Chapter # 2

Multiple Choice Questions.


1. A vector having the same magnitude as that of A but opposite in direction is called
(a) A positive of vector (b) a resultant vector
(c) A negative of a vector (d) a unit vector
2. When a vector is multiplied by a negative number its direction
(a) does not change (b) remains same
(c) change by 180 (d) becomes vertical
3. A force of 10N is acting along y-axis. Its component along x–axis is
(a) 100 N (b) 10 N
(c) 20 N (d) zero N
4. Magnitude of two vectors are 3N and 4N respectively. If the angle between them is a right angle
then their resultant vector will be
(a) 5 N (b) 6N
(c) 7 N (d) zero
5. Two forces each of 8N magnitude act on a body. If the forces are inclined at 30 and 60 with x-axis,
the x-component of their resultant is
(a)1.0928N (b) 8N
(c) 109.28 N (d) 10.928 N
6. Two forces of magnitude F1 and F2 act on a body at an angle  to each other, the magnitude
of resultant force is
(a)F12 + F22 + 2F1 F2 cos  (b) F12 + F22
(c)F12 + F22 + F1F2 (d) F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 cos 
7. If the dot product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the vectors will be
(a) perpendicular to each other (b) parallel to each other
(c) Anti–parallel to each other

(d) 
None

of the above
8. The cross product of vector A with itself (i.e A  A) is equal to
(a) A (b) 1
(c) 2A (d) Null vector
9. Which of the following is true?
   
(a)
i.j = k (b) i.j = i
 
(c) i.j = 1 (d) i.j = 0
10. Tick the correct relation
     
(a) i  j = k (b) i  j = i 
  
(c) i  j = 0 (d) ij= k
  
11. The magnitude of i.(j  k) is
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 2i
12. If the line of action of the force passes through the axis of rotation or origin then its torque is
(a) zero (b) maximum
(c) one   
(d) none of the above
13. Let torque  = r  F. The direction of torque is
 
(a) in the direction of r (b) in the direction of F
   
(c) opposite to the direction of F (d) normal to the plane containing r  F
14. Which pairs of the following forces can give a resultant force of 2N?
(a) 1N and 1N (b) 1N and 2N
(c) 1N and 3N (d) 
all

of the above  
15. A particle of 1Kg moving with initial velocity (i + 2j) m/s is acted upon by a constant force (i  2j)
N. After 5 seconds
(a) The velocity is 10 m/s (b) The distance traveled is 23.05 m
(c) Both a and b (d) The velocity is 6 5 m/s
     

16. The cross product i i  j j  k k is equal to

(a) 0 (b) i
(c) 1 (d) -1
17. The cross product k  j is equal to
(a) 1 (b) i
(c)  i 
(d) i2
18. Consider a door which has the handle on the right and hinges on the left. To open the door
towards us a torque must be applied
(a) Downwards (b) Upward
(c) Anti – clockwise (d) Clockwise
19. Two forces act together on an object. The magnitude of their resultant is minimum when
the angle between the forces is
(a) 00 (b) 450
(c) 1800 (d) 900
0
20. If a force of 10N makes an angle of 30 with x-axis, it y-component is given by
(a) 8.66N (b) 0N
(c) .776N (d) 5N
21. Two forces of 6 N and 8 N can produce a resultant of:
(a) 0 N (b) 1 N
(c) 10 N (d) 18 N
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
22. If vectors 2 i + 4 j  7 k and 2 i + 6 j + q k are perpendiculars then value of q is:
(a) 4 (b) 7
(c) 8 (d) 10
23. If two unit vectors are inclined at angle of 90, the magnitude of their resultant will be:
(a) 2 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) Zero
 
|AB|
24.   =
|A.B|
(a) tan 𝜃 (b) cot 𝜃
(c) sin 𝜃 (d) cos 𝜃

25.
If Ax = Ay, then the angle which the vector A makes with y-axis is:
(a) 30 (b) 45
(c) 60 (d) 90
̂
26. 𝑗̂ × (𝑖̂ × 𝑘 ) is
 (a)
2 ˆj (b) Null vector
(c) –1 (d) 0
27. If B = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝐶⃗ = ˆ then B  𝐶⃗ is
2i
 4 ˆj
(a) 8iˆ  4 ˆj (b)
8iˆ  4 ˆj 12kˆ
12kˆ
(c)
6iˆ  8 ˆj (d)
none of these
12kˆ
28. A vector 5 cm makes angle 30 and the other vector 6 cm makes an angle 90 with x-axis,
their scalar product will be
(a) 30cm2 (b) 20cm2
2
(c) 15cm (d) 10cm2
29. If 2nd condition is satisfied, then........................acceleration will be zero
(a) Linear (b) Angular
(c) both (d) None
30. The magnitude of x-comp and y-comp of a vector is 18.66N and 22.32N respectively. The
magnitude of vector will be
(a) 20N (b) 25N
(c) 40.5N (d) none of these
31. The unit vector in the direction of the vector A  4iˆ  may be
3 ˆj
4ˆ 3 4ˆ 3ˆ
(a) i (b) i j
ˆj
5 5 7 7
4ˆ 3
(c) i (d) none of these
ˆj
5 5
32. The vector which is perpendicular to 3iˆ  4 ˆj is
(a) 4iˆ  3 (b) 4iˆ  3 ˆj
ˆj

(c) 2iˆ  (d) All are above

0kˆ
33. If 𝐴⃗ = 2iˆ  3kˆ and 𝐵⃗⃗ =  3iˆ  4 then 𝐴⃑ • 𝐵⃗⃑ is equal to
ˆj
(a) –6 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 6iˆ  4 ˆj  3kˆ
34. If |𝐴⃗ + 𝐵⃗⃑| = |𝐴⃗ − 𝐵⃗⃑| .The angle between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵⃗ will be
(a) 90o (b) 180o
o
(c) 45 (d) 120o
35. The vector A  6 ˆj
makes an angle with +ve y-axis is
(a) 120 (b) 270
(c) 180 (d) Both b and c
36. A vector “ A ” of magnitude 10 and in the direction of 4iˆ  3 ˆj is
(a) 8iˆ  6 (b) 40iˆ  30 ˆj
ˆj
(c) 20iˆ  (d) Not possible
15 ˆj
37. If iˆ and ˆj are unit vectors along X-axis and Y-axis respectively, the magnitude of vector
3iˆ  5 will be
ˆj

(a) 1 (b)
2
(c) 34 (d) 2
 |𝐴⃑×𝐵⃗|
38. If A and B are two non zero vectors. The maximum magnitude of the term will be
𝐴⃑•𝐵
(a) AB (b) Zero
(c) Infinity (d) can’t be calculated
39. What is the maximum number of components into which a vector can be generally split?
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) more than 3
40. If A and B are the vectors lies in same direction, then the angles between them will be,
(a) 0o (b) 60o
(c) 180o (d) 90o
41. Three vectors A , B and C satisfy the relation A  B  and A  C  0 .The vector A is
parallel to 0
(a) B (b) C
(c) B (d) CA
C
42. If the two vectors A and
 are parallel.Then which of the following relating is true?
B
(a) AB (b) AB
(c) Aˆ  (d) all of these
Bˆ
43. If A  B 1 AB, what is the angle between A and B ?
=
2
(a) 00 (b) 300
0
(c) 60 (d) none of these
44. The magnitude of two vectors c and d are ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively. The magnitude of
vector product of c and d can’t be
(a) Equal to zero (b) less than ab
(c) greater than ab (d) equal to ab
45. Which figure represents R = U  V ?
 Mind Teasing MCQ
1. What is the resultant forces in diagram shown? 3N
4N
(a) Zero (b) 6N to left 2N
7
(c) 6N to right (d) 11N to right N
 
2. If A and B are perpendicular to each other then:
       
(a) A . B=0 (b) A . B=1 (c) A . B = AB (d) A  B = AB
3. Which of the following represents tan ?
       
(a) (ab) |ab|
ab (b) (c) a.b
       
a.b ab a.b |a  b|
4. A small ball of weight W is suspended by a light thread.
When a strong wind blows horizontally exerting a
constant force F on the ball, the thread makes an angle 
𝜽 to the
vertical as shown in the diagram. Which of the following
F
equations correctly relates 𝜽, F and W?
(a) cos 𝜽 = F/W (b) cos 𝜽 = W/F
W
(c) sin 𝜽 = F/W (d) tan 𝜽 = F/W
5. Two forces of 6 N and 8 N can produce a resultant of:
(a) 0N (b) 1N (c) 10 N (d) 18 N
6. The magnitude of four pairs of displacement vectors are given. Which pair of displacement vectors
cannot be added to give a resultant of magnitude 4 cm?
(a) 1 cm, 1 cm (b) 1 cm, 3 cm (c) 1 cm, 5 cm (d) All
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
7. If vectors 2 i + 4 j  7k and 2 i + 6 j + qk are perpendiculars then value of q is:
(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d)
8. A force F is applied to a beam at a distance d from a pivot, the
force acts an angle 𝜽 to a line perpendicular to the beam. Which
combination will cause the largest turning effect about the pivot?

F d 𝜽
(a) Large Large Large
 (b) Large Large Small F
(c) Small Small Large Pivot 
(d) Small Large Small

d
9. The torque acting on a body determines its:
(a) Angular velocity (b) Angular displacement (c) Angular acceleration (d) Angular momentum
   
10. If A  B points along positive z-axis, then vector A and B will lie in:
(a) zx-plane (b) xy-plane (c) yz-plane (d) None of these

Exercise Short questions answers.

Q.2.1 :- Define the terms
(i) Unit vector (ii)position vector (ii) Components of a vector
Ans:- (i) UNIT VECTOR:-
A vector whose magnitude is one is called a unit vector. It is generally used to indicate the direction
of a vector. It has no unit.

Mathematically
A
Aˆ 
A
(ii) POSITION VECTOR:-
The position vector is that vector which describes the location of a point with respect to origin.
The position vector r of point P (a,b) in xy-plane is given by P(a,b)

r = aiˆ  bˆj Y-

b
Similarly the position vector r of point P (a,b,c) in space is given as. a
X-axis

 bj  ck ˆ
r  ai ˆˆ

(iii) COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR

A vector can be resolved into a number of parts. Each part is called COMPONENTS OF A
VECTOR.A vector is considered as the resultant of its component vectors along the specified
directions.

Q.2.2 :- The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the orientation of
the vectors?
Ans:- If three vectors are such that they can be represented along the three sides of a triangle taken in
cyclic order then the vector sum (resultant) of the three vectors will be zero.
Let A1 , A and A be the three vectors.
2 3
They are combined in such a way that they make a triangle as shown in fig.
Thus, magnitude of the resultant vector is equal to zero. i.e.
Hence
R  A1  A2  A3 = 0
(null vector)
Q.2.3 :- Vector A lies in the xy plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular
components be negative? For what orientation will its components have opposite
signs?
Ans:-
(i) If vector A lies in third quadrant of xy-plane then both of its x-component and y-component will be
negative.
As in 3rd quadrant, i.e . (180o < θ <270o ).
cosθ = negative and sinθ = negative o X

o X
A   Ax iˆ  Ay

So in 3rd quadrant, both components of the given vector will be negative.

Y
If the vector A is in 2nd quadrant
i.e. ( 90o<θ<180o )
or in 4th quadrants. i.e. ( 270o < θ < 360o ).
A   Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj A  Ax iˆ  Ay o X
So, in 2nd quadrant and in 4th quadrants the rectangular components of the given vector
have opposite signs.
Q.2.4 :- If one of the rectangular components of a vector is not zero, can its magnitude be zero?
Explain.
Ans:- No, its magnitude can never be zero, if its one component is not zero.
As the magnitude of the vector A that lies in xy-plane is given by
A A2 xy A2
If any one component i.e. Ay = 0 and Ax  0 then
A  A2  0  A  Ax2
x
So A=
Ax A 
0
Thus, if its one component is not zero. then magnitude of the vector will not zero.
Q.2.5:- Can a vector have a component greater that the vector’s magnitude?
Ans:- No, the component of a vector can’t be greater than the magnitude of the vector.
A  A2
xy
 A2
Because component is always a part of the resultant vector. So component can never be greater than
vector’s magnitude.
When a vector have only one component.
Mathematically. A  A iˆ x

A  Ax2  A = Ax
The maximum magnitude of the component may be equal to the magnitude of the resultant vector but
not greater that the vector’s magnitude.
Q.2.6 :- Can the magnitude of vector have a negative value?
Ans:- No, the magnitude of a vector cannot be negative,
Let a vector A with one component negative is given by A
Magnitude of A (with one negative component) is 
A2
x
 ( Ay ) 2
A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj
 So A A2 
xy
A2
As the squares of negative quantities always give a positive value.
Hence, the magnitude of vector cannot have negative value.

Q.2.7 :- If
A  B  0 , what can you say about the components of the two vectors?
Ans:- If A  B  0 , then it can be written A  B
as
These vectors can be expressed in terms of rectangular components as
A iˆ  A ˆj =  (B iˆ  B ˆj)
x y x y

A x iˆ  A y ˆ j =  B x iˆ  B y ˆ j
Comparing the components of both sides, we have
Ax =  (B x )----------------------[ I ]
Ay =  (B y )---------------------[ II ]
Equations show that the components of the vectors A and B have equal magnitude but opposite in
direction.
Q.2.8 :- Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in
magnitude? Ans:- If a certain vector A makes an angle of 450 or 1350 or 2250 or 3150
with +ve X – axis. Then magnitude Y
of the rectangular components
will be equal.
(For angle, θ = 45o) Ay
Ax = A cos θ = A cos450 45o
Ax X
Ax = A (0.707)
Ax = ( 0.707 )A-----------------------(1)
And Ay = A sinθ = A
Sin450 Ay = A ( 0.707
)
Ay = ( 0.707 )A-----------------------(2)
Equations (1) and (2) show that a vector will have components of equal magnitude if it makes an angle
of 45o with x – axis.
So, for others angles it can be proved.
Q.2.9 :- Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity? Explain.
Ans:- No, it not possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity because these are two different
physical quantities.
Physical quantities of the same nature can be added only
Vectors quantity has magnitude and direction and a scalar quantity has magnitude only.
So, it is not possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity.
Q.2.10 :- Can you add zero to a null vector?
Ans:- No, Zero can’t be added to a null vector
Because zero is scalar quantity and null vector is a vector quantity.
Physical quantities of the same nature can be added only. So, Zero can’t be added to a null vector.
Also, It is against the law of vector addition.
Q.2.11 :- Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? Explain.
Ans:- No, the sum of two vectors can’t be zero, if they have unequal magnitudes.
(Different magnitudes)
A=10N B=7N
Then R = A - B = 10 - 7 = 3N
The sum of two vectors can be zero only when they are of equal magnitudes and in opposite direction.
(Same magnitudes and opposite direction)
A=10N A=10N
 Let A = 10N and B = -10N,
Then R = A + B = 10 + (-10) = zero
Q.2.12 :- Show that the sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal length are also
perpendicular and of the same length.
Ans:- Consider two vectors A and B
of equal length and perpendicular
to each other.
  45o
Such that A B
45o
 By head to tail rule, their Sum is
given RAB
by
R A2  B 2

As AB

R  A2  A2 2 A2

= -------------------- (1)

R  A  B  A2
 By head to tail rule, their Difference is given by R/AB
 
R /  A2  (B)2 A B

As

R /  A2  A2 = 2 A2

R/  A  B 
2 -------------------- (2)
A
Equations (1) and (2) show that R  R /
 As dot p rodu ct two vecto rs is equa l to zero, When θ = 90o.
     
Then, (R  R / )  (A  B)  (A  B)  (A 2  0  0  B 2 )  A B
/
So,The vectors R and R are perpendicular to each other.
Q.2.13 :- How (R would
R / ) the 2
( Atwovectors
A2 )  0of the same magnitude have to be oriented if they were to be
combined to given a resultant equal to a vector of the same magnitudes?
Ans:- When the angle between two vectors A and B of same magnitude is 1200, then magnitude of the
resultant R will have the same magnitude.
Let A and B are two vector makes an angle of 120o .

120o
120o

 
SoR  A  B and R=AB
From fig. It is clear, The magnitude of the resultant R will have the same as that of magnitude of A
or of B when the angle is 120o.
Q.2.14 :- The two vectors to be combined have magnitudes 60N and 35 N.
Pick the correct answer from those given below and tell why is it the only one of the three that is correct.
 (i) 100 N (ii) 70 N (iii) 20N
Ans:- The correct answer is (ii) 70 N
 The resultant of two vectors is maximum when they are in the
Same direction.
In this case their magnitude is given by
A + B = 60N + 35 N = 95 N
 The resultant two vectors is minimum if they are in Opposite direction.
In this case their magnitude is given by
A – B = 60 N – 35 N = 25 N
Hence, The sum cannot be less than 25N and not more than 100N. So the only possible value for correct
answer is 70 N.
Q.2.15 :- Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged head to tail. What is the
sum of these vectors?
Ans:- If the number of vectors that make a closed polygon then magnitude of their resultant will be zero.
Let the vectors A1 , A2 , A3 ,........, An
are represented by the sides of a closed polygon, then they are added by using head to tail rule. Thus,
the magnitude of the sum will be zero.

Because the tail of the

first vector coincides (meets)
with the head of last vector
, R = A1  A2  A3  ....  An  0
Q.2.16 :- Identify the correct answer
(i) Two ships X and Y are traveling in different direction at equal speed. The actual direction of motion
of x is due north but to an observer on Y, the apparent direction of motion of X is north – east. The
actual direction of motion of y as observed from the shore will be
(A) East (B) West (c) South – eat
(D) South – west
(ii) A horizontal force F is applied to a small object of mass m at rest on a smooth plane inclined at an
angle to the horizontal as shown in fig. the magnitude of the resultant force acting up and along the
surface of the plane, on the object is.
(a) Fcosθ – mg sinθ
(b) F sin θ - mgcos θ
(c) Fcose θ + mg cos θ
N
(d) F Sin θ + mg sin θ
(e) mgtan θ
Ans:- W E θ
(i) The correct answer is (B) west.
The relative velocity of ship X w.r.t shore = Vx
S
The relative velocity of ship Y w.r.t shore = Vy

The relative velocity of ship X w.r.t. ship Y

= Vx - Vy
From fig. it is clear that Vx - Vy is the resultant of the vectors,
W E
According to head to tail rule!
 
The velocity of ship X is  vx
Negative sign indicates that the direction of ship X is opposite to EAST. So, actual direction of ship
‘X’ is in the westward direction. .
(ii) The correct answer is (a) Fcosθ  mg sin F
In order to find the correct result, we complete the diagram by resolving θ
Fsinθ θ mgcosθ
weight w (mg) of the object and force (Fcosθ and mgsinθ) mg
Along the inclined plane are opposite to each. mgsinθ
Fcosθ
So, correct answer is Fcosθ  mg sin
θ

Q.2.17 :- If the components of the vector A1 and A2 were reversed how would this alter A1  A2 ?
Ans:- If all the components of the vectors A1 and A2 are reversed, then there
would be no effect on A1  A2 .
the
By reversing the components A1 and A2 ,it may written as
of
(- A1)  (- A2 ) = A1  A2
Hence, By reversing all the components of vectors, the magnitude and direction of vector product of
two vectors will remain same.
Alternative Method:-
If all the components of the vectors A1 and A2 are reversed, then there would be no effect on the A1  A2
.
The rectangular components may written as
A1 and
of
A2
A1  A1x iˆ  A1y ˆj  A1z
and kˆ A2  A2 x iˆ  A2 y ˆj 
A2 z kˆ
Expressing in determinant form.
iˆ ˆj kˆ
A1  A2 A1x A1y A1z - - - - - - - - - -- - - (1)
=
A2 A2 A2
x y z

By reversing the components of A1 and A2 .

of
iˆ ˆj kˆ
(A1 )  (A2 )  A1  A1  A1z
= x y
 A2 z
 A2  A2
x y

A1  A2 iˆ
= (1)  (1) A
1x
A

2x A A 
ˆj 1y 2y k
ˆ

A
1
z

A
2

z
 = iˆ ˆj kˆ
A1  A2 A1x A1y A1z - - - - - - - - - - (2)
A2 x A2 A2
y z

From Equ 1 and Equ 2. It is clear. By reversing all the components of vectors, cross product of two vectors
will remain same.
Q.2.18 :- Name the three different conditions that A1  A2  0
could make Ans:- As the cross product of two vectors is
given by
A1  A2  sinnˆ
Under the following
A1  A2  0
conditions
i) When A is null vector i.e A  0
1 1

ii) When A2 is null vector i.e A  0

2

iii) When A1 and A2 are parallel ( θ = 0o ) Or anti-parallel (θ = 180o)

Q.2.19 :- Identify true or false statement and explain the reason.

(a) A body in equilibrium implies that it is not moving nor rotating.
(b) If coplanar forces acting on a body form a closed polygon then the body is said to be in equilibrium.
Ans:-
(a)
A12 A  sin 0o nˆ = 0 and A 12 A  sin180o nˆ = 0 Statement
(a) is false.
Because the body may be in equilibrium only, if it is at rest or moving with uniform velocity or
rotating with uniform angular velocity.
(b) This is a correct statement
Since the vector sum of all the forces acting on a body is zero.i.e Σ F = 0
So, the body will be in equilibrium. This is first condition of equilibrium.
Q.2.20 :- A Picture suspended from a wall by two strings. Show by diagram the configuration of
the strings will be minimum.
Ans:- Consider a picture of weight ‘W’ suspended by two wires as shown in the fig below. Let the tension
in each wire makes angle ‘θ’ with the horizontal.
Since the picture is in Equilibrium
T 90o 90o
We have
Picture

 Fx = 0
T1 Cosθ – T2 Cosθ = 0 W
or T1 – T2 = 0
So T1 =T2 = T
Now
 Fy = 0 T1 T2
T1Si

T2Si

θ θ T2Cosθ
T sinθ + T sinθ - W = 0
T1Cosθ
2T sinθ = W
or T  W Picture
2Sin W
For minimum value
of ‘T’ the Sinθ
Must be maximum. i.e Sinθ = 1
 θ = 90o and W
T
2
Q.2.21 :- Can a body rotate about its centre of gravity under the action of its weight?
Ans:- No, a body cannot rotate about its centre of gravity under the action of its weight.
As the line of action of weight (force) passes through the axis of rotation.

So, moment arm is equal zero.

Then   rF here r=0
  (0)F
0
Hence, Torque is zero. So, body cannot rotate about its centre of gravity under the action of its weight.

Additional Short Questions & answers

Q.1 How can we represent unit vectors of a vector along x-axis, y- axis and z- axis?
Ans. Let a vector A lies in three dimensions. Now
1. The unit vector along X-axis is iˆ
Example:
If a vector is along X-axis then it can be represented as
A  A iˆ
2. The unit vector along Y-axis is ˆj
Example: If a vector is along Y-axis then it can be represented
as
A  A ˆj
3. The unit vector along Z-axis is kˆ
Example: If a vector is along Z-axis then it can be represented as
A  A kˆ
A vector in three dimensions can be represented as
A  AX  AY  AZ
OR A  A X i ˆ  A Y ˆj  A Z k ˆ
Where Ax, Ay, Az are the magnitude of the components of a vector ‘A’ along the direction of x-axis
, y-axis and z-axis.

Q.2 It a resultant vector R = - 9i - 8j Then what is the angle of resultant vector?

Ans. Since both rectangular components of a resultant vector R are negative. So the resultant vector R lies
in 3rd quadrant. Therefore, we have
R = - 9i - 8j
θ = 180o + 
 RY 
OR θ = 180o + tan 1 R
 X 
Put values
8
θ = 180o + tan−1( )
9
OR θ = 180o + 41o
Θ=221o
This is the angle of resultant vector.
 Q.3 S ˆ ˆ kˆ
i x j=
how that
Proof:
Let two unit vectors iˆ and ˆj are performing vector product. Where
iˆ is the unit vector of x  and ˆj is the unit vector of y  axis When these two vectors are
axis
perpendicular to each other then the angle between them is 90o.According to formula of vector product,
(By right hand rule)
AXB = A B Sinθ nˆ
i ˆ x ˆj = ˆj Sin θ kˆ

Where nˆ =
iˆ
kˆ
Where iˆ = 1 , ˆj = 1 and θ = 90o

iˆ x ˆj = ˆj Sin 90 kˆ Sin 90 =1
iˆ
iˆ x ˆj = (1)(1) kˆ
iˆ x ˆj = kˆ Hence proved

Q.4 On what factors the torque depends?

Ans. The torque depends upon following factors, (according to mathematical form)
 
  r  F = r F sin 𝜃 nˆ
1. Magnitude of applied force “F”
2. Moment Arm “r”
3. Angle between applied force and moment arm i.e. 𝜃 between 
randF .

Q.5 Can a vector directed along x - axis have y –component?

Ans. No, a vector directed along x - axis will have no y-component because the angle between vector and x
-component is zero i.e. Fy = SinO0 = 0. Thus the vector will have no y - component.

Q.6 A central force is one that always directed towards the same point. Can a central force give rise
to a torque about that point?
Ans. No, as the line of action of force passes through the origin (point) and the moment arm 'r' about the
origin is zero (i.e. r = 0) Hence, the torque will be equal to zero.
 
 r  F
Where r =0 Thus 0
Q.7 Explain why a particle experiencing only one force cannot be in
equilibrium? Ans. We know the two conditions:
(i) F =0 (ii)  = O
But here only one force is acting on a particle. So neither the sum of the forces nor the sum of the
torques can be equal to zero. Both the conditions are not satisfied. Hence, the particle cannot be in
equilibrium. On the other hand, a single force will produce linear or angular acceleration in the particle. No
question arises for equilibrium.
Q.8 Give an example of a body which is in motion, yet is in equilibrium.
Ans. Consider a paratrooper jumping from an aero plane. After the parachute opens and falls a certain
distance, it moves downward thereafter with uniform velocity. At this stage, the weight of the paratrooper acts
downward and it is balanced by the upward reaction of air on, the parachute. Thus, the parachute falls with
nearly uniform velocity under equilibrium.

Q.9 Two forces F1 and F2 acting at right angle to each other. Find the expression for
resultant force.
Ans. Suppose F1 is along x–axis and F2 is along y-axis.
Then Fx = F1x + F2x
= F1 cos 0 + F2 cos 90 ( cos 90
Fx = F1 cos 0 = 0) or Fx = F1 ( cos 0
= 1)
Fy = F1y + F2y
= F1 sin 0 + F2 sin 90
Fy = F1 sin 0 + F2 or Fy = F2
So R = Fx22+ Fy 2 2
,R = F +F
=(F1)2 + (F2)2 1 2

       
Q.10 Find the projection of vector A = 4i  8j + 2k in the direction of B = 2i  3j  12k.

Ans.   A.B
Projection of A on B = 
|B|
(4)(2) + (8)(3) + 2(12)
Acos 𝜃= 4 + 9 + 144
8 + 24  24
= 157
8
= 157

Q.1 The line ofaction


of a force

F acts through a point P of a body whose position vector is

i2j+k. If F = 2i  3j + 4k (in newton) determine the torque about the point “A”
  
whose position vector (in meter) is 2i + j + k.
  
Ans. The position vector of point A = r1 = 2i + j + k
  
The position vector of point P = r2 = i + 2j + k relative to O
The position vector of P relative to A
= r = r 2  r1
       
= (i  2j + k)  (2i + j + k) = i  3j
The torque about A = r  F
    
= (i 3j)  (2i  3j + 4k)
 = 12i + 4j + 9k Nm

 
Q.2 A force F = 4i + 3j unit has its point of application moved from the point A(2, 3) to the
point B(8, 7). Find the work done?
  
Ans. Let r1 = position vector of A = 2i + 3j
  
r2 = position vector of B = 8i + 7j
 
Then d = r2- r1
    
d = 8i + 7j  2i  3j
  
F = 6i + 4j
 
= 4i + 3j
 
Work = F . d
   
= (4i + 3j) . (6i + 4j)
= (4)(6) + (3)(4)
= 24 + 12= 36