No: 007

Name Manjit Kaur
Address 105, Aram Park, Shastri Nagar, Delhi-36
Pin Code 110036
Registration Date: 07/05/2014
Debit Limit 90,000

2. What are the uses of database?

There are number of places that where databases are widely in use:
a. Creating a sales management software

3. What is Electronic Data processing?

When electronic system like computer etc. are used for data processing, the system is called as
Electronic Data processing. On the basis of raw data and by giving commands or instruction to
the computer, we can generate desired reports.
4. Explain all the tasks, which are associated with EDP.
a. ADD: Entering new data items.
b. MODIFY: changing the already entered data items when necessary.
c. DELETE: Deleting any old information when required.
d. APPEND: adding more records on already created data bank.
e. SEARCH: Locating a particular type of data item.
f. SORT: arranging data items in a useful order.
g. CALCULATION: performing total, subtotals, average and counts.
5. What are the function of DBMS?
a. File Creation: The term file structure refers to the manner in which we design the
structure. We add data by adding one record at a time.
b. Adding records: when adding records to a file, we enter data into the fields. Many
DBMS's allows appending records to a file by accessing data from another file.
c. Delete records: Deleting removes records from the file, no any file processing operation
are used.
d. Modifying a file: Modifying means to change its structure. You may wish to add or
delete fields to records in a file or change width of one or more fields.
e. Selecting Records: we may wish to examine all the records in a file with a certain
characteristic. The ability to select those records is an essential capability of any DBMS.
-----------------------------------------------The End -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit – V (Advanced Flash) Class – 8 Subject – Computer

Session- I (Introduction):

Flash, popular authoring software developed by Macromedia, is used to create graphic-based animation
programs with full-screen navigation interface, graphic illustration. The content is then saved as file
name SWF extension.

Opening the flash program:

Open the flash program from File Menu, click New. Select Action Script 3.0 and then click OK.

Click on window menu. Click the toolbar option and select Edit Bar. Place a checkmark beside Timeline,
Tools and Library.

Layers: It is a good idea to use separate layers for sound files, actions, frame labels and frame
comments. This helps us to find these items quickly when we need to edit them.

Creating layers: after creating it appears above selected layer. A newly added layer becomes the active
layer. To create Layer:

o Click Add layer button at bottom of Timeline.

o Choose Insert > Layer

Masking: It is easy and it allows creating interesting visual effects. It is familiar techniques in computer
graphics.

Inserting Layers and naming them:

 By default you will have a layer in your timeline window.

 Rename the top layer to Mask and the layer below that to background.

Creating shape tween:

 Import you picture to background layer.

 Using oval tool from your toolbox, draw ac circle in your Mask layer and deletes its border.
 Drag the circle to one end of your picture.
 Now, go to frame 40 of your Mask layer and press F6 to insert a new keyframe.
 Now, go to frame 40 of your background layer and press F5 to insert frames, so that your
background image is available all through your mask.
 Select frame 40 of your Mask layer, that is your new keyframe. Keeping the playhead on
frame40 of your mask layer, drag the circle to other end of your picture.
 Now, go back to frame1 of your Mask layer. Keeping the playhead on frame1 of your Mask
Layer, select shape tween in your properties window.
  Right click on the Mask Layer and Select Mask.
 Press Ctrl+Enter to view your Mask.

Creating a Masking: Following steps to follow –

 Prepare the image for flash with proper size ha will fit to the size of the text. We have selected
the following image.
 Open flash and import image on the stage using File>Import>Import to Stage, or just press.
 For this particular animation, we don't need to convert the image to symbol because we are not
going to make any changes to the image.
 Press F5 to 60th frame to keep an image stationary for 60 frames.
 Create new layer in the timeline and type the text at the top. Try to use thick font to get better
effect. Keep it selected.
 Convert the text into graphic symbol.
 Select 60th frame on the top layer where the text is placed and press F6 to insert the keyframe.
 Drag the text down and apply motion tween.
 If you play this animation it will be regular, simple animation with a text moving over the image.
 Right click on the top layer where the text animation is situated and select Mask.
 The layer in the timeline will show the changes indicating masking.
 The image will be displayed only where the text is overlapped.
 Export movie using File>Export>Export Movie.

Working with layers in Flash: Following steps to follow –

 Open a new flash file (Ctrl+N). New document window will appear. Select General panel and
choose type: Flash Document. Press OK.
 If you Timeline window is not open, press (Ctrl+Alt+T).
 Now you can see a single layer called Layer1 in your Timeline Window.
 Create Shape Tween on Layer 1.
 Single click on Add New Layer button.
 A new layer gets added. By default it will be named Layer2.
 Create a Motion Tween on Layer2. After creating two layers, your timeline will look something
like the one shown alongside.
 Now press (Ctrl+Enter) to view your Motion Tween.

Blur Effect: Following steps to follow –

Step 1: Import an image and create a movie clip

 Open Flash. Select New document.

 Import the image you would like to blur by clicking on File/Import to Stage and select the image.
 Select the image on the stage and choose Modify/Convert to Symbol. Name the symbol blur and
choose Movie Clip as Type.
Step 2: Create the blur effect

 Select the blur symbol on the stage.

 In the property inspector, choose the Filters tab.
 Click on the + icon and choose Blur.
 Choose 100 for Blur X and Blur Y and Quality as Medium.

Step 3: create the animation

 In the timeline window, right click on the 50th frame and choose insert keyframe. Select the
movie clip and change the blur filter X and Y values to 0 to remove the blur effect.
 Select any frame between Frame 1 and 50 and select motion for the between pop-up menu in
the Property inspector.
 Press Ctrl+S to save your changes.

Press Ctrl+Enter to view your animation.

Zoom In Zoom Out Flash Animation With Fading Effect: Steps to Follow:

 Open a new flash file (Ctrl+N). The New Document window will appear. Select General panel
and choose Type: Flash Document. Press OK.
 If your Timeline window is not open. Press (CTRL+ALT+T). Now , you can see a single layer called
Layer1 in your Timeline Window.
 Select the first frame. Import a background image onto stage, preferably an image of a street by
clicking on File>Import>Import to Stage, or just press Ctrl+R.
 Press F8 to convert this images to a symbol. Name this symbol background_gr and choose
graphic behaviour. Press OK. Name this Layer "bg". On the 35th frame press F6 to insert a new
frame.
 Select the second layer. Import an image or create a shape of a car using shape tools from the
tools box. Press F8 to convert this image to a symbol. Name this symbol car 1_m and choose
movie clip(F8). Press OK. Name this Layer car1.
 Select the image (car 1_m) > right click > edit in place. Now, you will come to a new timeline
windows called Symbol2.
 On Frame1 of symbol2 convert the image to a graphic (car 1_gr). Go to the Properties Bar >
Color > Alpha > 0%. In Frame5 insert a new keyframe (press F6) and change Alpha to 100% and
make the image small.
 Right click in between Frame 1 and Frame 5 and press motion tween.
 Add one more keyframe in Frame20. In this frame make the image (car 1_gr) bigger and move it
out.
 On Frame25 insert a new keyframe and change Alpha to 0%. Insert motion tween in between
frame 5 – 20 and frame 20 – 25.
 Now, press (Ctrl+Enter) to view your motion between.
Remember to inert only ONE symbol/image in ONE new layer only.

Advance Flash Script: